Effectiveness of Earthing System in Vertical Configurations
This paper presents the measurement and simulation results by Finite Element Method (FEM) for earth resistance (RDC) for interconnected vertical ground rod configurations. The soil resistivity was measured using the Wenner four-pin Method, and RDC was measured using the Fall of Potential (FOP) method, as outlined in the standard. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to interpret the soil resistivity to that of a 2-layer soil model. The same soil resistivity data that were obtained by Wenner four-pin method were used in FEM for simulation. This paper compares the results of RDC obtained by FEM simulation with the real measurement at field site. A good agreement was seen for RDC obtained by measurements and FEM. This shows that FEM is a reliable software to be used for design of earthing systems. It is also found that the parallel rod system has a better performance compared to a similar setup using a grid layout.
[1] ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000, “IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding”, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer, Inc, USA.
[2] R. Zeng, Jinliang He, Yanqing Gao, Weimin Sun, Qi Su, “Analysis on influence of long vertical grounding electrodes on grounding system for substation”, Power System Technology, 2000. Vol. 3, 4 – 7 December 2000, pp. 1475 – 1480
[3] N. Abdullah, A. M. Ahmad Marican, M. Osman, N. A. Abdul Rahman, “Case Study on Impact of Seasonal Variations of Soil Resistivities on Substation Grounding Systems Safety in Tropical Country”, 7th Asia-Pasific International Conference on Lightning, November 1-4, 2011, Chengdu, China, pp. 150 – 154.
[4] J.A. Guemes and F. E. Hernando, “Method for Calculating the Ground Resistance of Grounding Grids Using FEM”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 2, April 2004, pp. 595-600
[5] H. Wang and Z. J. Jin, “The FEM Analysis of Grounding System When Considering the Soil Ionization Phenomenon under Different Soil Structures”, Asia Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2011, pp. 1-4.
[6] M. A. Salam, S. Ja’afar, Md. Arifin, “Measurement of Grounding Resistance by U-Shape and Square Grids”, TENCON 2010-2010 IEEE Region 10 Conference, pp. 102-105.
[7] C.J. Blattner, “Prediction of soil resistivity and ground rod resistance for deep ground electrodes”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus & Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 5 Sept/Oct 1980, pp. 1758 – 1763
[8] I. F. Gonos and I. A. Stathopulos, “Estimation of multilayer soil parameters using genetic algorithm”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, 2005, pp. 100-106.
[9] G. F. Tag, “Earth Resistances” George Newnes Limited, London
[10] W. D. Reeve, “Principles and Practice of Earth Electrode Measurements”, Reeve Engineer 2008 www.reeve.com/Documents/Ground%20Testing%20R1-1.PDF
[11] IEEE Std 81-1983, “Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity Ground Impedance and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System”, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Inc, USA.
[12] A. S. Sirisumrannukul, T. Kasirawat, A. Puttarach, “Safety Design Planning of Ground Grid for Outdoor Substation in MEA’s Power Distribution System”, Elec. Eng./Electronic Comp. Telecom. And Information Technology (ECTI-CON) 2010 International Conference, 19-21 May 2010, pp. 298-302.
[13] M. A Salam, K. M. Jen, M. A. Khan, “Measurement and Simulation of Grounding Resistance with Two and Four Mesh Grids”, IEEE PEDS, Singapore, 5 – 8 December 2011, pp. 208 – 213.
[14] I. F. Gonos, V. T. Kontargyri, I.A. Stathopulos, A. X. Moronis, A. P. Sakarellos and N. I. Kolliopoulos, ”Determination of Two Layer Earth Structure Parameters”, XVII International Conf. on Electromagnetic Disturbances EMD 2007, Sept. 19-21, 2007, Bialystok, Poland, pp.10.1-1 - 10.1-6
[15] W. P. Calixto, L. M. Neto, M. Wu, K. Yamanaka and E. d. P. Moreira, “Parameter Esimation of a Horizontal Multilayer Soil Using Genetic Algorithm”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 3, July 2010 , pp. 1250-1257.
[16] F. Dawaibi and C. J. Blattner, “Earth Resistivity Measurement Interpretation Techniques”, IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 2, Feb. 1984, pp. 374-382
[17] P. J. Lagace and M. H. Voung, “Graphical User Interface for Interpreting and Validating Soil Resistivity Measurements”, IEEE ISIE 2006, July 9-12, 2006, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1843-1845
[18] H. R. Seedher and J. K. Arora, “Estimation of Two Layer Soil Parameter Using Finite Wenner Resistivity Expressions”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 1992, pp. 1213-1217
[19] A. P. Meliopoulos and A. D. Papalexooulos, “Interpretation of Soil Resistivity Measurements: Experience with the Model SOMIP”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 4, Oct. 1986, pp. 142-151
[20] A. Habjanic and M. Trlep: ‘The Simulation of the Soil Ionization Phenomenon around the Grounding System by the Finite Element Method’, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 42, No. 4, April 2006, pp. 867-890.
[21] M. Trlep, A. Hamler and B. Hribernik: ‘The Analysis of Complex Grounding Systems by FEM’, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 34, No. 5, September 1998, pp. 2521-2524.
[22] F. Dawalibi, D. Mukhedkar, “Optimum design of substation grounding in a two layer earth structure, part II”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-94, no. 5 March/April 1975, pp. 2893-2896.
[1] ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000, “IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding”, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer, Inc, USA.
[2] R. Zeng, Jinliang He, Yanqing Gao, Weimin Sun, Qi Su, “Analysis on influence of long vertical grounding electrodes on grounding system for substation”, Power System Technology, 2000. Vol. 3, 4 – 7 December 2000, pp. 1475 – 1480
[3] N. Abdullah, A. M. Ahmad Marican, M. Osman, N. A. Abdul Rahman, “Case Study on Impact of Seasonal Variations of Soil Resistivities on Substation Grounding Systems Safety in Tropical Country”, 7th Asia-Pasific International Conference on Lightning, November 1-4, 2011, Chengdu, China, pp. 150 – 154.
[4] J.A. Guemes and F. E. Hernando, “Method for Calculating the Ground Resistance of Grounding Grids Using FEM”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 2, April 2004, pp. 595-600
[5] H. Wang and Z. J. Jin, “The FEM Analysis of Grounding System When Considering the Soil Ionization Phenomenon under Different Soil Structures”, Asia Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2011, pp. 1-4.
[6] M. A. Salam, S. Ja’afar, Md. Arifin, “Measurement of Grounding Resistance by U-Shape and Square Grids”, TENCON 2010-2010 IEEE Region 10 Conference, pp. 102-105.
[7] C.J. Blattner, “Prediction of soil resistivity and ground rod resistance for deep ground electrodes”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus & Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 5 Sept/Oct 1980, pp. 1758 – 1763
[8] I. F. Gonos and I. A. Stathopulos, “Estimation of multilayer soil parameters using genetic algorithm”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, 2005, pp. 100-106.
[9] G. F. Tag, “Earth Resistances” George Newnes Limited, London
[10] W. D. Reeve, “Principles and Practice of Earth Electrode Measurements”, Reeve Engineer 2008 www.reeve.com/Documents/Ground%20Testing%20R1-1.PDF
[11] IEEE Std 81-1983, “Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity Ground Impedance and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System”, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Inc, USA.
[12] A. S. Sirisumrannukul, T. Kasirawat, A. Puttarach, “Safety Design Planning of Ground Grid for Outdoor Substation in MEA’s Power Distribution System”, Elec. Eng./Electronic Comp. Telecom. And Information Technology (ECTI-CON) 2010 International Conference, 19-21 May 2010, pp. 298-302.
[13] M. A Salam, K. M. Jen, M. A. Khan, “Measurement and Simulation of Grounding Resistance with Two and Four Mesh Grids”, IEEE PEDS, Singapore, 5 – 8 December 2011, pp. 208 – 213.
[14] I. F. Gonos, V. T. Kontargyri, I.A. Stathopulos, A. X. Moronis, A. P. Sakarellos and N. I. Kolliopoulos, ”Determination of Two Layer Earth Structure Parameters”, XVII International Conf. on Electromagnetic Disturbances EMD 2007, Sept. 19-21, 2007, Bialystok, Poland, pp.10.1-1 - 10.1-6
[15] W. P. Calixto, L. M. Neto, M. Wu, K. Yamanaka and E. d. P. Moreira, “Parameter Esimation of a Horizontal Multilayer Soil Using Genetic Algorithm”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 3, July 2010 , pp. 1250-1257.
[16] F. Dawaibi and C. J. Blattner, “Earth Resistivity Measurement Interpretation Techniques”, IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 2, Feb. 1984, pp. 374-382
[17] P. J. Lagace and M. H. Voung, “Graphical User Interface for Interpreting and Validating Soil Resistivity Measurements”, IEEE ISIE 2006, July 9-12, 2006, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1843-1845
[18] H. R. Seedher and J. K. Arora, “Estimation of Two Layer Soil Parameter Using Finite Wenner Resistivity Expressions”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 1992, pp. 1213-1217
[19] A. P. Meliopoulos and A. D. Papalexooulos, “Interpretation of Soil Resistivity Measurements: Experience with the Model SOMIP”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 4, Oct. 1986, pp. 142-151
[20] A. Habjanic and M. Trlep: ‘The Simulation of the Soil Ionization Phenomenon around the Grounding System by the Finite Element Method’, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 42, No. 4, April 2006, pp. 867-890.
[21] M. Trlep, A. Hamler and B. Hribernik: ‘The Analysis of Complex Grounding Systems by FEM’, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 34, No. 5, September 1998, pp. 2521-2524.
[22] F. Dawalibi, D. Mukhedkar, “Optimum design of substation grounding in a two layer earth structure, part II”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-94, no. 5 March/April 1975, pp. 2893-2896.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:80166", author = "S. Yunus and A. Suratman and N. Mohamad Nor and M. Othman", title = "Effectiveness of Earthing System in Vertical Configurations", abstract = "This paper presents the measurement and simulation results by Finite Element Method (FEM) for earth resistance (RDC) for interconnected vertical ground rod configurations. The soil resistivity was measured using the Wenner four-pin Method, and RDC was measured using the Fall of Potential (FOP) method, as outlined in the standard. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to interpret the soil resistivity to that of a 2-layer soil model. The same soil resistivity data that were obtained by Wenner four-pin method were used in FEM for simulation. This paper compares the results of RDC obtained by FEM simulation with the real measurement at field site. A good agreement was seen for RDC obtained by measurements and FEM. This shows that FEM is a reliable software to be used for design of earthing systems. It is also found that the parallel rod system has a better performance compared to a similar setup using a grid layout.
", keywords = "Earthing systems, earth electrodes, Finite Element Method, FEM, Genetic Algorithm, GA, earth resistances.", volume = "15", number = "1", pages = "38-4", }
