Evaluation of Indoor-Outdoor Particle Size Distribution in Tehran's Elementary Schools
A simultaneous study on indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations was done in five elementary schools in central parts of Tehran, Iran. Three sizes of particles including PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were measured in 13 classrooms within this schools during winter (January, February and March) 2009. A laserbased portable aerosol spectrometer Model Grimm-1.108, was used for the continuous measurement of particles. The average indoor concentration of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 in studied schools were 274 μg/m3, 42 μg/m3 and 19 μg/m3 respectively; and average outdoor concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were evaluated to be 22 μg/m3, 38 μg/m3 and 140 μg/m3 respectively.
[1] W. Cautreels and Van K. Cauwenberghe, "Experiments on the
distribution of organic pollutants between airborne particulate matter and
the corresponding gas phase." Atmos. Environ., vol. 12, pp. 1133-1141,
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[2] R. M. Harrison and J. Yin, "Particulate matter in the atmosphere: Which
particle properties are important for its effects on health?." Science of the
Total Environment, vol. 249, pp. 85-101, 2000.
[3] Y. Zhu, W. C. Hinds, S. Kim and S. Sioutas, "Concentration and size
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[4] A. Alam, J. P. Shi and R. M. Harrison, "Observations of new particle
formation in urban air." J. Geoph. Res., vol. 108, pp. 4093-4107, 2003.
[5] G. Gramotnev and Z. Ristovski, "Experimental investigation of ultra fine
particle size distribution near a busy road." Atmos. Environ., vol. 38, pp.
1767-1777, 2004.
[6] C. Silibello, G. Calori, G. Brusasca, A. Giudici, E. Angelino, G. Fossati,
E. Oeroni and Buganza, "Modeling of PM10 concentrations over Milano
urban area using two aerosol modules." Environ. Mod. Soft., vol. xx, pp.
1-11, 2007.
[7] G. Oberdorster, "Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles."
International Archives of Occupational Environment Health, vol. 74, pp.
1-8, 2001.
[8] C. A. Pope III, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, D. K. Krewski, Ito
and G. D. Thurston, "Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and longterm
exposure to fine particulate air pollution." Journal of the American
Medical Association, vol. 287, pp. 1132-1141, 2002.
[9] F. Halek, A. Kavousi and H. Montahaie, "Role of motor-vehicles and
trend of air borne particulate in the Great Tehran area, Iran." I. J.
Environmental Health Research, vol. 14, pp. 307-313, 2004.
[10] F. Atash, "The deterioration of urban environments in developing
countries: Mitigating the air pollution crisis in Tehran, Iran." Cities, vol.
24, pp. 399-409, 2007.
[11] A. J. Wheeler, I. Williams, R. A. Beaumont and R. S. Hamilton,
"Characterization of particulate matter sampled during a study of children-s personal exposure to airborne matter in a UK urban
environment." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 65, pp.
69-77, 2000.
[12] J. Schwartz, "Air pollution and children-s health." Pediatrics, vol. 113,
pp. 1037-1043, 2004.
[13] D. Ekmekcioglu and S. S. Keskin, "Characterizaion of indoor air
particulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul Turkey."
Indoor Built Environ, vol. 16(2), pp. 169-176, 2007.
[14] E. Diapouli, A. Chaloulakou, N. Mihalopoulos and N. Spirellis, "Indoor
and outdoor PM ass and number concentrations at schools in the Athens
area." Environ. Monit. and Assess., vol. 136, pp. 13-20, 2008.
[15] J. Schwartz and L. M. Neas, "Fine particles are more strongly associated
than coarse particles with acute respiratory health effects in
schoolchildren." Epidemiology, vol. 11, pp. 6-10, 2000.
[16] R. L. Smith, D. Spitzner, Y. Kim and M. Fuentes, "Threshold
dependence of mortality effects for fine and coarse particles in Phoenix,
Arizona." J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., vol. 50, pp. 1367-1379, 2000.
[17] R. Einarsson, A. K. M. Munir and S. K. G. Dreborg, "Allergens in
school dust. 2. Major mite (DER-P-1, DER-F-1) allergens in dust from
Swedish schools." J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol. 95, pp. 1049-1053,
1995.
[18] S. R. Tortolero, L. K. Bartholomew, S. Tyrrell, S. L. Abramson, M. M.
Sockrider, C. M. Markham, L. W. Whitehead and G. S. Parcel,
"Environmental allergens and irritants in schools: a focus on asthma." J.
School Health, vol. 72, pp. 33-38, 2002.
[1] W. Cautreels and Van K. Cauwenberghe, "Experiments on the
distribution of organic pollutants between airborne particulate matter and
the corresponding gas phase." Atmos. Environ., vol. 12, pp. 1133-1141,
1978.
[2] R. M. Harrison and J. Yin, "Particulate matter in the atmosphere: Which
particle properties are important for its effects on health?." Science of the
Total Environment, vol. 249, pp. 85-101, 2000.
[3] Y. Zhu, W. C. Hinds, S. Kim and S. Sioutas, "Concentration and size
distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway." J. Air & Waste
Manag. Assoc., vol. 52, pp. 1032-1042, 2002.
[4] A. Alam, J. P. Shi and R. M. Harrison, "Observations of new particle
formation in urban air." J. Geoph. Res., vol. 108, pp. 4093-4107, 2003.
[5] G. Gramotnev and Z. Ristovski, "Experimental investigation of ultra fine
particle size distribution near a busy road." Atmos. Environ., vol. 38, pp.
1767-1777, 2004.
[6] C. Silibello, G. Calori, G. Brusasca, A. Giudici, E. Angelino, G. Fossati,
E. Oeroni and Buganza, "Modeling of PM10 concentrations over Milano
urban area using two aerosol modules." Environ. Mod. Soft., vol. xx, pp.
1-11, 2007.
[7] G. Oberdorster, "Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles."
International Archives of Occupational Environment Health, vol. 74, pp.
1-8, 2001.
[8] C. A. Pope III, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, D. K. Krewski, Ito
and G. D. Thurston, "Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and longterm
exposure to fine particulate air pollution." Journal of the American
Medical Association, vol. 287, pp. 1132-1141, 2002.
[9] F. Halek, A. Kavousi and H. Montahaie, "Role of motor-vehicles and
trend of air borne particulate in the Great Tehran area, Iran." I. J.
Environmental Health Research, vol. 14, pp. 307-313, 2004.
[10] F. Atash, "The deterioration of urban environments in developing
countries: Mitigating the air pollution crisis in Tehran, Iran." Cities, vol.
24, pp. 399-409, 2007.
[11] A. J. Wheeler, I. Williams, R. A. Beaumont and R. S. Hamilton,
"Characterization of particulate matter sampled during a study of children-s personal exposure to airborne matter in a UK urban
environment." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 65, pp.
69-77, 2000.
[12] J. Schwartz, "Air pollution and children-s health." Pediatrics, vol. 113,
pp. 1037-1043, 2004.
[13] D. Ekmekcioglu and S. S. Keskin, "Characterizaion of indoor air
particulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul Turkey."
Indoor Built Environ, vol. 16(2), pp. 169-176, 2007.
[14] E. Diapouli, A. Chaloulakou, N. Mihalopoulos and N. Spirellis, "Indoor
and outdoor PM ass and number concentrations at schools in the Athens
area." Environ. Monit. and Assess., vol. 136, pp. 13-20, 2008.
[15] J. Schwartz and L. M. Neas, "Fine particles are more strongly associated
than coarse particles with acute respiratory health effects in
schoolchildren." Epidemiology, vol. 11, pp. 6-10, 2000.
[16] R. L. Smith, D. Spitzner, Y. Kim and M. Fuentes, "Threshold
dependence of mortality effects for fine and coarse particles in Phoenix,
Arizona." J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., vol. 50, pp. 1367-1379, 2000.
[17] R. Einarsson, A. K. M. Munir and S. K. G. Dreborg, "Allergens in
school dust. 2. Major mite (DER-P-1, DER-F-1) allergens in dust from
Swedish schools." J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol. 95, pp. 1049-1053,
1995.
[18] S. R. Tortolero, L. K. Bartholomew, S. Tyrrell, S. L. Abramson, M. M.
Sockrider, C. M. Markham, L. W. Whitehead and G. S. Parcel,
"Environmental allergens and irritants in schools: a focus on asthma." J.
School Health, vol. 72, pp. 33-38, 2002.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:58061", author = "F. Halek and A. Kavousi and F. Hassani", title = "Evaluation of Indoor-Outdoor Particle Size Distribution in Tehran's Elementary Schools", abstract = "A simultaneous study on indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations was done in five elementary schools in central parts of Tehran, Iran. Three sizes of particles including PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were measured in 13 classrooms within this schools during winter (January, February and March) 2009. A laserbased portable aerosol spectrometer Model Grimm-1.108, was used for the continuous measurement of particles. The average indoor concentration of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 in studied schools were 274 μg/m3, 42 μg/m3 and 19 μg/m3 respectively; and average outdoor concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were evaluated to be 22 μg/m3, 38 μg/m3 and 140 μg/m3 respectively.
", keywords = "Elementary school, Indoor pollution, particulate matter, PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, outdoor pollution, Tehran air pollution.", volume = "3", number = "9", pages = "494-4", }
