Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Northwest of the Persian Gulf
This study investigated the presence of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Musa Bay
(around the PETZONE coastal area) from Feb 2010 to Jun 2010.
Concentrations of PAHs recorded in the Musa Bay sediments ranged
from 537.89 to 26,659.06 ng/g dry weight with a mean value of
3990.74 ng/g. the highest concentration of PAHs was observed at
station 4, which is located near the aromatic outlet of Imam
Khomeini petrochemical company (station 4: BI-PC Aromatic
effluent outlet) in which its concentration level was more than the
NOAA sediment quality guideline value (ERL= 4022 ng/g dry
weight). Owing to the concentration of PAHs in the study area, its
concentration level was still meet the NOAA sediment quality
guideline value (ERL: 4022 ng/g dry weight); however, according to
the PELq factor, slightly adverse biological effects are associated
with the exposure to PAHs levels in the study area (0.1< PELq= 0.24
> 0.5).
[1] US. EPA. (1992). Framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk
Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC 20460.
[2] Morillo J., Usero, J., & Rojas, R. (2008). Fractionation of metals and As
in sediments from a biosphere reserve (Odiel salt marshes) affected by
acidic mine drainage. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol.
139(1), pp. 329-337.
[3] Lawrence, A.J., & Hemingway, KL. (2003). Effects of pollution on fish:
molecular effects and population responses: Blackwell Publishing,
Oxford. pp. 14-82.
[4] GIPME. (2003). Guidance on assessment of sediment quality. Global
Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment (GIPME) (IOCUNEP-
IMO). (Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine
Environment). London, UK- International Maritime Organization, pp.
23.
[5] Lehr, J., & Keeley, J. (2005). Oceanography; Meteorology; Physics and
Chemistry Water Low; and Water History, Art and Culture. NJ: Wiley
interscience. pp. 521-527.
[6] Sklivagou, E., Varnavas, SP, Hatzianestis, I., & Kanias, G. (2008).
Assessment of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace
elements in coastal sediments of the Saronikos Gulf, Greece (Eastern
Mediterranean). Marine Georesources and Geotechnology. Vol. 26(4),
pp. 372-393.
[7] Neff, J.M. (1979). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic
environment: sources, fates and biological effects. Applied Science
Publishers Ltd., London. pp. 274.
[8] Deppe, F. (1999). Intertidal Mudflats Worldwide. Practical course at the
Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (CWSS) in Wilhelmshaven 1st June-
30th September. pp. 36-40. Available throgh: http://www.waddenseasecretariat.
org/news/documents/others/ Mudflats-Worldwide-2000.pdf
[9] Al-Awadhi, FMA. (1999). The Year of the Ocean and its crucial
importance to the Gulf. Desalination, Vol. 123(2-3), pp.127-133.
[10] Nadim, F., Bagtzoglou, A.C., & Iranmahboob, J. (2008). Coastal
management in the Persian Gulf region within the framework of the
ROPME programme of action. Ocean & Coastal Management. Vol.
51(7), pp. 556-565.
[11] Price, ARG. (1998). Impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the coastal
environment and ecosystems: current status and future prospects.
Environment International. Vol. 24(1-2), pp.91-96.
[12] Paul, J.F., Scott, K.J., Holland, A.F., Weisberg, S.B., Summers, J.K., &
Robertson, A. (1992). The estuarine component of the US EPA's
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. Chemistry and
Ecology. Vol. 7(1-4), pp. 93-116.
[13] MOOPAM. (1999). Manual of Oceanographic Observation and
Pollutant Analysis Methods (MOOPAM). Regional Organization for the
Protection of the Marine Environment, Kuwait. pp.483
[14] De Mora, S., Tolosa, I., Fowler, S.W., Villeneuve, J.P., Cassi, R., &
Cattini, C. (2010). Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and
organochlorinated contaminants in marine biota and coastal sediments
from the ROPME Sea Area during 2005. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol.
60(12), pp.2323-2349.
[15] Herzfelder, E.R., & Golledge, R.W. (2004). Method for the
determination of extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (EPH).
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Boston. pp.39
[16] Semlali, A., Chafik, A., Talbi, M., & Budzinski, H., (2012). Origin and
Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lagoon
Ecosystems of Morocco. Environmental Pollution & Toxicology
Journal. Vol. 3(suppl1-M5), pp. 37-64.
[17] Monazami Tehrani, G. M., Hshim, R., Sulaiman, A. H., Tavakoly Sany,
S. B., Khani jazani, R., and Monazami Tehrani, Z., 2012. Assessment of
Contamination by Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Sediments of Musa Bay,
Northwest of the Persian Gulf-Iran. International Conference on
Environment, Energy and Biotechnology, IPCBEE vol.33 (2012) ┬®
(2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore.
[18] Viguri, J., Verde, J., & Irabien, A. (2002). Environmental assessment of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the
Santander Bay, Northern Spain. Chemosphere. Vol.48 (2), pp.157-165.
[19] H├╝bner, R., Astin, K.B., & Herbert, R.J.H. (2009). Comparison of
sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal
contamination in marine and estuarine environments. Journal of
Environmental Monitoring. Vol. 11(4), pp. 713-722.
[20] Khairy, M.A., Kolb, M., Mostafa, A.R., El-Fiky, A., & Bahadir, M.
(2009). Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a
Mediterranean semi-enclosed basin affected by human activities (Abu
Qir Bay, Egypt). Journal of Hazardous Materials. Vol. 170(1), pp. 389-
397.
[21] Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., & Calder, F.D. (1995).
Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical
concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental
Management. Vol. 19(1), pp. 81-97.
[22] Long, ER, & Morgan, LG. (1990). The potential for biological effects of
sediment sorbed contaminants tested in the National Status and Trends
Program. NOAA Technical Memorandumn, NOS OMA 52, NOAA
Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment, Seattle. pp.220
[23] Alvarez_Guerra, M., et al., Sediment quality assessment and dredged
material management in Spain: Part I, application of sediment quality
guidelines in the Bay of Santander. Integrated Environmental
Assessment and Management, 2007. 3(4): p. 529-538.
[24] Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, S., Arana, G., De Diego, A., & Madariaga,
J.M. (2010). Risk assessment of trace elements in sediments: The case of
the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Basque Country). Journal of
Hazardous Materials. Vol. 181(1), pp.565-573.
[25] Vallejuelo, et al., Risk assessment of trace elements in sediments: The
case of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Basque Country).
Journal of Hazardous Materials 2010. 181: p. 565-573.
[26] Monazami Tehrani, G., Halim, S. H., Hashim, R., Tavakoly, S. B.,
Savari, A., and Khani, J. R (2012). Distribution of Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Musa Bay Sediments
(Northwest of the Persian Gulf). Accepted on Jun 5, 2012 and it will be
published in Environment Protection Engineering no.1/2013.
http://epe.pwr.wroc.pl/.
[27] Massoud, Al-Abdali, F., Al-Ghadban, AN, & Al-Sarawi, M. (1996).
Bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf--II. TPH and TOC contents as
indicators of oil pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the
Kuwait oil slick. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 93(3), pp. 271-284.
[1] US. EPA. (1992). Framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk
Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC 20460.
[2] Morillo J., Usero, J., & Rojas, R. (2008). Fractionation of metals and As
in sediments from a biosphere reserve (Odiel salt marshes) affected by
acidic mine drainage. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol.
139(1), pp. 329-337.
[3] Lawrence, A.J., & Hemingway, KL. (2003). Effects of pollution on fish:
molecular effects and population responses: Blackwell Publishing,
Oxford. pp. 14-82.
[4] GIPME. (2003). Guidance on assessment of sediment quality. Global
Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment (GIPME) (IOCUNEP-
IMO). (Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine
Environment). London, UK- International Maritime Organization, pp.
23.
[5] Lehr, J., & Keeley, J. (2005). Oceanography; Meteorology; Physics and
Chemistry Water Low; and Water History, Art and Culture. NJ: Wiley
interscience. pp. 521-527.
[6] Sklivagou, E., Varnavas, SP, Hatzianestis, I., & Kanias, G. (2008).
Assessment of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace
elements in coastal sediments of the Saronikos Gulf, Greece (Eastern
Mediterranean). Marine Georesources and Geotechnology. Vol. 26(4),
pp. 372-393.
[7] Neff, J.M. (1979). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic
environment: sources, fates and biological effects. Applied Science
Publishers Ltd., London. pp. 274.
[8] Deppe, F. (1999). Intertidal Mudflats Worldwide. Practical course at the
Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (CWSS) in Wilhelmshaven 1st June-
30th September. pp. 36-40. Available throgh: http://www.waddenseasecretariat.
org/news/documents/others/ Mudflats-Worldwide-2000.pdf
[9] Al-Awadhi, FMA. (1999). The Year of the Ocean and its crucial
importance to the Gulf. Desalination, Vol. 123(2-3), pp.127-133.
[10] Nadim, F., Bagtzoglou, A.C., & Iranmahboob, J. (2008). Coastal
management in the Persian Gulf region within the framework of the
ROPME programme of action. Ocean & Coastal Management. Vol.
51(7), pp. 556-565.
[11] Price, ARG. (1998). Impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the coastal
environment and ecosystems: current status and future prospects.
Environment International. Vol. 24(1-2), pp.91-96.
[12] Paul, J.F., Scott, K.J., Holland, A.F., Weisberg, S.B., Summers, J.K., &
Robertson, A. (1992). The estuarine component of the US EPA's
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. Chemistry and
Ecology. Vol. 7(1-4), pp. 93-116.
[13] MOOPAM. (1999). Manual of Oceanographic Observation and
Pollutant Analysis Methods (MOOPAM). Regional Organization for the
Protection of the Marine Environment, Kuwait. pp.483
[14] De Mora, S., Tolosa, I., Fowler, S.W., Villeneuve, J.P., Cassi, R., &
Cattini, C. (2010). Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and
organochlorinated contaminants in marine biota and coastal sediments
from the ROPME Sea Area during 2005. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol.
60(12), pp.2323-2349.
[15] Herzfelder, E.R., & Golledge, R.W. (2004). Method for the
determination of extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (EPH).
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Boston. pp.39
[16] Semlali, A., Chafik, A., Talbi, M., & Budzinski, H., (2012). Origin and
Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lagoon
Ecosystems of Morocco. Environmental Pollution & Toxicology
Journal. Vol. 3(suppl1-M5), pp. 37-64.
[17] Monazami Tehrani, G. M., Hshim, R., Sulaiman, A. H., Tavakoly Sany,
S. B., Khani jazani, R., and Monazami Tehrani, Z., 2012. Assessment of
Contamination by Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Sediments of Musa Bay,
Northwest of the Persian Gulf-Iran. International Conference on
Environment, Energy and Biotechnology, IPCBEE vol.33 (2012) ┬®
(2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore.
[18] Viguri, J., Verde, J., & Irabien, A. (2002). Environmental assessment of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the
Santander Bay, Northern Spain. Chemosphere. Vol.48 (2), pp.157-165.
[19] H├╝bner, R., Astin, K.B., & Herbert, R.J.H. (2009). Comparison of
sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal
contamination in marine and estuarine environments. Journal of
Environmental Monitoring. Vol. 11(4), pp. 713-722.
[20] Khairy, M.A., Kolb, M., Mostafa, A.R., El-Fiky, A., & Bahadir, M.
(2009). Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a
Mediterranean semi-enclosed basin affected by human activities (Abu
Qir Bay, Egypt). Journal of Hazardous Materials. Vol. 170(1), pp. 389-
397.
[21] Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., & Calder, F.D. (1995).
Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical
concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental
Management. Vol. 19(1), pp. 81-97.
[22] Long, ER, & Morgan, LG. (1990). The potential for biological effects of
sediment sorbed contaminants tested in the National Status and Trends
Program. NOAA Technical Memorandumn, NOS OMA 52, NOAA
Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment, Seattle. pp.220
[23] Alvarez_Guerra, M., et al., Sediment quality assessment and dredged
material management in Spain: Part I, application of sediment quality
guidelines in the Bay of Santander. Integrated Environmental
Assessment and Management, 2007. 3(4): p. 529-538.
[24] Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, S., Arana, G., De Diego, A., & Madariaga,
J.M. (2010). Risk assessment of trace elements in sediments: The case of
the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Basque Country). Journal of
Hazardous Materials. Vol. 181(1), pp.565-573.
[25] Vallejuelo, et al., Risk assessment of trace elements in sediments: The
case of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Basque Country).
Journal of Hazardous Materials 2010. 181: p. 565-573.
[26] Monazami Tehrani, G., Halim, S. H., Hashim, R., Tavakoly, S. B.,
Savari, A., and Khani, J. R (2012). Distribution of Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Musa Bay Sediments
(Northwest of the Persian Gulf). Accepted on Jun 5, 2012 and it will be
published in Environment Protection Engineering no.1/2013.
http://epe.pwr.wroc.pl/.
[27] Massoud, Al-Abdali, F., Al-Ghadban, AN, & Al-Sarawi, M. (1996).
Bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf--II. TPH and TOC contents as
indicators of oil pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the
Kuwait oil slick. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 93(3), pp. 271-284.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:61252", author = "Ghazaleh Monazami Tehrani and Reza Khani Jazani and Rosli Hashim and Ahmad Savari and Belin Tavakoly Sany and Parastoo Parivar and Zhamak Monazami Tehrani", title = "Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Northwest of the Persian Gulf", abstract = "This study investigated the presence of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Musa Bay
(around the PETZONE coastal area) from Feb 2010 to Jun 2010.
Concentrations of PAHs recorded in the Musa Bay sediments ranged
from 537.89 to 26,659.06 ng/g dry weight with a mean value of
3990.74 ng/g. the highest concentration of PAHs was observed at
station 4, which is located near the aromatic outlet of Imam
Khomeini petrochemical company (station 4: BI-PC Aromatic
effluent outlet) in which its concentration level was more than the
NOAA sediment quality guideline value (ERL= 4022 ng/g dry
weight). Owing to the concentration of PAHs in the study area, its
concentration level was still meet the NOAA sediment quality
guideline value (ERL: 4022 ng/g dry weight); however, according to
the PELq factor, slightly adverse biological effects are associated
with the exposure to PAHs levels in the study area (0.1< PELq= 0.24
> 0.5).", keywords = "Musa Bay, PAHs, PETZONE, NOAA, PELq.", volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "167-4", }
