Electrochemical Response Transductions of Graphenated-Polyaniline Nanosensor for Environmental Anthracene
A graphenated–polyaniline (GR-PANI) nanocomposite sensor was constructed and used for the determination of anthracene. The direct electro-oxidation behavior of anthracene on the GR-PANI modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used as the sensing principle. The results indicate thatthe response profile of the oxidation of anthracene on GR-PANI-modified GCE provides for the construction of sensor systems based onamperometric and potentiometric signal transductions. A dynamic linear range of 0.12- 100 µM anthracene and a detection limit of 0.044 µM anthracene were established for the sensor system.
[1] V. Vestreng, H. Klein, Emission data reported to UNECE/EMEP: Quality assurance and trend analysis and presentation of WebDab, MSC-W Status Report, 2002.
[2] S. Xu, W. Liu, S. Tao, Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China,Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 40, pp. 702-708, 2006.
[3] A. Mastral, T. García, M. Callén, M. Navarro, J. Galbán, Removal of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene by sorbents from hot gas, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 35, pp. 2395-2400, 2001.
[4] J. C. Fetzer, Large (C= 24) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Wiley-Interscience: New York 2000.
[5] P. Plaza-Bolaños, A. G. Frenich, J. L. M. Vidal, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends, J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 1217, pp. 6303-6326, 2010.
[6] C.-E. Boström, P. Gerde, A. Hanberg, B. Jernström, C. Johansson, T. Kyrklund, A. Rannug, M. Törnqvist, K. Victorin, R. Westerholm, Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air, Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 110, pp. 451-488, 2002.
[7] R. E. Bain, S. W. Gundry, J. A. Wright, H. Yang, S. Pedley, J. K. Bartram, Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the millennium development goals: lessons from five countries, Bull. WHO, vol. 90, pp. 228-235, 2012.
[8] S. Bhadra, D. Khastgir, N. K. Singha, J. H. Lee, Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline, Prog. Polym. Sci, vol. 34, pp. 783-810, 2009.
[9] M. Pumera, R. Scipioni, H. Iwai, T. Ohno, Y. Miyahara, M. Boero, A mechanism of adsorption of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide on graphene sheets: Experiment and theory, Chem. Eur. J., vol. 15, pp. 10851-10856, 2009.
[10] L. Tang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, H. Feng, J. Lu, J. Li, Preparation, structure, and electrochemical properties of reduced graphene sheet films, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 2782-2789, 2009.
[11] A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene, Nature Mater., vol. 6, pp. 183-191, 2007.
[12] C. Shan, H. Yang, D. Han, Q. Zhang, A. Ivaska, L. Niu, Graphene/AuNPs/chitosan nanocomposites film for glucose biosensing,Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 25, pp. 1070-1074, 2010.
[13] D. S. Patil, J. Shaikh, S. Pawar, R. Devan, Y. Ma, A. Moholkar, J. Kim, R. Kalubarme, C. Park, P. Patil, Investigations on silver/polyaniline electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 14, pp. 11886-11895, 2012.
[14] S. Virji, J. Huang, R. B. Kaner, B. H. Weiller, Polyaniline nanofiber gas sensors: examination of response mechanisms, Nano Lett., vol. 4, pp. 491-496, 2004.
[15] D.-W. Wang, F. Li, J. Zhao, W. Ren, Z.-G. Chen, J. Tan, Z.-S. Wu, I. Gentle, G. Q. Lu, H.-M. Cheng, Fabrication of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode, ACS Nano, vol. 3, pp. 1745-1752, 2009.
[16] K. Zhang, L. L. Zhang, X. Zhao, J. Wu, Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem.Mater., vol. 22, pp. 1392-1401, 2010.
[17] J. Yan, T. Wei, B. Shao, Z. Fan, W. Qian, M. Zhang, F. Wei, Preparation of a graphene nanosheet/polyaniline composite with high specific capacitance, Carbon, vol. 48, pp. 487-493, 2010.
[18] C. Vallés, P. Jiménez, E. Muñoz, A. M. Benito, W. K. Maser, Simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and polyaniline: doping-assisted formation of a solid-state charge-transfer complex, J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 115, pp. 10468-10474, 2011.
[19] D. Li, M. B. Mueller, S. Gilje, R. B. Kaner, G. G. Wallace, Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 3, pp. 101-105, 2008.
[20] H. J. Shin, K. K. Kim, A. Benayad, S. M. Yoon, H. K. Park, I. S. Jung, M. H. Jin, H. K. Jeong, J. M. Kim, J. Y. Choi, Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 1987-1992, 2009.
[21] Y. G. Wang, H. Q. Li, Y. Y. Xia, Ordered whisker-like polyaniline grown on the surface of mesoporous carbon and its electrochemical capacitance performance, Adv. Mater., vol. 18, pp. 2619-2623, 2006.
[22] S. Stankovich, D. A. Dikin, R. D. Piner, K. A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S. T. Nguyen, R. S. Ruoff, Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon, vol. 45, pp. 1558-1565, 2007.
[23] G. Wang, S. Zhuo, W. Xing, Graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite as counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells, Adv. Mater., vol. 69, pp. 27-29, 2012.
[24] A. A. Shah, R. Holze, Spectroelectrochemistry of two-layered composites of polyaniline and poly(o-aminophenol), Electrochim. Acta, vol. 53, pp. 4642-4653, 2008.
[25] E. I. Iwuoha, D. Saenz de Villaverde, N. P. Garcia, M. R. Smyth, J. M. Pingarron, Reactivities of organic phase biosensors. 2. The amperometric behavior of horseradish peroxidase immobilised on a platinum electrode modified with an electrosynthetic polyaniline film, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 12, pp. 749-761, 1997.
[26] A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. Wiley New York, 1980.
[27] E. I. Iwuoha, S. E. Mavundla, V. S. Somerset, L. F. Petrik, M. J. Klink, M. Sekota, P. Bakers, Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of fly ash–polyaniline matrix nanorod composites, Microchim. Acta, vol. 155, pp. 453-458, 2006.
[28] R. Ehret, W. Baumann, M. Brischwein, A. Schwinde, K. Stegbauer, B. Wolf, Monitoring of cellular behavior by impedance measurements on interdigitated electrode structures, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 12, pp. 29-41, 1997.
[29] X. Kang, Z. Mai, X. Zou, P. Cai, J. Mo, A novel glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in chitosan on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold–platinum alloy nanoparticles/multiwall carbon nanotubes, Anal. Biochem., vol. 369, pp. 71-79, 2007.
[30] L. Wang, E. Wang, Direct electron transfer between cytochrome c and a gold nanoparticles modified electrode, Electrochem. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 49-54, 2004.
[31] W. Chen, L. Yan, P. R. Bangal, Preparation of graphene by the rapid and mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide induced by microwaves, Carbon, vol. 48, pp. 1146-1152, 2010.
[32] J. Yin, X. Zhao, X. Xia, L. Xiang, Y. Qiao, Electrorheological fluids based on nano-fibrous polyaniline, Polym. J., vol. 49, pp. 4413-4419, 2008.
[33] C. M. Willemse, K. Tlhomelang, N. Jahed, P. G. Baker, E. I. Iwuoha, Metallo-graphene nanocomposite electrocatalytic platform for the determination of toxic metal ions, Sensors, vol. 11, pp. 3970-3987, 2011.
[34] K. Subrahmanyam, S. Vivekchand, A. Govindaraj, C. Rao, A study of graphenes prepared by different methods: characterization, properties and solubilization, J. Mater. Chem., vol. 18, pp. 1517-1523, 2008.
[35] P. Bouvrette, S. Hrapovic, K. B. Male, J. H. Luong, Analysis of the 16 Environmental Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high performance liquid chromatography-oxidized diamond film electrodes, J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 1103, pp. 248-256, 2006.
[36] J. Costa, A. Sant'Ana, P. Corio, M. Temperini, Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Talanta, vol. 70, pp. 1011-1016, 2006.
[37] C. A. Paddon, C. E. Banks, I. G. Davies, R. G. Compton, Oxidation of anthracene on platinum macro-and micro-electrodes: Sonoelectrochemical, cryoelectrochemical and sonocryoelectrochemical studies, Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 13, pp. 126-132, 2006.
[38] D. S. Cordeiro, P. Corio, Electrochemical and photocatalytic reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons investigated by raman spectroscopy, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., vol. 20, pp. 80-87, 2009.
[39] S. N. Mailu, T. T. Waryo, P. M. Ndangili, F. R. Ngece, A. A. Baleg, P. G. Baker, E. I. Iwuoha, Determination of anthracene on Ag-Au alloy nanoparticles/overoxidized-polypyrrole composite modified glassy carbon electrodes, Sensors, vol. 10, pp. 9449-9465, 2010.
[40] N. G. Mathebe, A. Morrin, E. I. Iwuoha, Electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy of polyaniline/peroxidase-based biosensor, Talanta, vol. 64, pp. 115-120, 2004.
[1] V. Vestreng, H. Klein, Emission data reported to UNECE/EMEP: Quality assurance and trend analysis and presentation of WebDab, MSC-W Status Report, 2002.
[2] S. Xu, W. Liu, S. Tao, Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China,Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 40, pp. 702-708, 2006.
[3] A. Mastral, T. García, M. Callén, M. Navarro, J. Galbán, Removal of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene by sorbents from hot gas, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 35, pp. 2395-2400, 2001.
[4] J. C. Fetzer, Large (C= 24) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Wiley-Interscience: New York 2000.
[5] P. Plaza-Bolaños, A. G. Frenich, J. L. M. Vidal, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends, J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 1217, pp. 6303-6326, 2010.
[6] C.-E. Boström, P. Gerde, A. Hanberg, B. Jernström, C. Johansson, T. Kyrklund, A. Rannug, M. Törnqvist, K. Victorin, R. Westerholm, Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air, Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 110, pp. 451-488, 2002.
[7] R. E. Bain, S. W. Gundry, J. A. Wright, H. Yang, S. Pedley, J. K. Bartram, Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the millennium development goals: lessons from five countries, Bull. WHO, vol. 90, pp. 228-235, 2012.
[8] S. Bhadra, D. Khastgir, N. K. Singha, J. H. Lee, Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline, Prog. Polym. Sci, vol. 34, pp. 783-810, 2009.
[9] M. Pumera, R. Scipioni, H. Iwai, T. Ohno, Y. Miyahara, M. Boero, A mechanism of adsorption of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide on graphene sheets: Experiment and theory, Chem. Eur. J., vol. 15, pp. 10851-10856, 2009.
[10] L. Tang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, H. Feng, J. Lu, J. Li, Preparation, structure, and electrochemical properties of reduced graphene sheet films, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 2782-2789, 2009.
[11] A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene, Nature Mater., vol. 6, pp. 183-191, 2007.
[12] C. Shan, H. Yang, D. Han, Q. Zhang, A. Ivaska, L. Niu, Graphene/AuNPs/chitosan nanocomposites film for glucose biosensing,Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 25, pp. 1070-1074, 2010.
[13] D. S. Patil, J. Shaikh, S. Pawar, R. Devan, Y. Ma, A. Moholkar, J. Kim, R. Kalubarme, C. Park, P. Patil, Investigations on silver/polyaniline electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 14, pp. 11886-11895, 2012.
[14] S. Virji, J. Huang, R. B. Kaner, B. H. Weiller, Polyaniline nanofiber gas sensors: examination of response mechanisms, Nano Lett., vol. 4, pp. 491-496, 2004.
[15] D.-W. Wang, F. Li, J. Zhao, W. Ren, Z.-G. Chen, J. Tan, Z.-S. Wu, I. Gentle, G. Q. Lu, H.-M. Cheng, Fabrication of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode, ACS Nano, vol. 3, pp. 1745-1752, 2009.
[16] K. Zhang, L. L. Zhang, X. Zhao, J. Wu, Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem.Mater., vol. 22, pp. 1392-1401, 2010.
[17] J. Yan, T. Wei, B. Shao, Z. Fan, W. Qian, M. Zhang, F. Wei, Preparation of a graphene nanosheet/polyaniline composite with high specific capacitance, Carbon, vol. 48, pp. 487-493, 2010.
[18] C. Vallés, P. Jiménez, E. Muñoz, A. M. Benito, W. K. Maser, Simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and polyaniline: doping-assisted formation of a solid-state charge-transfer complex, J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 115, pp. 10468-10474, 2011.
[19] D. Li, M. B. Mueller, S. Gilje, R. B. Kaner, G. G. Wallace, Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 3, pp. 101-105, 2008.
[20] H. J. Shin, K. K. Kim, A. Benayad, S. M. Yoon, H. K. Park, I. S. Jung, M. H. Jin, H. K. Jeong, J. M. Kim, J. Y. Choi, Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 1987-1992, 2009.
[21] Y. G. Wang, H. Q. Li, Y. Y. Xia, Ordered whisker-like polyaniline grown on the surface of mesoporous carbon and its electrochemical capacitance performance, Adv. Mater., vol. 18, pp. 2619-2623, 2006.
[22] S. Stankovich, D. A. Dikin, R. D. Piner, K. A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S. T. Nguyen, R. S. Ruoff, Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon, vol. 45, pp. 1558-1565, 2007.
[23] G. Wang, S. Zhuo, W. Xing, Graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite as counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells, Adv. Mater., vol. 69, pp. 27-29, 2012.
[24] A. A. Shah, R. Holze, Spectroelectrochemistry of two-layered composites of polyaniline and poly(o-aminophenol), Electrochim. Acta, vol. 53, pp. 4642-4653, 2008.
[25] E. I. Iwuoha, D. Saenz de Villaverde, N. P. Garcia, M. R. Smyth, J. M. Pingarron, Reactivities of organic phase biosensors. 2. The amperometric behavior of horseradish peroxidase immobilised on a platinum electrode modified with an electrosynthetic polyaniline film, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 12, pp. 749-761, 1997.
[26] A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. Wiley New York, 1980.
[27] E. I. Iwuoha, S. E. Mavundla, V. S. Somerset, L. F. Petrik, M. J. Klink, M. Sekota, P. Bakers, Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of fly ash–polyaniline matrix nanorod composites, Microchim. Acta, vol. 155, pp. 453-458, 2006.
[28] R. Ehret, W. Baumann, M. Brischwein, A. Schwinde, K. Stegbauer, B. Wolf, Monitoring of cellular behavior by impedance measurements on interdigitated electrode structures, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 12, pp. 29-41, 1997.
[29] X. Kang, Z. Mai, X. Zou, P. Cai, J. Mo, A novel glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in chitosan on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold–platinum alloy nanoparticles/multiwall carbon nanotubes, Anal. Biochem., vol. 369, pp. 71-79, 2007.
[30] L. Wang, E. Wang, Direct electron transfer between cytochrome c and a gold nanoparticles modified electrode, Electrochem. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 49-54, 2004.
[31] W. Chen, L. Yan, P. R. Bangal, Preparation of graphene by the rapid and mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide induced by microwaves, Carbon, vol. 48, pp. 1146-1152, 2010.
[32] J. Yin, X. Zhao, X. Xia, L. Xiang, Y. Qiao, Electrorheological fluids based on nano-fibrous polyaniline, Polym. J., vol. 49, pp. 4413-4419, 2008.
[33] C. M. Willemse, K. Tlhomelang, N. Jahed, P. G. Baker, E. I. Iwuoha, Metallo-graphene nanocomposite electrocatalytic platform for the determination of toxic metal ions, Sensors, vol. 11, pp. 3970-3987, 2011.
[34] K. Subrahmanyam, S. Vivekchand, A. Govindaraj, C. Rao, A study of graphenes prepared by different methods: characterization, properties and solubilization, J. Mater. Chem., vol. 18, pp. 1517-1523, 2008.
[35] P. Bouvrette, S. Hrapovic, K. B. Male, J. H. Luong, Analysis of the 16 Environmental Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high performance liquid chromatography-oxidized diamond film electrodes, J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 1103, pp. 248-256, 2006.
[36] J. Costa, A. Sant'Ana, P. Corio, M. Temperini, Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Talanta, vol. 70, pp. 1011-1016, 2006.
[37] C. A. Paddon, C. E. Banks, I. G. Davies, R. G. Compton, Oxidation of anthracene on platinum macro-and micro-electrodes: Sonoelectrochemical, cryoelectrochemical and sonocryoelectrochemical studies, Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 13, pp. 126-132, 2006.
[38] D. S. Cordeiro, P. Corio, Electrochemical and photocatalytic reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons investigated by raman spectroscopy, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., vol. 20, pp. 80-87, 2009.
[39] S. N. Mailu, T. T. Waryo, P. M. Ndangili, F. R. Ngece, A. A. Baleg, P. G. Baker, E. I. Iwuoha, Determination of anthracene on Ag-Au alloy nanoparticles/overoxidized-polypyrrole composite modified glassy carbon electrodes, Sensors, vol. 10, pp. 9449-9465, 2010.
[40] N. G. Mathebe, A. Morrin, E. I. Iwuoha, Electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy of polyaniline/peroxidase-based biosensor, Talanta, vol. 64, pp. 115-120, 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:79293", author = "O. Tovide and N. Jahed and N. Mohammed and C. E. Sunday and H. R. Makelane and R. F. Ajayi and K. M. Molapo and A. Tsegaye and M. Masikini and S. Mailu and A. Baleg and T. Waryo and P. G. Baker and E. I. Iwuoha", title = "Electrochemical Response Transductions of Graphenated-Polyaniline Nanosensor for Environmental Anthracene", abstract = "A graphenated–polyaniline (GR-PANI) nanocomposite sensor was constructed and used for the determination of anthracene. The direct electro-oxidation behavior of anthracene on the GR-PANI modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used as the sensing principle. The results indicate thatthe response profile of the oxidation of anthracene on GR-PANI-modified GCE provides for the construction of sensor systems based onamperometric and potentiometric signal transductions. A dynamic linear range of 0.12- 100 µM anthracene and a detection limit of 0.044 µM anthracene were established for the sensor system.", keywords = "Electrochemical sensors, environmental pollutants, graphenated-polymers, polyaromatic hydrocarbon.", volume = "13", number = "11", pages = "531-8", }