Dry Matter, Moisture, Ash and Crude Fibre Content in Distinct Segments of ‘Durian Kampung’ Husk
An environmental friendly approach for disposal of voluminous durian husk waste could be implemented by substituting them into various valuable commodities, such as healthcare and biofuel products. Thus, the study of composition value in each segment of durian husk was very crucial to determine the suitable proportions of nutrients that need to be added and mixed in the product. A total of 12 ‘Durian Kampung’ fruits from Sg Ruan, Pahang were selected and each fruit husk was divided into four segments and labelled as P-L (thin neck area of white inner husk), P-B (thick bottom area of white inner husk), H (green and thorny outer husk) and W (whole combination of P-B and H). Four experiments have been carried out to determine the dry matter, moisture, ash and crude fibre content. The results show that the H segment has the highest dry matter content (30.47%), while the P-B segment has the highest percentage in moisture (81.83%) and ash (6.95%) content. It was calculated that the ash content of the P-B segment has a higher rate of moisture level which causes the ash content to increase about 2.89% from the P-L segment. These data have proven that each segment of durian husk has a significant difference in terms of composition value, which might be useful information to fully utilize every part of the durian husk in the future.
[1] Berry, S. K. (1979). Cyclopropene Fatty Acids in Some Malaysian Edible Seeds and Nuts: 1. Durian (Durio Zibethinus, Murr.). Lipids, 15, 452–455.
[2] Hokputsa, S., Gerddit, W., Pongsamart, S., Inngjerdingen, K., Heinze, T., Koschella, A., Harding, S.E., Paulsen, B.S. (2004). Water-soluble Polysaccharides with Pharmaceutical Importance from Durian Rinds (Durio Zibethinus Murr.): Isolation, Fractionation, Characterisation and Bioactivity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 56, 471-481.
[3] Polprasid, P. (1983). ‘Artrocarpus and Durio’, in Southeast Asia Regional Training Course on Characterization and Preliminary Evaluation of Plant Germplasm, October 16–29, 1983, National Corn and Sorghum Research Center, Pakchong, Nakhorn Ratchasima, Thailand (in Thai).
[4] Jun, T. Y., Arumugam, S. D., Hidayah, A. L. N., Makmom, A. A., And Puziah, A. L. (2010). Effect Of Activation Temperature And Heating Duration On Physical Characteristics Of Activated Carbon Prepared From Agriculture Waste. Environment Asia, 3(Special Issue), 143–148.
[5] Manickam, Y., Nordin, M.F.M., Shameli, K., Wannahari, R., Iqbal, N., Syariff, A.H.M. (2015). Comparative Studies On Different Kind of Durian Husks As Microstructure Activated Carbon. Journal of Optoelectronics and Biomedical Materials, 7(3),53-58.
[6] Patomsok, W. (2011). Durian Husk Properties and Its Heating Value Equation. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(9), 893-896.
[7] Piyarat, C., Churee, P. & Anudep, R. (2005). The Efficiency Of Polysaccharide Gel Extracted From Fruit-Rinds Of Durian (Durio Zibethinus L.) For Wound Healing In Pig Skin. Proc. WOCMAP III, 5, 37-43.
[8] Tham, Y. J., Puziah, A. L., Abdullah A. M., Shamala-Devi, A., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. (2011). Performances of toluene removal by activated carbon derived from durian shell. Bioresource Technology, 102, 724–728.
[9] Nuithitikul, K., Srikun, S. and Hirunpraditkoon, S. (2015). Synthesis of Activated Carbons from Durian Peel and Their Adsorption Performance for Lead Ions in Aqueous Solutions. Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: ENV2015-1670.
[10] Alfin, K., Vincentius, O. A. S., Kiki, T., Jaka, S., Nani, I., Suryadi, I. (2011). Performance of durian shell waste as high capacity biosorbent for Cr(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 37, 940–947.
[11] Batubara, R. W. (2011). Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) peels and their fractions with DPPH Method and Determination Levels of phenolic and flavonoid total. (In bahasa Indonesia), Skripsi, Surakarta: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
[12] Muhtadi, Alfiani, U. P., Tanti, A. S. (2015). Antidiabetic Activity of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Fruit Peels in Alloxan Diabetic Rats. Procedia Food Science 3, 255 – 261.
[13] Haruenkeit, R., Poovarodom, S., Vearasilp, S. (2010). Comparison of Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Mon Thong Durian During Ripening. Food Chemistry, 118(3), 540-547.
[14] Leontowicz, H., Maria, L., Iwona, J., et al. (2011). Positive Effects of Durian Fruit At Different Stages of Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Ripening On The Hearts and Livers of Rats Fed Diets High in Cholesterol. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 3, 169-181.
[15] Diczbalis, Y., Hofman, P.J., Landrigan, M., Kulkarni, V., Smith, L. G. (1995). Mango Irrigation Management for Fruit Yield, Maturity and Quality. In: Mango 2000 Marketing Seminar and Production Workshop, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia, 85-90.
[16] Ho, L. C., Grange, R. I., Picken, A. J. (1987). An Analysis of Accumulation of Water and Dry Matter in Tomato Fruit. Plant, Cell and Environment, 10 (2), 157-162.
[17] Li, B., Fikse, W. F., Lassen, J., Lidauer, M. H., Lovendahl, P., Mantysaari, P., Berglund, B. (2016). Genetic Parameters for Dry Matter Intake in Primiparous Holstein, Nordic red, and Jersey Cows in the First Half of Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(9), 7232-7239.
[18] Wai, W. W., Abbas, F. M. A., Azhar, M. E. (2010). Effect of Extraction Conditions on Yield and Degree of Esterification of Durian Rind Pectin: An Experimental Design. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 88, 209-214.
[19] Unhasirikul, M., Naranong, N., Narkrugsa, W. (2012). Reducing Sugar Production from Durian Peel by Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 6 (9), 708-713.
[20] Shaiful, R. M., Mohd Halim, I. I., And Sharmiza A. (2015). Chemi-Mechanical Pulping of Durian Rinds. Procedia Manufacturing, 2, 171-180.
[21] Ahmad, S. (2014). Utilization of Durian Biomass for Biorenewable Applications (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
[22] Dhingra, D., Michael, M., Rajput, H., Patil, R. T. (2012). Dietary Fibre in Foods: A Review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49 (3), 255-266.
[1] Berry, S. K. (1979). Cyclopropene Fatty Acids in Some Malaysian Edible Seeds and Nuts: 1. Durian (Durio Zibethinus, Murr.). Lipids, 15, 452–455.
[2] Hokputsa, S., Gerddit, W., Pongsamart, S., Inngjerdingen, K., Heinze, T., Koschella, A., Harding, S.E., Paulsen, B.S. (2004). Water-soluble Polysaccharides with Pharmaceutical Importance from Durian Rinds (Durio Zibethinus Murr.): Isolation, Fractionation, Characterisation and Bioactivity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 56, 471-481.
[3] Polprasid, P. (1983). ‘Artrocarpus and Durio’, in Southeast Asia Regional Training Course on Characterization and Preliminary Evaluation of Plant Germplasm, October 16–29, 1983, National Corn and Sorghum Research Center, Pakchong, Nakhorn Ratchasima, Thailand (in Thai).
[4] Jun, T. Y., Arumugam, S. D., Hidayah, A. L. N., Makmom, A. A., And Puziah, A. L. (2010). Effect Of Activation Temperature And Heating Duration On Physical Characteristics Of Activated Carbon Prepared From Agriculture Waste. Environment Asia, 3(Special Issue), 143–148.
[5] Manickam, Y., Nordin, M.F.M., Shameli, K., Wannahari, R., Iqbal, N., Syariff, A.H.M. (2015). Comparative Studies On Different Kind of Durian Husks As Microstructure Activated Carbon. Journal of Optoelectronics and Biomedical Materials, 7(3),53-58.
[6] Patomsok, W. (2011). Durian Husk Properties and Its Heating Value Equation. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(9), 893-896.
[7] Piyarat, C., Churee, P. & Anudep, R. (2005). The Efficiency Of Polysaccharide Gel Extracted From Fruit-Rinds Of Durian (Durio Zibethinus L.) For Wound Healing In Pig Skin. Proc. WOCMAP III, 5, 37-43.
[8] Tham, Y. J., Puziah, A. L., Abdullah A. M., Shamala-Devi, A., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. (2011). Performances of toluene removal by activated carbon derived from durian shell. Bioresource Technology, 102, 724–728.
[9] Nuithitikul, K., Srikun, S. and Hirunpraditkoon, S. (2015). Synthesis of Activated Carbons from Durian Peel and Their Adsorption Performance for Lead Ions in Aqueous Solutions. Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: ENV2015-1670.
[10] Alfin, K., Vincentius, O. A. S., Kiki, T., Jaka, S., Nani, I., Suryadi, I. (2011). Performance of durian shell waste as high capacity biosorbent for Cr(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 37, 940–947.
[11] Batubara, R. W. (2011). Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) peels and their fractions with DPPH Method and Determination Levels of phenolic and flavonoid total. (In bahasa Indonesia), Skripsi, Surakarta: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
[12] Muhtadi, Alfiani, U. P., Tanti, A. S. (2015). Antidiabetic Activity of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Fruit Peels in Alloxan Diabetic Rats. Procedia Food Science 3, 255 – 261.
[13] Haruenkeit, R., Poovarodom, S., Vearasilp, S. (2010). Comparison of Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Mon Thong Durian During Ripening. Food Chemistry, 118(3), 540-547.
[14] Leontowicz, H., Maria, L., Iwona, J., et al. (2011). Positive Effects of Durian Fruit At Different Stages of Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Ripening On The Hearts and Livers of Rats Fed Diets High in Cholesterol. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 3, 169-181.
[15] Diczbalis, Y., Hofman, P.J., Landrigan, M., Kulkarni, V., Smith, L. G. (1995). Mango Irrigation Management for Fruit Yield, Maturity and Quality. In: Mango 2000 Marketing Seminar and Production Workshop, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia, 85-90.
[16] Ho, L. C., Grange, R. I., Picken, A. J. (1987). An Analysis of Accumulation of Water and Dry Matter in Tomato Fruit. Plant, Cell and Environment, 10 (2), 157-162.
[17] Li, B., Fikse, W. F., Lassen, J., Lidauer, M. H., Lovendahl, P., Mantysaari, P., Berglund, B. (2016). Genetic Parameters for Dry Matter Intake in Primiparous Holstein, Nordic red, and Jersey Cows in the First Half of Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(9), 7232-7239.
[18] Wai, W. W., Abbas, F. M. A., Azhar, M. E. (2010). Effect of Extraction Conditions on Yield and Degree of Esterification of Durian Rind Pectin: An Experimental Design. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 88, 209-214.
[19] Unhasirikul, M., Naranong, N., Narkrugsa, W. (2012). Reducing Sugar Production from Durian Peel by Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 6 (9), 708-713.
[20] Shaiful, R. M., Mohd Halim, I. I., And Sharmiza A. (2015). Chemi-Mechanical Pulping of Durian Rinds. Procedia Manufacturing, 2, 171-180.
[21] Ahmad, S. (2014). Utilization of Durian Biomass for Biorenewable Applications (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
[22] Dhingra, D., Michael, M., Rajput, H., Patil, R. T. (2012). Dietary Fibre in Foods: A Review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49 (3), 255-266.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:76699", author = "Norhanim Nordin and Rosnah Shamsudin and Azrina Azlan and Mohammad Effendy Ya’acob", title = "Dry Matter, Moisture, Ash and Crude Fibre Content in Distinct Segments of ‘Durian Kampung’ Husk", abstract = "An environmental friendly approach for disposal of voluminous durian husk waste could be implemented by substituting them into various valuable commodities, such as healthcare and biofuel products. Thus, the study of composition value in each segment of durian husk was very crucial to determine the suitable proportions of nutrients that need to be added and mixed in the product. A total of 12 ‘Durian Kampung’ fruits from Sg Ruan, Pahang were selected and each fruit husk was divided into four segments and labelled as P-L (thin neck area of white inner husk), P-B (thick bottom area of white inner husk), H (green and thorny outer husk) and W (whole combination of P-B and H). Four experiments have been carried out to determine the dry matter, moisture, ash and crude fibre content. The results show that the H segment has the highest dry matter content (30.47%), while the P-B segment has the highest percentage in moisture (81.83%) and ash (6.95%) content. It was calculated that the ash content of the P-B segment has a higher rate of moisture level which causes the ash content to increase about 2.89% from the P-L segment. These data have proven that each segment of durian husk has a significant difference in terms of composition value, which might be useful information to fully utilize every part of the durian husk in the future.
", keywords = "Durian husk, crude fibre content, dry matter content, moisture content.", volume = "11", number = "12", pages = "812-5", }
