Effects of Test Environment on the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Cast Iron, Zinc-Aluminium Alloy and Its Composite
Partially lubricated sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy reinforced with 10wt% SiC particles has been studied as a function of applied load and solid lubricant particle size and has been compared with that of matrix alloy and conventionally used grey cast iron. The wear tests were conducted at the sliding velocities of 2.1m/sec in various partial lubricated conditions using pin on disc machine as per ASTM G-99-05. Base oil (SAE 20W-40) or mixture of the base oil with 5wt% graphite of particle sizes (7-10 µm) and (100 µm) were used for creating lubricated conditions. The matrix alloy revealed primary dendrites of a and eutectoid a + h and Î phases in the Inter dendritic regions. Similar microstructure has been depicted by the composite with an additional presence of the dispersoid SiC particles. In the case of cast iron, flakes of graphite were observed in the matrix; the latter comprised of (majority of) pearlite and (limited quantity of) ferrite. Results show a large improvement in wear resistance of the zinc-based alloy after reinforcement with SiC particles. The cast iron shows intermediate response between the matrix alloy and composite. The solid lubrication improved the wear resistance and friction behaviour of both the reinforced and base alloy. Moreover, minimum wear rate is obtained in oil+ 5wt % graphite (7-10 µm) lubricated environment for the matrix alloy and composite while for cast iron addition of solid lubricant increases the wear rate and minimum wear rate is obtained in case of oil lubricated environment. The cast iron experienced higher frictional heating than the matrix alloy and composite in all the cases especially at higher load condition. As far as friction coefficient is concerned, a mixed trend of behaviour was noted. The wear rate and frictional heating increased with load while friction coefficient was affected in an opposite manner. Test duration influenced the frictional heating and friction coefficient of the samples in a mixed manner.
[1] Kumar, M. P., Sadashivappa, K., Prabhukumar, G. P., & Basavarajappa, S. (2006). Dry sliding wear behaviour of garnet particles reinforced zinc-aluminium alloy metal matrix composites. Materials Science-Medziagotyra, 12(3), 1392-1420.
[2] Tjong, S.C. and Chen, F. (1997), “Wear Behavior of As-Cast ZnAl27/SiC Particulate Metal-Matrix Composites under Lubricated Sliding Condition”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 28a, 1951-1955.
[3] Chen, T., Yuan, C., Fu, M., Ma, Y., Li, Y. and Hao, Y. (2009), “Friction and wear properties of casting in-situ silicon particle reinforced ZA27 composites”, China Foundry, 6(1):1-8
[4] Babic, M., Slobodan, M., Dzunic, D., Jeremic, B. and Ilija, B. (2010), “Tribological Behavior of Composites Based on ZA-27 Alloy Reinforced with Graphite Particles”, Tribology Letters; 37, 401–410
[5] Dominguez, C., Moreno-lopez, M.V. and Rios-jara, D. (2002), “The influence of manganese on the microstructure and the strength of a ZA-27 alloy”, Journal of Materials Science, 37, 5123 –5127.
[6] Zhu, H. X., and S. K. Liu. "Mechanical properties of squeeze-cast zinc alloy matrix composites containing α-alumina fibres." Composites 24.5 (1993): 437-442.
[7] Dahotre, Narendra B., T. Dwayne McCay, and Mary Helen McCay. "Laser surface modification of zinc-base composites." JOM 42.6 (1990): 44-47.
[8] Sahin, Y. "Wear behaviour of planar-random fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites." Wear 223.1 (1998): 173-183.
[9] Yu, Sirong, Zhenming He, and Kai Chen. "Dry sliding friction and wear behaviour of short fibre reinforced zinc-based alloy composites." Wear 198.1 (1996): 108-114.
[10] S. Muthukumarasamy, A. Guruprasad, A. Sudhakar, S. Seshan, Proceedings of the Conference on Process. Fabri. Adv. Mater., in: T.S. Sudarshan, J.J. Moore (Eds.), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1996, pp.111–125.
[11] Muthukumarasamy, S., and S. Seshan. "Structure and properties of fibre reinforced zn-27% al alloy based cast MMCs." Composites 26.5 (1995): 387-393.
[12] Genel, K., S. C. Kurnaz, and M. Durman. "Modeling of tribological properties of alumina fiber reinforced zinc–aluminum composites using artificial neural network." Materials Science and Engineering: A 363.1 (2003): 203-210.
[13] J.A. Cornie, R. Guerriero, L. Meregalli, I. Tangerini, Proceedings of the Conference on Cast Reinforced Metal Composites, Chicago, Illinois, USA, ASM Int., Metals Park, Ohio, 1988, pp. 155–165.
[14] Lo, S. H. J., et al. "Mechanical and tribological properties of zinc-aluminium metal-matrix composites." Journal of materials science 27.21 (1992): 5681-5691.
[15] Yılmaz, O., and H. Turhan. "Wear behaviour of ZnAl27/TiCp metal matrix composites under sliding conditions." Materials science and technology 18.4 (2002): 401-406.
[16] M.S. Koti, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Adv Compo. (ADCOMP-2000), August 24–26, 2000. Bangalore, FAME Bangalore, pp. 717–723.
[17] Li, B. J., and C. G. Chao. "Mechanical properties and 95° aging characteristics of zircon-reinforced Zn-4AI-3Cu alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27.3 (1996): 809-818.
[18] Sharma, S. C., Girish, B. M., Somashekar, D. R., Satish, B. M., & Kamath, R. (1999). Sliding wear behaviour of zircon particles reinforced ZA-27 alloy composite materials. Wear, 224(1), 89-94.
[19] Prasad, B. K., Das, S., Modi, O. P., Jha, A. K., Dasgupta, R., & Yegneswaran, A. H. (1999). Wear response of a Zn-base alloy in the presence of SiC particle reinforcement: A comparative study with a copper-base alloy. Journal of materials engineering and performance, 8(6), 693-700.
[20] B.K. Prasad, A.K. Jha, S. Das, O.P. Modi, R. Dasgupta and A.H. Yegneswaram, Sliding wear response of a Zinc Aluminium alloy as affected by SiC particle dispersion and test condition. Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 18, (1999) 1731-1734.
[21] Sharma, S. C., Girish, B. M., Kamath, R., & Satish, B. M. (1997). Effect of SiC particle reinforcement on the unlubricated sliding wear behaviour of ZA-27 alloy composites. Wear, 213(1), 33-40.
[22] Prasad, B. K. "Influence of some material and experimental parameters on the sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy, its composite and a bronze." Wear 254.1 (2003): 35-46.
[23] S. Sastry, M. Krishna, J. Uchill, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Adv. Compo. (ADCOMP-2000), August 24–26, 2000, Bangalore, FAME Bangalore, pp. 510–516.
[24] D. Apelian, M. Paliwal, D.C. Herrschaft, "Casting with Zinc Alloys", Journalof Metals, 33, No. 11, (1981), pp. 12-19.
[25] Kubel Jr, E. J. "Expanding horizons for ZA alloys." Advanced materials & processes 132, no. 1 (1987): 51-57.
[26] Pratt, G. C. (1973). Materials for plain bearings. International Metallurgical Reviews, 18(2), 62-88.
[27] Prasad, B. K., A. H. Yegneswaran, and A. K. Patwardhan. "Characterization of the wear response of a modified zinc-based alloy vis-a-vis a conventional zinc-based alloy and a bearing bronze at a high sliding speed." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27.11 (1996): 3513-3523.
[28] PRASAD, B.K., 1997. Microstructure, mechanical properties and sliding wear characteristics of Zn-based alloys: effects of partially substituting Cu by Si. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 88(12), pp.929-933.
[29] Prasad, B. K. "Tensile properties of some zinc-based alloys comprising 27.5% Al: effects of alloy microstructure, composition and test conditions." Materials Science and Engineering: A 245.2 (1998): 257-266.
[30] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Patwardhan, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Microstructural modifications through compositional alterations and their influence on the mechanical and sliding wear properties of zinc-based alloys." Scripta materialia 37, no. 3 (1997): 323-328.
[31] Prasad, B. K., Patwardhan, A. K. and Yegneswaran, A. H., 1996. Microstructure-property characterization of some Zn-Al alloys: Effects of heat treatment parameters. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 87(12), pp.967-971.
[32] Prasad, B. K. "Response of some cast zinc-base alloys (37.5% Al) comprised of nickel/silicon under different tensile loading conditions." Journal of materials engineering and performance 7.5 (1998): 632-636.
[33] Prasad, B. K. "Effect of microstructure on the sliding wear performance of a Zn–Al–Ni alloy." Wear 240.1 (2000): 100-112.
[34] Lo, S. H. J., et al. "Mechanical and tribological properties of zinc-aluminium metal-matrix composites." Journal of Materials Science 27.21 (1992): 5681-5691.
[35] Zhu, H. X., and S. K. Liu. "Mechanical properties of squeeze-cast zinc alloy matrix composites containing α-alumina fibres." Composites 24.5 (1993): 437-442.
[36] Prasad, B. K., S. Das, O. P. Modi, A. K. Jha, R. Dasgupta, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Wear response of a Zn-base alloy in the presence of SiC particle reinforcement: A comparative study with a copper-base alloy." Journal of materials engineering and performance 8, no. 6 (1999): 693-700.
[37] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Jha, S. Das, O. P. Modi, R. Dasgupta, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Sliding wear response of a zinc-aluminum alloy as affected by SiC particle dispersion and test conditions." Journal of materials science letters 18, no. 21 (1999): 1731-1734.
[38] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Jha, O. P. Modi, S. Das, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Abrasive wear characteristics of Zn–37.2 Al–2.5 Cu–0.2 Mg alloy dispersed with silicon carbide particles." Materials Transactions, JIM 36, no. 8 (1995): 1048-1057.
[39] Prasad, B. K., S. Das, A. K. Jha, O. P. Modi, R. Dasgupta, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Factors controlling the abrasive wear response of a zinc-based alloy silicon carbide particle composite." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 28, no. 4 (1997): 301-308.
[40] Prasad, B. K. "Abrasive wear characteristics of a zinc-based alloy and zinc-alloy/SiC composite." Wear 252.3 (2002): 250-263.
[41] Prasad, B. K. "Effects of alumina particle dispersion on the erosive–corrosive wear response of a zinc-based alloy under changing slurry conditions and distance." Wear 238.2 (2000): 151-159.
[42] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Patwardhan, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Wear characteristics of a zinc-based alloy compared with a conventional bearing bronze under mixed lubrication conditions: Effects of material and test parameters." Canadian metallurgical quarterly 40.2 (2001): 193-210.
[43] Prasad, B. K. "Effects of heat treatment on the partially lubricated sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy." Materials Transactions, JIM 40.7 (1999): 578-585.
[44] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Patwardhan, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Factors controlling dry sliding wear behaviour of a leaded tin bronze." Materials science and technology 12.5 (1996): 427-435.
[45] Anon, Mechanical Metallurgy, 2nd.ed, G.E. dirtier (ed) McGraw Hill, 983, Mp105149.
[46] Anon, Zinc and its Alloys and compounds, 18th ed; S.W.K Morgan (ed.) Euis Horwood, John Willey & sons, NY, 1985, MP 154-164.
[47] T.J. Risdon, W.M. Mishaiechure and R.J. Barnhourst, Pror. Int. confr. Expo. SAE, tels-24-28, 1986, Detrort, Michigan, Pops no. 860064.
[1] Kumar, M. P., Sadashivappa, K., Prabhukumar, G. P., & Basavarajappa, S. (2006). Dry sliding wear behaviour of garnet particles reinforced zinc-aluminium alloy metal matrix composites. Materials Science-Medziagotyra, 12(3), 1392-1420.
[2] Tjong, S.C. and Chen, F. (1997), “Wear Behavior of As-Cast ZnAl27/SiC Particulate Metal-Matrix Composites under Lubricated Sliding Condition”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 28a, 1951-1955.
[3] Chen, T., Yuan, C., Fu, M., Ma, Y., Li, Y. and Hao, Y. (2009), “Friction and wear properties of casting in-situ silicon particle reinforced ZA27 composites”, China Foundry, 6(1):1-8
[4] Babic, M., Slobodan, M., Dzunic, D., Jeremic, B. and Ilija, B. (2010), “Tribological Behavior of Composites Based on ZA-27 Alloy Reinforced with Graphite Particles”, Tribology Letters; 37, 401–410
[5] Dominguez, C., Moreno-lopez, M.V. and Rios-jara, D. (2002), “The influence of manganese on the microstructure and the strength of a ZA-27 alloy”, Journal of Materials Science, 37, 5123 –5127.
[6] Zhu, H. X., and S. K. Liu. "Mechanical properties of squeeze-cast zinc alloy matrix composites containing α-alumina fibres." Composites 24.5 (1993): 437-442.
[7] Dahotre, Narendra B., T. Dwayne McCay, and Mary Helen McCay. "Laser surface modification of zinc-base composites." JOM 42.6 (1990): 44-47.
[8] Sahin, Y. "Wear behaviour of planar-random fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites." Wear 223.1 (1998): 173-183.
[9] Yu, Sirong, Zhenming He, and Kai Chen. "Dry sliding friction and wear behaviour of short fibre reinforced zinc-based alloy composites." Wear 198.1 (1996): 108-114.
[10] S. Muthukumarasamy, A. Guruprasad, A. Sudhakar, S. Seshan, Proceedings of the Conference on Process. Fabri. Adv. Mater., in: T.S. Sudarshan, J.J. Moore (Eds.), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1996, pp.111–125.
[11] Muthukumarasamy, S., and S. Seshan. "Structure and properties of fibre reinforced zn-27% al alloy based cast MMCs." Composites 26.5 (1995): 387-393.
[12] Genel, K., S. C. Kurnaz, and M. Durman. "Modeling of tribological properties of alumina fiber reinforced zinc–aluminum composites using artificial neural network." Materials Science and Engineering: A 363.1 (2003): 203-210.
[13] J.A. Cornie, R. Guerriero, L. Meregalli, I. Tangerini, Proceedings of the Conference on Cast Reinforced Metal Composites, Chicago, Illinois, USA, ASM Int., Metals Park, Ohio, 1988, pp. 155–165.
[14] Lo, S. H. J., et al. "Mechanical and tribological properties of zinc-aluminium metal-matrix composites." Journal of materials science 27.21 (1992): 5681-5691.
[15] Yılmaz, O., and H. Turhan. "Wear behaviour of ZnAl27/TiCp metal matrix composites under sliding conditions." Materials science and technology 18.4 (2002): 401-406.
[16] M.S. Koti, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Adv Compo. (ADCOMP-2000), August 24–26, 2000. Bangalore, FAME Bangalore, pp. 717–723.
[17] Li, B. J., and C. G. Chao. "Mechanical properties and 95° aging characteristics of zircon-reinforced Zn-4AI-3Cu alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27.3 (1996): 809-818.
[18] Sharma, S. C., Girish, B. M., Somashekar, D. R., Satish, B. M., & Kamath, R. (1999). Sliding wear behaviour of zircon particles reinforced ZA-27 alloy composite materials. Wear, 224(1), 89-94.
[19] Prasad, B. K., Das, S., Modi, O. P., Jha, A. K., Dasgupta, R., & Yegneswaran, A. H. (1999). Wear response of a Zn-base alloy in the presence of SiC particle reinforcement: A comparative study with a copper-base alloy. Journal of materials engineering and performance, 8(6), 693-700.
[20] B.K. Prasad, A.K. Jha, S. Das, O.P. Modi, R. Dasgupta and A.H. Yegneswaram, Sliding wear response of a Zinc Aluminium alloy as affected by SiC particle dispersion and test condition. Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 18, (1999) 1731-1734.
[21] Sharma, S. C., Girish, B. M., Kamath, R., & Satish, B. M. (1997). Effect of SiC particle reinforcement on the unlubricated sliding wear behaviour of ZA-27 alloy composites. Wear, 213(1), 33-40.
[22] Prasad, B. K. "Influence of some material and experimental parameters on the sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy, its composite and a bronze." Wear 254.1 (2003): 35-46.
[23] S. Sastry, M. Krishna, J. Uchill, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Adv. Compo. (ADCOMP-2000), August 24–26, 2000, Bangalore, FAME Bangalore, pp. 510–516.
[24] D. Apelian, M. Paliwal, D.C. Herrschaft, "Casting with Zinc Alloys", Journalof Metals, 33, No. 11, (1981), pp. 12-19.
[25] Kubel Jr, E. J. "Expanding horizons for ZA alloys." Advanced materials & processes 132, no. 1 (1987): 51-57.
[26] Pratt, G. C. (1973). Materials for plain bearings. International Metallurgical Reviews, 18(2), 62-88.
[27] Prasad, B. K., A. H. Yegneswaran, and A. K. Patwardhan. "Characterization of the wear response of a modified zinc-based alloy vis-a-vis a conventional zinc-based alloy and a bearing bronze at a high sliding speed." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27.11 (1996): 3513-3523.
[28] PRASAD, B.K., 1997. Microstructure, mechanical properties and sliding wear characteristics of Zn-based alloys: effects of partially substituting Cu by Si. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 88(12), pp.929-933.
[29] Prasad, B. K. "Tensile properties of some zinc-based alloys comprising 27.5% Al: effects of alloy microstructure, composition and test conditions." Materials Science and Engineering: A 245.2 (1998): 257-266.
[30] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Patwardhan, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Microstructural modifications through compositional alterations and their influence on the mechanical and sliding wear properties of zinc-based alloys." Scripta materialia 37, no. 3 (1997): 323-328.
[31] Prasad, B. K., Patwardhan, A. K. and Yegneswaran, A. H., 1996. Microstructure-property characterization of some Zn-Al alloys: Effects of heat treatment parameters. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 87(12), pp.967-971.
[32] Prasad, B. K. "Response of some cast zinc-base alloys (37.5% Al) comprised of nickel/silicon under different tensile loading conditions." Journal of materials engineering and performance 7.5 (1998): 632-636.
[33] Prasad, B. K. "Effect of microstructure on the sliding wear performance of a Zn–Al–Ni alloy." Wear 240.1 (2000): 100-112.
[34] Lo, S. H. J., et al. "Mechanical and tribological properties of zinc-aluminium metal-matrix composites." Journal of Materials Science 27.21 (1992): 5681-5691.
[35] Zhu, H. X., and S. K. Liu. "Mechanical properties of squeeze-cast zinc alloy matrix composites containing α-alumina fibres." Composites 24.5 (1993): 437-442.
[36] Prasad, B. K., S. Das, O. P. Modi, A. K. Jha, R. Dasgupta, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Wear response of a Zn-base alloy in the presence of SiC particle reinforcement: A comparative study with a copper-base alloy." Journal of materials engineering and performance 8, no. 6 (1999): 693-700.
[37] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Jha, S. Das, O. P. Modi, R. Dasgupta, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Sliding wear response of a zinc-aluminum alloy as affected by SiC particle dispersion and test conditions." Journal of materials science letters 18, no. 21 (1999): 1731-1734.
[38] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Jha, O. P. Modi, S. Das, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Abrasive wear characteristics of Zn–37.2 Al–2.5 Cu–0.2 Mg alloy dispersed with silicon carbide particles." Materials Transactions, JIM 36, no. 8 (1995): 1048-1057.
[39] Prasad, B. K., S. Das, A. K. Jha, O. P. Modi, R. Dasgupta, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Factors controlling the abrasive wear response of a zinc-based alloy silicon carbide particle composite." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 28, no. 4 (1997): 301-308.
[40] Prasad, B. K. "Abrasive wear characteristics of a zinc-based alloy and zinc-alloy/SiC composite." Wear 252.3 (2002): 250-263.
[41] Prasad, B. K. "Effects of alumina particle dispersion on the erosive–corrosive wear response of a zinc-based alloy under changing slurry conditions and distance." Wear 238.2 (2000): 151-159.
[42] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Patwardhan, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Wear characteristics of a zinc-based alloy compared with a conventional bearing bronze under mixed lubrication conditions: Effects of material and test parameters." Canadian metallurgical quarterly 40.2 (2001): 193-210.
[43] Prasad, B. K. "Effects of heat treatment on the partially lubricated sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy." Materials Transactions, JIM 40.7 (1999): 578-585.
[44] Prasad, B. K., A. K. Patwardhan, and A. H. Yegneswaran. "Factors controlling dry sliding wear behaviour of a leaded tin bronze." Materials science and technology 12.5 (1996): 427-435.
[45] Anon, Mechanical Metallurgy, 2nd.ed, G.E. dirtier (ed) McGraw Hill, 983, Mp105149.
[46] Anon, Zinc and its Alloys and compounds, 18th ed; S.W.K Morgan (ed.) Euis Horwood, John Willey & sons, NY, 1985, MP 154-164.
[47] T.J. Risdon, W.M. Mishaiechure and R.J. Barnhourst, Pror. Int. confr. Expo. SAE, tels-24-28, 1986, Detrort, Michigan, Pops no. 860064.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:72832", author = "Mohammad M. Khan and Gajendra Dixit", title = "Effects of Test Environment on the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Cast Iron, Zinc-Aluminium Alloy and Its Composite ", abstract = "Partially lubricated sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy reinforced with 10wt% SiC particles has been studied as a function of applied load and solid lubricant particle size and has been compared with that of matrix alloy and conventionally used grey cast iron. The wear tests were conducted at the sliding velocities of 2.1m/sec in various partial lubricated conditions using pin on disc machine as per ASTM G-99-05. Base oil (SAE 20W-40) or mixture of the base oil with 5wt% graphite of particle sizes (7-10 µm) and (100 µm) were used for creating lubricated conditions. The matrix alloy revealed primary dendrites of a and eutectoid a + h and Î phases in the Inter dendritic regions. Similar microstructure has been depicted by the composite with an additional presence of the dispersoid SiC particles. In the case of cast iron, flakes of graphite were observed in the matrix; the latter comprised of (majority of) pearlite and (limited quantity of) ferrite. Results show a large improvement in wear resistance of the zinc-based alloy after reinforcement with SiC particles. The cast iron shows intermediate response between the matrix alloy and composite. The solid lubrication improved the wear resistance and friction behaviour of both the reinforced and base alloy. Moreover, minimum wear rate is obtained in oil+ 5wt % graphite (7-10 µm) lubricated environment for the matrix alloy and composite while for cast iron addition of solid lubricant increases the wear rate and minimum wear rate is obtained in case of oil lubricated environment. The cast iron experienced higher frictional heating than the matrix alloy and composite in all the cases especially at higher load condition. As far as friction coefficient is concerned, a mixed trend of behaviour was noted. The wear rate and frictional heating increased with load while friction coefficient was affected in an opposite manner. Test duration influenced the frictional heating and friction coefficient of the samples in a mixed manner.
", keywords = "Solid lubricant, sliding wear grey cast iron, zinc based metal matrix composites.", volume = "10", number = "4", pages = "459-12", }
