Effects of pH, Temperature, Enzyme and Substrate Concentration on Xylooligosaccharides Production
Agricultural residue such as oil palm fronds (OPF) is
cheap, widespread and available throughout the year. Hemicelluloses
extracted from OPF can be hydrolyzed to their monomers and used in
production of xylooligosaccharides (XOs). The objective of the
present study was to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process of
OPF hemicellulose by varying pH, temperature, enzyme and substrate
concentration for production of XOs. Hemicelluloses was extracted
from OPF by using 3 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) at temperature of
40°C for 4 hrs and stirred at 400 rpm. The hemicellulose was then
hydrolyzed using Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase at different
pH, temperature, enzyme and substrate concentration. XOs were
characterized based on reducing sugar determination. The optimum
conditions to produced XOs from OPF hemicellulose was obtained at
pH 4.6, temperature of 40°C , enzyme concentration of 2 U/mL and
2% substrate concentration. The results established the suitability of
oil palm fronds as raw material for production of XOs.
[1] PEMANDU (Performance Management and Delivery Unit of Malaysia),
"NKEA: Palm oil and rubber," ETP Annual Report, 2011.
[2] MPOB (Malaysian Palm Oil Board), "Overview of the oil palm industry
2011," February 2012.
[3] Malaysian Innovation Agency, "National Biomass strategy 2020: New
wealth creation for Malaysia-s palm oil industry," 2011.
[4] S. H. Shuit, K. T. Tan, K. T. Lee, A. H. Kamarudin, "Oil palm biomass as
a sustainable energy sorce: A Malaysian case study," Energy, vol. 34, pp.
1225-1235, 2009.
[5] F. Y. Ng, F. K. Yew, Y. Basiron, K. Sundram, "A renewable future driven
with Malaysian palm oil-based green technology," Journal of Palm Oil
and The Environment, vol. 2, pp. 1-7, 2011.
[6] K. O. Lim, Z. A. Zainal, G. A. Quadir, M. Z Abdullah, "Plant based
energy potential and biomass utilization in Malaysia," International
Energy Journal, vol. 1, pp. 77-88, 2000.
[7] N. Mohd Nor, "The effect of hydrothermal treatment on the
physic-chemical properties of oil palm fronds (OPF) derived
hemicelluloses," Master thesis, School of Industrial Technology,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 2008.
[8] R. L. Howard, E. Abotsi, E. L. Jansen van Rensburg, S. Howard,
"Lignocellulosic biotechnology: issues of bioconversion and enzyme
production," African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 2 (12), pp. 602-619,
December 2003.
[9] O. Akpinar, K. Erdogan, and S. Bostanci, "Enzymatic production of
xylooligosaccharide from selected agricultural wastes," Food and
Bioproducts Processing, vol. 87, pp. 145-151, 2009.
[10] S. Caparrós, G. Garrote, J. Ariza, M. J. Díaz, F. López,
"Xylooligosaccharides production from Arundo donax," Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55, pp. 5536-5543, 2007.
[11] M. J. Vázquez, J. L. Alonso, H. Domínguez, P. C. Parajó,
"Xylooligosaccharides: manufacture and application," Trends in Food
Science and Technology, vol. 11, pp. 387-393, 2000.
[12] S. Mumtaz, "Production of xylooligosaccharides from agricultural waste
for preparation of synbiotic food," Master thesis, National Institute of
Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan, 2009.
[13] S. Sabiha Hanim, M. A. Mohd Nor, A. Rosma, "Effect of autohydrolysis
and enzymatic treatment on oil palm (Elais Guineensis Jacq.) frond fibres
for xylose and xylooligosaccharides production," Bioresource
Technology, vol. 102, pp. 1234-1239, 2011.
[14] O. Akpinar, O. Ak, A. Kavas, U. Bakir, L. Yilmaz, "Enzymatic
production of xylooligosaccharides from cotton stalks,"Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55, pp. 5544-5551, 2007.
[15] M. Anis, "Extraction and functional properties of oil palm biomass," Ph.D
thesis, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 2000.
[16] M. J. Bailey, P. Biely, and K. Poutanen, "Interlaboratory testing of
methods for assay of xylanase activity," Journal of Biotechnology, vol.
23, pp. 257-270, 1992
[17] R. L. Burner, "Determination sugar value in method in carbohydrate
chemistry IV (Roy I Whistle, Robert, J Smith & James, N. Bemiller, eds),"
New York: Academic Press, pp. 65-71, 1964.
[18] S. Subramaniyam and P. Prema, "Boitechnology of microbial
xylanases:Enzymology, Molecular Biology, and Application," Critical
Reviews in Biotechnology, vol. 22 (1), pp. 36-46, 2002.
[19] O. Akpinar and S. Bostanci, "Xylooligosaccharide production from
lignocellulosic wastes with Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase,"
Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, vol.7 (1), pp. 70-74, 2009.
[20] N. Jayapal, A. K. Samanta, A. P. Kolte, S. Senai, M. Sridhar, K. P.
Suresh, K. T Sampath, "Value addition to sugarcane bagasse: Xylan
extraction and its process optimization for xylooligosaccharides
production,"Industrial Crops and Products, 42, pp, 14-24, 2013.
[21] J. Jaskari, P. Kontula, A.Siitonen, H. Jousimies-Somer, T.
Mattila-Sandholm, K. Poutanen, "Oat glucan and xylan hydrolysates as
selective substrates for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains," Appl.
Microbial. Biotechnol., vol. 49, pp. 175-181, 1998.
[22] C. Teng, Q. Yan, Z. Jiang, G. Fan, B. Shi, "Production of
xylooligosaccharides from the steam explosion liquor of corncobs
coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis using a thermostable xylanase,"
Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, pp. 7679-7682, 2010.
[23] Q.P. Yuan, H. Zhang, Z.M. Qian, X.J. Yang, "Pilot-plant production of
xylooligosaccharides from corncob by steaming, enzymatic hydrolysis
and nanofiltration," J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 79, pp.
1073-1079, 2004.
[24] S.Q. Yang, Q. J. Yan, Z. Q. Jiang, L.T. Li, H. M. tian, Y.Z. Wang,
"High-level of xylanase production by the thermophilic paecilomyces
thermophilia J18 on wheat straw in solid-state fermentation," Bioresour.
Technol., vol. 97, pp. 1794-1800, 2006.
[25] K.Y Yoon, E.E. Woodams,Y. D Hang, "Enzymatic production of pentose
from the hemicellulose fraction of corn residues," Food Science and
Technology, vol. 39, pp. 388-392, 2006.
[26] Y. Sun and J. Cheng, "Hydrolysis of lignicellulosic materials for ethanol
production: A review," Bioresource Technology, vol. 83, pp. 1-11, 2002.
[1] PEMANDU (Performance Management and Delivery Unit of Malaysia),
"NKEA: Palm oil and rubber," ETP Annual Report, 2011.
[2] MPOB (Malaysian Palm Oil Board), "Overview of the oil palm industry
2011," February 2012.
[3] Malaysian Innovation Agency, "National Biomass strategy 2020: New
wealth creation for Malaysia-s palm oil industry," 2011.
[4] S. H. Shuit, K. T. Tan, K. T. Lee, A. H. Kamarudin, "Oil palm biomass as
a sustainable energy sorce: A Malaysian case study," Energy, vol. 34, pp.
1225-1235, 2009.
[5] F. Y. Ng, F. K. Yew, Y. Basiron, K. Sundram, "A renewable future driven
with Malaysian palm oil-based green technology," Journal of Palm Oil
and The Environment, vol. 2, pp. 1-7, 2011.
[6] K. O. Lim, Z. A. Zainal, G. A. Quadir, M. Z Abdullah, "Plant based
energy potential and biomass utilization in Malaysia," International
Energy Journal, vol. 1, pp. 77-88, 2000.
[7] N. Mohd Nor, "The effect of hydrothermal treatment on the
physic-chemical properties of oil palm fronds (OPF) derived
hemicelluloses," Master thesis, School of Industrial Technology,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 2008.
[8] R. L. Howard, E. Abotsi, E. L. Jansen van Rensburg, S. Howard,
"Lignocellulosic biotechnology: issues of bioconversion and enzyme
production," African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 2 (12), pp. 602-619,
December 2003.
[9] O. Akpinar, K. Erdogan, and S. Bostanci, "Enzymatic production of
xylooligosaccharide from selected agricultural wastes," Food and
Bioproducts Processing, vol. 87, pp. 145-151, 2009.
[10] S. Caparrós, G. Garrote, J. Ariza, M. J. Díaz, F. López,
"Xylooligosaccharides production from Arundo donax," Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55, pp. 5536-5543, 2007.
[11] M. J. Vázquez, J. L. Alonso, H. Domínguez, P. C. Parajó,
"Xylooligosaccharides: manufacture and application," Trends in Food
Science and Technology, vol. 11, pp. 387-393, 2000.
[12] S. Mumtaz, "Production of xylooligosaccharides from agricultural waste
for preparation of synbiotic food," Master thesis, National Institute of
Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Pakistan, 2009.
[13] S. Sabiha Hanim, M. A. Mohd Nor, A. Rosma, "Effect of autohydrolysis
and enzymatic treatment on oil palm (Elais Guineensis Jacq.) frond fibres
for xylose and xylooligosaccharides production," Bioresource
Technology, vol. 102, pp. 1234-1239, 2011.
[14] O. Akpinar, O. Ak, A. Kavas, U. Bakir, L. Yilmaz, "Enzymatic
production of xylooligosaccharides from cotton stalks,"Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55, pp. 5544-5551, 2007.
[15] M. Anis, "Extraction and functional properties of oil palm biomass," Ph.D
thesis, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 2000.
[16] M. J. Bailey, P. Biely, and K. Poutanen, "Interlaboratory testing of
methods for assay of xylanase activity," Journal of Biotechnology, vol.
23, pp. 257-270, 1992
[17] R. L. Burner, "Determination sugar value in method in carbohydrate
chemistry IV (Roy I Whistle, Robert, J Smith & James, N. Bemiller, eds),"
New York: Academic Press, pp. 65-71, 1964.
[18] S. Subramaniyam and P. Prema, "Boitechnology of microbial
xylanases:Enzymology, Molecular Biology, and Application," Critical
Reviews in Biotechnology, vol. 22 (1), pp. 36-46, 2002.
[19] O. Akpinar and S. Bostanci, "Xylooligosaccharide production from
lignocellulosic wastes with Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase,"
Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, vol.7 (1), pp. 70-74, 2009.
[20] N. Jayapal, A. K. Samanta, A. P. Kolte, S. Senai, M. Sridhar, K. P.
Suresh, K. T Sampath, "Value addition to sugarcane bagasse: Xylan
extraction and its process optimization for xylooligosaccharides
production,"Industrial Crops and Products, 42, pp, 14-24, 2013.
[21] J. Jaskari, P. Kontula, A.Siitonen, H. Jousimies-Somer, T.
Mattila-Sandholm, K. Poutanen, "Oat glucan and xylan hydrolysates as
selective substrates for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains," Appl.
Microbial. Biotechnol., vol. 49, pp. 175-181, 1998.
[22] C. Teng, Q. Yan, Z. Jiang, G. Fan, B. Shi, "Production of
xylooligosaccharides from the steam explosion liquor of corncobs
coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis using a thermostable xylanase,"
Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, pp. 7679-7682, 2010.
[23] Q.P. Yuan, H. Zhang, Z.M. Qian, X.J. Yang, "Pilot-plant production of
xylooligosaccharides from corncob by steaming, enzymatic hydrolysis
and nanofiltration," J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 79, pp.
1073-1079, 2004.
[24] S.Q. Yang, Q. J. Yan, Z. Q. Jiang, L.T. Li, H. M. tian, Y.Z. Wang,
"High-level of xylanase production by the thermophilic paecilomyces
thermophilia J18 on wheat straw in solid-state fermentation," Bioresour.
Technol., vol. 97, pp. 1794-1800, 2006.
[25] K.Y Yoon, E.E. Woodams,Y. D Hang, "Enzymatic production of pentose
from the hemicellulose fraction of corn residues," Food Science and
Technology, vol. 39, pp. 388-392, 2006.
[26] Y. Sun and J. Cheng, "Hydrolysis of lignicellulosic materials for ethanol
production: A review," Bioresource Technology, vol. 83, pp. 1-11, 2002.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:57788", author = "M. D. S. Siti-Normah and S. Sabiha-Hanim and A. Noraishah", title = "Effects of pH, Temperature, Enzyme and Substrate Concentration on Xylooligosaccharides Production", abstract = "Agricultural residue such as oil palm fronds (OPF) is
cheap, widespread and available throughout the year. Hemicelluloses
extracted from OPF can be hydrolyzed to their monomers and used in
production of xylooligosaccharides (XOs). The objective of the
present study was to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process of
OPF hemicellulose by varying pH, temperature, enzyme and substrate
concentration for production of XOs. Hemicelluloses was extracted
from OPF by using 3 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) at temperature of
40°C for 4 hrs and stirred at 400 rpm. The hemicellulose was then
hydrolyzed using Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase at different
pH, temperature, enzyme and substrate concentration. XOs were
characterized based on reducing sugar determination. The optimum
conditions to produced XOs from OPF hemicellulose was obtained at
pH 4.6, temperature of 40°C , enzyme concentration of 2 U/mL and
2% substrate concentration. The results established the suitability of
oil palm fronds as raw material for production of XOs.", keywords = "Hemicellulose, oil palm fronds, Trichoderma
longibrachiatum, xylooligosaccharides.", volume = "6", number = "12", pages = "1159-5", }
