Evaluation of GSM Radiation Power Density in Three Major Cities in Nigeria
The levels of maximum power density of GSM
signals in the cities of Lagos, Ibadan and Abuja were studied.
Measurements were made with a calibrated hand held spectrum
analyzer 200m away from 271 base stations, at 1.2m to the ground
level. The maximum GSM 900 signal power density was
139.63μW/m2 in Lagos, 162.49μW/m2 in Ibadan and 5411.26μW/m2
in Abuja. Also, the maximum GSM 1800 signal power density was
296.82μW/m2 in Lagos, 116.82μW/m2 in Ibadan and 1263.00μW/m2
in Abuja. The level of power density of GSM 900 and GSM 1800
signals in the cities of Lagos, Ibadan and Abuja are far less than the
recommended value of 4.5W/m2 for GSM 900 and 9.0 W/m2 for
GSM 1800 by the ICNRP guideline. It can be concluded that
exposure to GSM signals in these cities cannot contribute to the
health detriments caused by thermal effects of radiofrequency
radiation.
[1] S. O. Olatinwo, O. Shoewu, and N. T. Makanjuola, "Radio Wave Signal
Attenuation in a GSM Network (EPE as a Case Study)," The Pacific
Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 15, pp. 114 - 124, 2014.
[2] A. Linhares, M. A. B. Terada, and A. J. M. Soares, "Estimating the
Location of Maximum Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Associated
with a Radiocommunication Station," Journal of Microwaves,
Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Application, vol. 12, pp. 141-157,
2013.
[3] R. Chitranshi, R. K. Mehrotra, and P. Pancoli, "Analysis of Cell Tower
Radiation, RF Safety and Practical Realization of Compliance Distance," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 4, pp.
1 - 6, 2014.
[4] R. K. singh, "Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation from Base
Station Antennas," Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, vol. 41,
pp. 557-565, 2012.
[5] M. O. Bello, "Effects of the Location of GSM Base Stations on
Satisfaction of Occupiers and Rental Value of Proximate Residential
Property," Computer and Information Science, vol. 3, pp. 159-170,
2010.
[6] ICNIRP, "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying Electric,
Magnetic and Electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health physics,
vol. 74, pp. 494-522, 1998.
[7] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd ed. Hoboken:
John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[8] P. Baltrenas and R. Buckus, "Indoor measurements of the Power Density
close to Mobile Station Antenna," presented at ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING, the 8th International Conference Vilnius, Lithuania,
2011.
[9] B. O. Ayinmode and I. P. Farai, "Study of variations radiofrequency
power density from mobile phone base stations with distance,"
Radiation Protection Dosimetry vol. 156, pp. 424 – 428, 2013.
[10] NCC, Nigerian Telecommunication Communication
http://www.ncc.gov.ng., 2014.
[11] P. I. Enyinna and G. O. Avwir, "Characterization of the Radiofrequency
Radiation Potential of Alakahia and Choba Communities, Nigeria,"
Working and Living Environmental Protection, vol. 7, pp. 25 - 31, 2010.
[12] B. O. Ayinmode and I. P. Farai, "Measurement and Method in
Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure Assessments," The Pacific Journal
of Science and Technology, vol. 14, pp. 110 - 118, 2013.
[13] S. Sivani and D. Sudarsanam, "Impacts of radio-frequency
electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless
devices on biosystem and ecosystem – a review," Biology and Medicine,
vol. 4, pp. 202-216, 2012.
[14] A. D. Asiegbu and O. O. Ogunlaja, "Preliminary investigation of RF
Exposure levels from Mobile Telephone Base Stations in Abia, south
east Nigeria," International Journal of Current Research, vol. 11, pp.
47-53, 2010.
[15] NPC, "2006 Population and Housing census of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria 2006: Priority Tables, Volume II," 2006.
[1] S. O. Olatinwo, O. Shoewu, and N. T. Makanjuola, "Radio Wave Signal
Attenuation in a GSM Network (EPE as a Case Study)," The Pacific
Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 15, pp. 114 - 124, 2014.
[2] A. Linhares, M. A. B. Terada, and A. J. M. Soares, "Estimating the
Location of Maximum Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Associated
with a Radiocommunication Station," Journal of Microwaves,
Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Application, vol. 12, pp. 141-157,
2013.
[3] R. Chitranshi, R. K. Mehrotra, and P. Pancoli, "Analysis of Cell Tower
Radiation, RF Safety and Practical Realization of Compliance Distance," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 4, pp.
1 - 6, 2014.
[4] R. K. singh, "Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation from Base
Station Antennas," Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, vol. 41,
pp. 557-565, 2012.
[5] M. O. Bello, "Effects of the Location of GSM Base Stations on
Satisfaction of Occupiers and Rental Value of Proximate Residential
Property," Computer and Information Science, vol. 3, pp. 159-170,
2010.
[6] ICNIRP, "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying Electric,
Magnetic and Electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health physics,
vol. 74, pp. 494-522, 1998.
[7] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd ed. Hoboken:
John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[8] P. Baltrenas and R. Buckus, "Indoor measurements of the Power Density
close to Mobile Station Antenna," presented at ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING, the 8th International Conference Vilnius, Lithuania,
2011.
[9] B. O. Ayinmode and I. P. Farai, "Study of variations radiofrequency
power density from mobile phone base stations with distance,"
Radiation Protection Dosimetry vol. 156, pp. 424 – 428, 2013.
[10] NCC, Nigerian Telecommunication Communication
http://www.ncc.gov.ng., 2014.
[11] P. I. Enyinna and G. O. Avwir, "Characterization of the Radiofrequency
Radiation Potential of Alakahia and Choba Communities, Nigeria,"
Working and Living Environmental Protection, vol. 7, pp. 25 - 31, 2010.
[12] B. O. Ayinmode and I. P. Farai, "Measurement and Method in
Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure Assessments," The Pacific Journal
of Science and Technology, vol. 14, pp. 110 - 118, 2013.
[13] S. Sivani and D. Sudarsanam, "Impacts of radio-frequency
electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless
devices on biosystem and ecosystem – a review," Biology and Medicine,
vol. 4, pp. 202-216, 2012.
[14] A. D. Asiegbu and O. O. Ogunlaja, "Preliminary investigation of RF
Exposure levels from Mobile Telephone Base Stations in Abia, south
east Nigeria," International Journal of Current Research, vol. 11, pp.
47-53, 2010.
[15] NPC, "2006 Population and Housing census of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria 2006: Priority Tables, Volume II," 2006.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:68732", author = "B. O. Ayinmode and I. P. Farai", title = "Evaluation of GSM Radiation Power Density in Three Major Cities in Nigeria", abstract = "The levels of maximum power density of GSM
signals in the cities of Lagos, Ibadan and Abuja were studied.
Measurements were made with a calibrated hand held spectrum
analyzer 200m away from 271 base stations, at 1.2m to the ground
level. The maximum GSM 900 signal power density was
139.63μW/m2 in Lagos, 162.49μW/m2 in Ibadan and 5411.26μW/m2
in Abuja. Also, the maximum GSM 1800 signal power density was
296.82μW/m2 in Lagos, 116.82μW/m2 in Ibadan and 1263.00μW/m2
in Abuja. The level of power density of GSM 900 and GSM 1800
signals in the cities of Lagos, Ibadan and Abuja are far less than the
recommended value of 4.5W/m2 for GSM 900 and 9.0 W/m2 for
GSM 1800 by the ICNRP guideline. It can be concluded that
exposure to GSM signals in these cities cannot contribute to the
health detriments caused by thermal effects of radiofrequency
radiation.
", keywords = "Radiofrequency, power density, radiation exposure, base stations (BTS).", volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "740-4", }
