Effect of Tempering Temperature and Time on the Corrosion Behaviour of 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steels in Oxalic Acid
The effect of different tempering temperatures and heat treatment times on the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels in oxalic acid was studied in this work using conventional weight loss and electrochemical measurements. Typical 304 and 316 stainless steel samples were tempered at 150oC, 250oC and 350oC after being austenized at 1050oC for 10 minutes. These samples were then immersed in 1.0M oxalic acid and their weight losses were measured at every five days for 30 days. The results show that corrosion of both types of ASS samples increased with an increase in tempering temperature and time and this was due to the precipitation of chromium carbides at the grain boundaries of these metals. Electrochemical results also confirm that the 304 ASS is more susceptible to corrosion than 316 ASS in this medium. This is attributed to the molybdenum in the composition of the latter. The metallographic images of these samples showed non–uniform distribution of precipitated chromium carbides at the grain boundaries of these metals and unevenly distributed carbides and retained austenite phases which cause galvanic effects in the medium.
[1] Monypenny, J.H.G. (1951) Stainless iron and steel, Chapman and Hall
Ltd. London, pp 50,162-173, 228-237.
[2] Pandey, J. L., Singh, I. and Singh, M. N. (1997) Electrochemical
corrosion behaviour of heat treated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel in
inorganic acid mixture. Anti -Corrosion Methods and Materials Vol. 44,
No1, pp 6 - 9.
[3] Matula, M., Hyspecka, L., Svoboda, M., Vodarek, V., Dagbert, C.,
Galland, J., Stonawska, Z. and Tuma, L. (2001) Intergranular corrosion
of AISI 316L steel. Materials Characterization Vol. 46, pp 203 - 210.
[4] Aydogdu, G. H. and Aydinol, M. K. (2006): Determination of
susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and electrochemical reactivation
behaviour of AISI 316L type stainless steel. Corrosion Science Vol. 48,
pp 3565 - 3583.
[5] Tsay, L.W., Yu, S.C., Chyou, S. D. and Lin, D.Y. (2007): A comparison
of hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of two austenitic stainless steel
welds. Corrosion Science Vol. 49, pp 4028 - 4039.
[6] Matula M, Dagbert C, Hyspecka L, Galland J, Martinakova I. (2000)
Detection of sensitization to intergranular corrosion in AISI 316L
stainless steel: electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests. Proc
Int Conf Eurocorr, London, September 10-14.
[7] Betova, I., Bojinov, M., Kinnunen, P., Pohjanne, P. and Saario, T.
(2002) Influence of the electrolyte composition and temperature on the
transpassive dissolution of austenitic stainless steels in simulated
bleaching solutions. Electrochimica Acta Vol. 47, pp 3335 - 3349.
[8] Galal, A., Atta, N. F. and Al-Hassan, M. H. S. (2005): Effect of some
thiophene derivatives on the electrochemical behaviour of AISI 316
austenitic stainless steel in acidic solutions containing chloride ions. I
Molecular structure and inhibition efficiency relationship. Materials
Chemistry and Physics Vol. 89, pp 38 - 48.
[9] Girija, S., Kamachi Mudali, U., Khatak, H.S. and Raj, B. (2007): The
application of electrochemical noise resistance to evaluate the corrosion
resistance of AISI type 304 SS in nitric acid. Corrosion Science Vol. 49,
pp 4051- 4068.
[10] Frangini, S. and Loreti, S. (2007): The role of alkaline-earth additives on
the molten carbonate corrosion of 316L stainless steel. Corrosion
Science Vol. 49, pp 3969 - 3987.
[11] Kamma, C. M. (1993): Design of Microstructure in mild Steel by
thermochemical treatment. Proceedings of Nigerian Metallurgical
Society. Vol. 11, pp 8-18.
[12] ASTM A 262 - 90 (1992) Standard practices for detecting susceptibility
to intergranular attack in austenitic stainless steels. Annual Book of
ASTM Standards 1990: Section 3. Metals test methods and analytical
procedures: Vol. 03.02. Wear and erosion. Metal corrosion. Philadelpia,
PA: ASTM, 1992.
[13] Chen, X. H., Chen, C. S., Xiao, H. N., Cheng, F. Q., Zhang, G. and Yi,
G. J. (2005): Corrosion behaviour of carbon nanotubes-Ni composite
coating. Journal of Surface and Coating Technology Vol. 191, pp 351-
356.
[14] Ashassi-Sorkhabi, H. Ghalebsaz-Jeddi, N., Hashemzadeh, F. and Jahani,
H. (2006): Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid by
Some Polyethylene Glycols. Electrochimica Acta Vol. 51, pp 3848-
3854.
[15] Jabeera, B. Shibli, S. M. A. and Anirudhan, T. S. (2006): Synergistic
Inhibitive Effect of Tartarate and Tunstate in Preventing Steel Corrosion
in Aqueous Media. Journal of Surface Science Vol. 252, pp 3520-3524.
[16] Afolabi, A. S. (2007): Corrosion and stress corrosion behaviours of low
and medium carbon steels in agro-fluid media. Leonardo Electronic
Journal of Practices and technologies. Vol. 10, pp 55 - 66.
[17] Pohjanne, P. (1997): Corrosion/97, NACE international, Houston, Paper
no 376.
[18] Casales, M., Salinas-Bravo, V. M., Martinez-Villafane, A. and
Gonzalex, R. (2002): Effect of heat treatment on the stress corrosion
cracking of alloy 690. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A
Vol. 332, pp 223 - 230.
[19] Okamoto, G. (1973) Passive film of 18-8 stainless steel structure and its
function. Corrosion Science Vol. 13, p 471.
[20] Igual, M. A., Garcia, A. J., Lopez, N. S., Guinon, J. L. and Perez, H. V.
(2004): Corrosion studies of austenitic and duplex stainless steels in
aqueous lithium bromide solution at different temperatures. Corrosion
Science Vol. 46, pp 2955 - 2974.
[21] Ilevbare, G.O. and Burstein, G.T. (2001): The role of alloyed
molybdenum in the inhibition of pitting corrosion in stainless steels.
Corrosion Science Vol. 43, pp 485-513.
[22] Qin, B., Wang, Z. Y. and Sun, Q. S. (2007) Effect of tempering
temperature on properties of 00Cr16Ni5Mo Stainless steel. Materials
Characterization. Article in press.
[23] Lim, L. C., Lai, M. O. and Ma, J. (1993) Tempering of AISI 403
stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering Vol. A171, pp 13 -
19.
[1] Monypenny, J.H.G. (1951) Stainless iron and steel, Chapman and Hall
Ltd. London, pp 50,162-173, 228-237.
[2] Pandey, J. L., Singh, I. and Singh, M. N. (1997) Electrochemical
corrosion behaviour of heat treated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel in
inorganic acid mixture. Anti -Corrosion Methods and Materials Vol. 44,
No1, pp 6 - 9.
[3] Matula, M., Hyspecka, L., Svoboda, M., Vodarek, V., Dagbert, C.,
Galland, J., Stonawska, Z. and Tuma, L. (2001) Intergranular corrosion
of AISI 316L steel. Materials Characterization Vol. 46, pp 203 - 210.
[4] Aydogdu, G. H. and Aydinol, M. K. (2006): Determination of
susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and electrochemical reactivation
behaviour of AISI 316L type stainless steel. Corrosion Science Vol. 48,
pp 3565 - 3583.
[5] Tsay, L.W., Yu, S.C., Chyou, S. D. and Lin, D.Y. (2007): A comparison
of hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of two austenitic stainless steel
welds. Corrosion Science Vol. 49, pp 4028 - 4039.
[6] Matula M, Dagbert C, Hyspecka L, Galland J, Martinakova I. (2000)
Detection of sensitization to intergranular corrosion in AISI 316L
stainless steel: electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests. Proc
Int Conf Eurocorr, London, September 10-14.
[7] Betova, I., Bojinov, M., Kinnunen, P., Pohjanne, P. and Saario, T.
(2002) Influence of the electrolyte composition and temperature on the
transpassive dissolution of austenitic stainless steels in simulated
bleaching solutions. Electrochimica Acta Vol. 47, pp 3335 - 3349.
[8] Galal, A., Atta, N. F. and Al-Hassan, M. H. S. (2005): Effect of some
thiophene derivatives on the electrochemical behaviour of AISI 316
austenitic stainless steel in acidic solutions containing chloride ions. I
Molecular structure and inhibition efficiency relationship. Materials
Chemistry and Physics Vol. 89, pp 38 - 48.
[9] Girija, S., Kamachi Mudali, U., Khatak, H.S. and Raj, B. (2007): The
application of electrochemical noise resistance to evaluate the corrosion
resistance of AISI type 304 SS in nitric acid. Corrosion Science Vol. 49,
pp 4051- 4068.
[10] Frangini, S. and Loreti, S. (2007): The role of alkaline-earth additives on
the molten carbonate corrosion of 316L stainless steel. Corrosion
Science Vol. 49, pp 3969 - 3987.
[11] Kamma, C. M. (1993): Design of Microstructure in mild Steel by
thermochemical treatment. Proceedings of Nigerian Metallurgical
Society. Vol. 11, pp 8-18.
[12] ASTM A 262 - 90 (1992) Standard practices for detecting susceptibility
to intergranular attack in austenitic stainless steels. Annual Book of
ASTM Standards 1990: Section 3. Metals test methods and analytical
procedures: Vol. 03.02. Wear and erosion. Metal corrosion. Philadelpia,
PA: ASTM, 1992.
[13] Chen, X. H., Chen, C. S., Xiao, H. N., Cheng, F. Q., Zhang, G. and Yi,
G. J. (2005): Corrosion behaviour of carbon nanotubes-Ni composite
coating. Journal of Surface and Coating Technology Vol. 191, pp 351-
356.
[14] Ashassi-Sorkhabi, H. Ghalebsaz-Jeddi, N., Hashemzadeh, F. and Jahani,
H. (2006): Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid by
Some Polyethylene Glycols. Electrochimica Acta Vol. 51, pp 3848-
3854.
[15] Jabeera, B. Shibli, S. M. A. and Anirudhan, T. S. (2006): Synergistic
Inhibitive Effect of Tartarate and Tunstate in Preventing Steel Corrosion
in Aqueous Media. Journal of Surface Science Vol. 252, pp 3520-3524.
[16] Afolabi, A. S. (2007): Corrosion and stress corrosion behaviours of low
and medium carbon steels in agro-fluid media. Leonardo Electronic
Journal of Practices and technologies. Vol. 10, pp 55 - 66.
[17] Pohjanne, P. (1997): Corrosion/97, NACE international, Houston, Paper
no 376.
[18] Casales, M., Salinas-Bravo, V. M., Martinez-Villafane, A. and
Gonzalex, R. (2002): Effect of heat treatment on the stress corrosion
cracking of alloy 690. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A
Vol. 332, pp 223 - 230.
[19] Okamoto, G. (1973) Passive film of 18-8 stainless steel structure and its
function. Corrosion Science Vol. 13, p 471.
[20] Igual, M. A., Garcia, A. J., Lopez, N. S., Guinon, J. L. and Perez, H. V.
(2004): Corrosion studies of austenitic and duplex stainless steels in
aqueous lithium bromide solution at different temperatures. Corrosion
Science Vol. 46, pp 2955 - 2974.
[21] Ilevbare, G.O. and Burstein, G.T. (2001): The role of alloyed
molybdenum in the inhibition of pitting corrosion in stainless steels.
Corrosion Science Vol. 43, pp 485-513.
[22] Qin, B., Wang, Z. Y. and Sun, Q. S. (2007) Effect of tempering
temperature on properties of 00Cr16Ni5Mo Stainless steel. Materials
Characterization. Article in press.
[23] Lim, L. C., Lai, M. O. and Ma, J. (1993) Tempering of AISI 403
stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering Vol. A171, pp 13 -
19.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:54288", author = "Ayo S. Afolabi and Johannes H. Potgieter and Ambali S. Abdulkareem and Nonhlanhla Fungura", title = "Effect of Tempering Temperature and Time on the Corrosion Behaviour of 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steels in Oxalic Acid", abstract = "The effect of different tempering temperatures and heat treatment times on the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels in oxalic acid was studied in this work using conventional weight loss and electrochemical measurements. Typical 304 and 316 stainless steel samples were tempered at 150oC, 250oC and 350oC after being austenized at 1050oC for 10 minutes. These samples were then immersed in 1.0M oxalic acid and their weight losses were measured at every five days for 30 days. The results show that corrosion of both types of ASS samples increased with an increase in tempering temperature and time and this was due to the precipitation of chromium carbides at the grain boundaries of these metals. Electrochemical results also confirm that the 304 ASS is more susceptible to corrosion than 316 ASS in this medium. This is attributed to the molybdenum in the composition of the latter. The metallographic images of these samples showed non–uniform distribution of precipitated chromium carbides at the grain boundaries of these metals and unevenly distributed carbides and retained austenite phases which cause galvanic effects in the medium.
", keywords = "ASS, corrosion, oxalic acid, tempering, temperature,time.", volume = "5", number = "7", pages = "552-5", }
