Effect of Muscle Loss on Hip Muscular Effort during the Swing Phase of Transfemoral Amputee Gait: A Simulation Study
The effect of muscle loss due to transfemoral
amputation, on energy expenditure of hip joint and individual
residual muscles was simulated. During swing phase of gait, with
each muscle as an ideal force generator, the lower extremity was
modeled as a two-degree of freedom linkage, for which hip and knee
were joints. According to results, muscle loss will not lead to higher
energy expenditure of hip joint, as long as other parameters of limb
remain unaffected. This finding maybe due to the role of biarticular
muscles in hip and knee joints motion. Moreover, if hip flexors are
removed from the residual limb, residual flexors, and if hip extensors
are removed, residual extensors will do more work. In line with the
common practice in transfemoral amputation, this result demonstrates
during transfemoral amputation, it is important to maintain the length
of residual limb as much as possible.
[1] M. W. Whittle, Gait analysis: an introduction, Butterwort-Heinmann,
2002, pp. 1- 41.
[2] J. Perry, Gait Analysis, SLACK, 1992, pp. 40- 47.
[3] S. J. Piazza, S. L. Delp, "The influence of muscles on knee flexion
during the swing phase of gait," J. Biomech., vol. 29, pp. 723-733, Jun.
1996.
[4] C. Jonkers, Stewart, A. Spaepen, "The study of muscle action during
single support and swing phase of gait: clinical relevance of forward
simulation techniques," Gait Posture, vol. 17, pp. 97-105, Apr. 2003.
[5] D. Arnold, M. Thelen, F. Schwartz, Anderson, S. Delp, "Muscular
coordination of knee motion during the terminal-swing phase of normal
gait," J. Biomech., vol. 40, pp. 3314-3324, Jun. 2007.
[6] Th. F. Besier, M. Fredericson, G. E. Gold, G. S. Beaupre', S. Delp,
"Knee muscle forces during walking and running in patellofemoral pain
patients and pain-free controls," J. Biomech., vol. 42, pp. 898- 905, Mar.
2009.
[7] F. Gottschalk, "Transfemoral amputation: surgical management," in
Atlas of amputations and limb deficiencies, surgical, prosthetic, and
rehabilitation principles, 3nd ed., D. G. Smith, J. W. Michael, J. H.
Bowker, Ed. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2004, pp.
533- 540.
[8] G. H. Traugh, P. J. Corcoran, R. L. Reyes, "Energy expenditure of
ambulation in patients with transfemoral amputation," Arch. Phys. Med.
Rehabil., vol. 56, pp. 67- 71, Feb. 1975.
[9] R. Waters, J. Perry, D. Antonelli, and H. Hislop, "Energy cost of
walking amputees: the influence of level of amputation," J. Bone Joint
Surg., vol. 58, pp. 42-46, Jan. 1976.
[10] C. T. Huang, J. R. Jackson, N. B. Moore, P. R. Fine, K. V. Kuhlemeier,
G. H. Traugh, P.T. Saunders, "Amputation: energy cost of ambulation,"
Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., vol. 60, pp. 18- 24, Jan. 1979.
[11] M. S. Pinzur, J. Gold, D. Schwartz, N. Gross, "Energy demands for
walking in dysvascular amputees as related to the level of amputation,"
Orthopedics, vol. 15, pp. 1033- 1036, Sep. 1992.
[12] A. M. Boonstra, J. Schrama, V. Fidler, W. H. Eisma, "The gait of
unilateral transfemoral amputees," Scand. J. Rehabil. Med., vol. 26, pp.
217- 223, Dec. 1994.
[13] D. Hunter, E. Smith Cole, J. M. Murray, T. D. Murray, "Energy
expenditure of below- knee amputees during harness- supported
treadmill ambulation," J. Orthop. sports Phys. Ther., vol. 21, pp. 268-
276, May 1995.
[14] J. J. Genin, G. J. Bastien, B. Franck, C. Detrembleur, P. A. Willems,
"Effect of speed on the energy cost of walking in unilateral traumatic
lower limb amputees," Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 103, pp. 655- 663,
May 2008.
[15] S. M. Jaegers, J. H. Arendzen, H. J. de Jongh, "An electromyographic
study of the hip muscles of transfemoral amputees in walking," Clinical
Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol. 328, pp. 119- 128, Jul. 1996.
[16] R. Dumas, L. Cheze, L. Frossard, "Loading applied on prosthetic knee
of transfemoral amputee: Comparison of inverse dynamics and direct
measurements," Gait Posture, vol. 30, pp. 560-562, Aug. 2009.
[17] S. A. Hale, "Analysis of the swing phase dynamics and muscular effort
of the transfemoral amputee for varying prosthetic shank loads,"
Prosthet. Orthot. Int., vol. 14, pp. 125 -135, Dec. 1990.
[18] L. L. McNealy, S. A. Gard, "Effect of prosthetic ankle units on the gait
of persons with bilateral trans-femoral amputations," Prosthetics and
Orthotics International, vol. 32, pp. 111-126, Mar. 2008.
[19] J. W├╝hr, U. Veltmann, L. Linkemeyer, B. Drerup, H. Wetz, "Influence
of modern above-knee prostheses on the biomechanics of gait,"
Advances in Medical Engineering, vo. 114, pp. 267-72, 2007.
[20] A. D. Segal, M. S. Orendurff, G. K. Klute, M. L. McDowell, J. A.
Pecoraro, J. Shofer, et al, "Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of
transfemoral amputee gait using C-Leg® and Mauch SNS® prosthetic
knees," J. Rehabil. R. D., vol. 43, pp. 857-870, Dec. 2006.
[21] M. L. Van der Linden, S. E. Solomonidis, W. D. Spence, N. Li, J. P.
Paul, "A methodology for studying the effects of various types of
prosthetic feet on the biomechanics of trans-femoral amputee gait," J.
Biomech., vol. 32, pp. 877-89, Sep. 1999.
[22] S. Blumentritt, H. Scherer, J. Michael, T. Schmalz, "Transfemoral
amputees walking on a rotary hydraulic prosthetic knee mechanism: A
preliminary Report," J. Prosthet. Orthot., vol. 10, pp. 61-70, Summer
1998.
[23] Y. Dabiri, S. Najarian, S. Zahedi, D. Moser, E. Shirzad, "Muscle
Contributions in the Swing Phase of Transfemoral Amputee Gait: An
Inverse Dynamics Approach," Research Journal of Biological Sciences,
vol. 4, pp. 1076- 1084, 2009.
[24] S. L. Delp, Surgery simulation: a computer graphics system to analyze
and design musculoskeletal reconstructions of the lower limb,
Dissertation, Stanford University, 1990, pp. 89- 106.
[25] L. Fang, X. Jia, R. Wang, "Modeling and simulation of muscle forces of
trans-tibial amputee to study effect of prosthetic alignment," Clin.
Biomech., vol. 22, pp. 1125-1131, Dec. 2007.
[26] F. C. Anderson and M. G. Pandy, "Static and dynamic optimization
solutions for gait are practically equivalent", J. Biomech., vol. 34, pp.
153 -161, Feb. 2001.
[27] D. A. Winter, Biomechanics of Motor Control and Human Gait,
Universitv of Waterloo Press, 1991.
[28] R. E. Seroussi., A. Gitter, J. M. Czerniecki, K. Weaver, "Mechanical
work adaptations of above-knee amputee ambulation," Arch. Phys. Med.
Rehabil., vol. 77, pp. 1209- 1214, Nov. 1996.
[29] R. L. Waters, S. J. Mulroy, "Energy expenditure of walking in
individuals with lower limb amputations," in Atlas of amputations and
limb deficiencies, surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles, 3nd
ed., D. G. Smith, J. W. Michael, J. H. Bowker, Ed. American Academy
of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2004, pp. 395- 407.
[1] M. W. Whittle, Gait analysis: an introduction, Butterwort-Heinmann,
2002, pp. 1- 41.
[2] J. Perry, Gait Analysis, SLACK, 1992, pp. 40- 47.
[3] S. J. Piazza, S. L. Delp, "The influence of muscles on knee flexion
during the swing phase of gait," J. Biomech., vol. 29, pp. 723-733, Jun.
1996.
[4] C. Jonkers, Stewart, A. Spaepen, "The study of muscle action during
single support and swing phase of gait: clinical relevance of forward
simulation techniques," Gait Posture, vol. 17, pp. 97-105, Apr. 2003.
[5] D. Arnold, M. Thelen, F. Schwartz, Anderson, S. Delp, "Muscular
coordination of knee motion during the terminal-swing phase of normal
gait," J. Biomech., vol. 40, pp. 3314-3324, Jun. 2007.
[6] Th. F. Besier, M. Fredericson, G. E. Gold, G. S. Beaupre', S. Delp,
"Knee muscle forces during walking and running in patellofemoral pain
patients and pain-free controls," J. Biomech., vol. 42, pp. 898- 905, Mar.
2009.
[7] F. Gottschalk, "Transfemoral amputation: surgical management," in
Atlas of amputations and limb deficiencies, surgical, prosthetic, and
rehabilitation principles, 3nd ed., D. G. Smith, J. W. Michael, J. H.
Bowker, Ed. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2004, pp.
533- 540.
[8] G. H. Traugh, P. J. Corcoran, R. L. Reyes, "Energy expenditure of
ambulation in patients with transfemoral amputation," Arch. Phys. Med.
Rehabil., vol. 56, pp. 67- 71, Feb. 1975.
[9] R. Waters, J. Perry, D. Antonelli, and H. Hislop, "Energy cost of
walking amputees: the influence of level of amputation," J. Bone Joint
Surg., vol. 58, pp. 42-46, Jan. 1976.
[10] C. T. Huang, J. R. Jackson, N. B. Moore, P. R. Fine, K. V. Kuhlemeier,
G. H. Traugh, P.T. Saunders, "Amputation: energy cost of ambulation,"
Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., vol. 60, pp. 18- 24, Jan. 1979.
[11] M. S. Pinzur, J. Gold, D. Schwartz, N. Gross, "Energy demands for
walking in dysvascular amputees as related to the level of amputation,"
Orthopedics, vol. 15, pp. 1033- 1036, Sep. 1992.
[12] A. M. Boonstra, J. Schrama, V. Fidler, W. H. Eisma, "The gait of
unilateral transfemoral amputees," Scand. J. Rehabil. Med., vol. 26, pp.
217- 223, Dec. 1994.
[13] D. Hunter, E. Smith Cole, J. M. Murray, T. D. Murray, "Energy
expenditure of below- knee amputees during harness- supported
treadmill ambulation," J. Orthop. sports Phys. Ther., vol. 21, pp. 268-
276, May 1995.
[14] J. J. Genin, G. J. Bastien, B. Franck, C. Detrembleur, P. A. Willems,
"Effect of speed on the energy cost of walking in unilateral traumatic
lower limb amputees," Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 103, pp. 655- 663,
May 2008.
[15] S. M. Jaegers, J. H. Arendzen, H. J. de Jongh, "An electromyographic
study of the hip muscles of transfemoral amputees in walking," Clinical
Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol. 328, pp. 119- 128, Jul. 1996.
[16] R. Dumas, L. Cheze, L. Frossard, "Loading applied on prosthetic knee
of transfemoral amputee: Comparison of inverse dynamics and direct
measurements," Gait Posture, vol. 30, pp. 560-562, Aug. 2009.
[17] S. A. Hale, "Analysis of the swing phase dynamics and muscular effort
of the transfemoral amputee for varying prosthetic shank loads,"
Prosthet. Orthot. Int., vol. 14, pp. 125 -135, Dec. 1990.
[18] L. L. McNealy, S. A. Gard, "Effect of prosthetic ankle units on the gait
of persons with bilateral trans-femoral amputations," Prosthetics and
Orthotics International, vol. 32, pp. 111-126, Mar. 2008.
[19] J. W├╝hr, U. Veltmann, L. Linkemeyer, B. Drerup, H. Wetz, "Influence
of modern above-knee prostheses on the biomechanics of gait,"
Advances in Medical Engineering, vo. 114, pp. 267-72, 2007.
[20] A. D. Segal, M. S. Orendurff, G. K. Klute, M. L. McDowell, J. A.
Pecoraro, J. Shofer, et al, "Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of
transfemoral amputee gait using C-Leg® and Mauch SNS® prosthetic
knees," J. Rehabil. R. D., vol. 43, pp. 857-870, Dec. 2006.
[21] M. L. Van der Linden, S. E. Solomonidis, W. D. Spence, N. Li, J. P.
Paul, "A methodology for studying the effects of various types of
prosthetic feet on the biomechanics of trans-femoral amputee gait," J.
Biomech., vol. 32, pp. 877-89, Sep. 1999.
[22] S. Blumentritt, H. Scherer, J. Michael, T. Schmalz, "Transfemoral
amputees walking on a rotary hydraulic prosthetic knee mechanism: A
preliminary Report," J. Prosthet. Orthot., vol. 10, pp. 61-70, Summer
1998.
[23] Y. Dabiri, S. Najarian, S. Zahedi, D. Moser, E. Shirzad, "Muscle
Contributions in the Swing Phase of Transfemoral Amputee Gait: An
Inverse Dynamics Approach," Research Journal of Biological Sciences,
vol. 4, pp. 1076- 1084, 2009.
[24] S. L. Delp, Surgery simulation: a computer graphics system to analyze
and design musculoskeletal reconstructions of the lower limb,
Dissertation, Stanford University, 1990, pp. 89- 106.
[25] L. Fang, X. Jia, R. Wang, "Modeling and simulation of muscle forces of
trans-tibial amputee to study effect of prosthetic alignment," Clin.
Biomech., vol. 22, pp. 1125-1131, Dec. 2007.
[26] F. C. Anderson and M. G. Pandy, "Static and dynamic optimization
solutions for gait are practically equivalent", J. Biomech., vol. 34, pp.
153 -161, Feb. 2001.
[27] D. A. Winter, Biomechanics of Motor Control and Human Gait,
Universitv of Waterloo Press, 1991.
[28] R. E. Seroussi., A. Gitter, J. M. Czerniecki, K. Weaver, "Mechanical
work adaptations of above-knee amputee ambulation," Arch. Phys. Med.
Rehabil., vol. 77, pp. 1209- 1214, Nov. 1996.
[29] R. L. Waters, S. J. Mulroy, "Energy expenditure of walking in
individuals with lower limb amputations," in Atlas of amputations and
limb deficiencies, surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles, 3nd
ed., D. G. Smith, J. W. Michael, J. H. Bowker, Ed. American Academy
of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2004, pp. 395- 407.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:61968", author = "Dabiri Y and Najarian S and Eslami M R. and Zahedi S and Moser D and Shirzad E and Allami M", title = "Effect of Muscle Loss on Hip Muscular Effort during the Swing Phase of Transfemoral Amputee Gait: A Simulation Study", abstract = "The effect of muscle loss due to transfemoral
amputation, on energy expenditure of hip joint and individual
residual muscles was simulated. During swing phase of gait, with
each muscle as an ideal force generator, the lower extremity was
modeled as a two-degree of freedom linkage, for which hip and knee
were joints. According to results, muscle loss will not lead to higher
energy expenditure of hip joint, as long as other parameters of limb
remain unaffected. This finding maybe due to the role of biarticular
muscles in hip and knee joints motion. Moreover, if hip flexors are
removed from the residual limb, residual flexors, and if hip extensors
are removed, residual extensors will do more work. In line with the
common practice in transfemoral amputation, this result demonstrates
during transfemoral amputation, it is important to maintain the length
of residual limb as much as possible.", keywords = "Amputation Level, Simulation, Transfemoral Amputee.", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "36-5", }
