Differential Sensitivity of Nitrogen-Fixing, Filamentous Cyanobacterial Species to an Organochlorine Insecticide - 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10- Hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-Hexahydro-6, 9- Methano-2, 4, 3-Benzodioxathiepine-3-Oxide
Application of pesticides in the paddy fields has
deleterious effects on non-target organisms including cyanobacteria
which are photosynthesizing and nitrogen fixing micro-organisms
contributing significantly towards soil fertility and crop yield.
Pesticide contamination in the paddy fields has manifested into a
serious global environmental concern. To study the effect of one such
pesticide, three cyanobacterial strains; Anabaena fertilissima,
Aulosira fertilissima and Westiellopsis prolifica were selected for
their stress responses to an Organochlorine insecticide - 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
10-hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3-
benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide, with reference to their photosynthesic
pigments-chlorophyll-a and carotenoids as well as accessory
pigments-phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and
phycoerythrin), stress induced biochemical metabolites like
carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, phenols and enzymes-nitrate
reductase, glutamine synthetase and succinate dehydrogenase. All
the three cyanobacterial strains were adversely affected by the
insecticide doses and inhibition was dose dependent. Reduction in
photosynthetic and accessory pigments, metabolites, nitrogen fixing
and respiratory enzymes of the test organisms were accompanied
with an initial increase in their total protein at lower Organochlorine
doses. On the other hand, increased amount of phenols in all the
insecticide treated concentrations was indicative of stressed activities
of the organisms.
[1] B. D. Kaushik, "Blue-green algal fertilizer and rice cultivation in normal
and saline alkali soils," in Golden Jubilee Lecture, Asiatic Society,
Bangladesh, Dhaka, July 25.
[2] K. Mellanby, "Forward," Pesticide microbiology; I.R. Hill, S.J.L.
Wright, Eds. New York: Academic Press, 1978, pp.7. 1978.
[3] F.B. Pankratz, C. Doebel, A. Farenhorst, and L.G. Goldsborough,
"Interactions between algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) and pesticides:
implications for managing constructed wetlands for pesticides removal,"
J. Environ. Sci. Health B, vol. 38, pp. 147-155, 2003.
[4] W. Battaglin, and J. Fairchild, "Potential toxicity of pesticides measured
in mid-western streams to aquatic organisms," Water Sci. Technol.,vol.
45, pp. 95-102, 2002.
[5] V. Nagpal, and S.K. Goyal, "Growth response of cyanobacteria to
herbicides," Acta. Bot. Ind.,vol. 20, pp.175-176, 1992.
[6] J.I. Nirmal Kumar, "Response of Anabaena sp. 310 to Isoproturon," J.
Ind. Bot. Soc., vol. 70, pp. 277-280, 1991.
[7] J.I. Nirmal Kumar, and N. Rita Kumar, "Some metabolic observations of
Nostoc muscorum to a herbicide-fluchloralin," Plant Arch., vol. 2, no. 2,
pp. 289-293, 2002.
[8] J.I. Nirmal Kumar, A. Manmeet Kaur, and B. Anubhuti, "Differential
effect of Phenoxy Substituted Herbicide 2, 4-D on Pigments,
Metabolites, and Enzyme Activities of Three Species of Cyanobacteria,"
Int. J.BioSci.Tech., vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 87-95, 2009.
[9] R. Rippka, S. Deruelles, J.B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, and R.Y. Stanier,
"Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of
cyanobacteria," J. Gen. Microbiol., vol. 111, pp. 1-61, 1979.
[10] S.W. Jeffrey, and G.F. Humphrey, "New spectrophotometric equations
for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and
natural populations," Biochem. Physio. Pflanzen, vol. 167, pp. 191-194,
1975.
[11] T.R. Parsons, and J.D. Strickland,"Discussion of spectrophotometric
determination of marine plant pigments with revised equations for
ascertaining chlorophylls and Carotenoids," J.Mar.Res., vol. 21, pp. 155-
163, 1963.
[12] A. Bennett, and L. Bogorad, "Complementary chromatic adaptation in a
filamentous blue-green alga," The J. of Cell Biol., vol. 58, pp. 419-435,
1973.
[13] J.H. Roe, "The determination of sugar in blood and spinal fluid with
anthron reagent," J.Biol.Chem., vol. 2112, pp. 335-343, 1955.
[14] O.H. Lowry, N.H. Rosenbrough, A.L. Farr, and R.J. Randall, "Protein
measurements with folinphenol reagent," J. Biol. Chem., vol. 193, pp.
265-275, 1951.
[15] Y. Lee, and T. Takahasi, "An imported colorimetric determination of
amino acids with the use of ninhydrin," Anal Biochem., vol. 14, pp.71-
77, 1966.
[16] C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, Plant Enzymology and Histo
Enzymology. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, 1980.
[17] C. Sempruch, A.P. Ciepiela, I. Sprawka, and G. Chrzanowski,
ÔÇ×Purification and some physicochemical properties of nitrate reductase
isolated from winter triticale seedlings," Elec. J.Pol. Agric. Uni.,vol.11,
no.1, 2008.
[18] V. Pamiljans, P.R. Krishnaswamy, G. Dumville, and A. Meister,
"Studies on the mechanism of glutamine synthetase: isolation and
properties of the enzyme from sheep brain," Biochem., vol.1, pp. 153-
158, 1962.
[19] E. Kun, and L.G. Abood, "Colorimetric estimation of succinic
dehydrogenase by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride," Sci., vol. 109, no.
2824, pp. 144-146, 1949.
[20] S.M. Prasad, D. Kumar, and Mohd, Zeeshan, "Growth, photosynthesis,
active oxygen species and antioxidants responses of paddy field
cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum to endosulfan stress," J. Gen.
Appl. Microbiol., vol. 51, pp. 115-123, 2005.
[21] F.I. Mostafa, and C.S. Helling, "Impact of four pesticides on the growth
and metabolic activities of two photosynthetic algae," J. Environ. Sci.
Health.,vol. 37, pp. 417-444, 2002.
[22] N. Padhy Rabindran, "Cyanobacteria and pesticides," Res. Rev., vol. 95,
pp. 1-44, 1985.
[23] S. Kumar, K. Habib and T. Fatma, "Endosulfan induced biochemical
changes in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria," Sci Total Environ., vol. 403,
no. 1-3, pp. 130-138, 2008.
[24] A.I. Shehata, I.A.W. Arif, and F.Al. Aqeel, "Isolation and
characterization of DNA and protein from endosulfan resistant mutant
(endor) of the cyanobacterium anabaena flos-aquae, " Saudi.J.Biol.Sci.,
vol. 8, no. 1, 2001.
[25] J.C. Measures, "Role of amino acids in osmoregulation of non halophilic
bacteria," Nature (London), vol. 257, pp. 398-400, 1975.
[26] P.K. Pradnya, J.B. Bharati, M.D. Neelima, and S.S.Seema,
"Biodegradation of organophosphorous pesticides," Proc. Indian natn
Sci Acad. B, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 57-70, 2004.
[27] P. Calow, and R. Sibly, Funct. Ecol., vol. 4, pp. 283, 1990.
[28] S.P. Adhikary,P. Das, and H. Pattnaik, "Effect of carbamate insecticide
Sevin on Anabaena sp. and Westiellopsis prolifica," J.Gen. Appl.
Microbiol., vol. 35, pp. 335-338, 1984.
[29] U.M. Rajendran, E. Kathirvel, and A. Narayanaswamy, "Effects of a
fungicide, an insecticide, and a biopesticide on Tolypothrix
scytonemoides.," Pest. Biochem.Physiol., vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 164-171,
2007.
[30] A. Kalam, and A.K. Banerjee, "Action of the fungicide tridemorph on
the glucose, lactate and succinate dehydrogenase activities of some
tridemorph-sensitive and -resistant bacteria," Pest. Sci., vol. 43, no.1, pp.
41-45, 1995.
[1] B. D. Kaushik, "Blue-green algal fertilizer and rice cultivation in normal
and saline alkali soils," in Golden Jubilee Lecture, Asiatic Society,
Bangladesh, Dhaka, July 25.
[2] K. Mellanby, "Forward," Pesticide microbiology; I.R. Hill, S.J.L.
Wright, Eds. New York: Academic Press, 1978, pp.7. 1978.
[3] F.B. Pankratz, C. Doebel, A. Farenhorst, and L.G. Goldsborough,
"Interactions between algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) and pesticides:
implications for managing constructed wetlands for pesticides removal,"
J. Environ. Sci. Health B, vol. 38, pp. 147-155, 2003.
[4] W. Battaglin, and J. Fairchild, "Potential toxicity of pesticides measured
in mid-western streams to aquatic organisms," Water Sci. Technol.,vol.
45, pp. 95-102, 2002.
[5] V. Nagpal, and S.K. Goyal, "Growth response of cyanobacteria to
herbicides," Acta. Bot. Ind.,vol. 20, pp.175-176, 1992.
[6] J.I. Nirmal Kumar, "Response of Anabaena sp. 310 to Isoproturon," J.
Ind. Bot. Soc., vol. 70, pp. 277-280, 1991.
[7] J.I. Nirmal Kumar, and N. Rita Kumar, "Some metabolic observations of
Nostoc muscorum to a herbicide-fluchloralin," Plant Arch., vol. 2, no. 2,
pp. 289-293, 2002.
[8] J.I. Nirmal Kumar, A. Manmeet Kaur, and B. Anubhuti, "Differential
effect of Phenoxy Substituted Herbicide 2, 4-D on Pigments,
Metabolites, and Enzyme Activities of Three Species of Cyanobacteria,"
Int. J.BioSci.Tech., vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 87-95, 2009.
[9] R. Rippka, S. Deruelles, J.B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, and R.Y. Stanier,
"Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of
cyanobacteria," J. Gen. Microbiol., vol. 111, pp. 1-61, 1979.
[10] S.W. Jeffrey, and G.F. Humphrey, "New spectrophotometric equations
for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and
natural populations," Biochem. Physio. Pflanzen, vol. 167, pp. 191-194,
1975.
[11] T.R. Parsons, and J.D. Strickland,"Discussion of spectrophotometric
determination of marine plant pigments with revised equations for
ascertaining chlorophylls and Carotenoids," J.Mar.Res., vol. 21, pp. 155-
163, 1963.
[12] A. Bennett, and L. Bogorad, "Complementary chromatic adaptation in a
filamentous blue-green alga," The J. of Cell Biol., vol. 58, pp. 419-435,
1973.
[13] J.H. Roe, "The determination of sugar in blood and spinal fluid with
anthron reagent," J.Biol.Chem., vol. 2112, pp. 335-343, 1955.
[14] O.H. Lowry, N.H. Rosenbrough, A.L. Farr, and R.J. Randall, "Protein
measurements with folinphenol reagent," J. Biol. Chem., vol. 193, pp.
265-275, 1951.
[15] Y. Lee, and T. Takahasi, "An imported colorimetric determination of
amino acids with the use of ninhydrin," Anal Biochem., vol. 14, pp.71-
77, 1966.
[16] C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, Plant Enzymology and Histo
Enzymology. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, 1980.
[17] C. Sempruch, A.P. Ciepiela, I. Sprawka, and G. Chrzanowski,
ÔÇ×Purification and some physicochemical properties of nitrate reductase
isolated from winter triticale seedlings," Elec. J.Pol. Agric. Uni.,vol.11,
no.1, 2008.
[18] V. Pamiljans, P.R. Krishnaswamy, G. Dumville, and A. Meister,
"Studies on the mechanism of glutamine synthetase: isolation and
properties of the enzyme from sheep brain," Biochem., vol.1, pp. 153-
158, 1962.
[19] E. Kun, and L.G. Abood, "Colorimetric estimation of succinic
dehydrogenase by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride," Sci., vol. 109, no.
2824, pp. 144-146, 1949.
[20] S.M. Prasad, D. Kumar, and Mohd, Zeeshan, "Growth, photosynthesis,
active oxygen species and antioxidants responses of paddy field
cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum to endosulfan stress," J. Gen.
Appl. Microbiol., vol. 51, pp. 115-123, 2005.
[21] F.I. Mostafa, and C.S. Helling, "Impact of four pesticides on the growth
and metabolic activities of two photosynthetic algae," J. Environ. Sci.
Health.,vol. 37, pp. 417-444, 2002.
[22] N. Padhy Rabindran, "Cyanobacteria and pesticides," Res. Rev., vol. 95,
pp. 1-44, 1985.
[23] S. Kumar, K. Habib and T. Fatma, "Endosulfan induced biochemical
changes in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria," Sci Total Environ., vol. 403,
no. 1-3, pp. 130-138, 2008.
[24] A.I. Shehata, I.A.W. Arif, and F.Al. Aqeel, "Isolation and
characterization of DNA and protein from endosulfan resistant mutant
(endor) of the cyanobacterium anabaena flos-aquae, " Saudi.J.Biol.Sci.,
vol. 8, no. 1, 2001.
[25] J.C. Measures, "Role of amino acids in osmoregulation of non halophilic
bacteria," Nature (London), vol. 257, pp. 398-400, 1975.
[26] P.K. Pradnya, J.B. Bharati, M.D. Neelima, and S.S.Seema,
"Biodegradation of organophosphorous pesticides," Proc. Indian natn
Sci Acad. B, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 57-70, 2004.
[27] P. Calow, and R. Sibly, Funct. Ecol., vol. 4, pp. 283, 1990.
[28] S.P. Adhikary,P. Das, and H. Pattnaik, "Effect of carbamate insecticide
Sevin on Anabaena sp. and Westiellopsis prolifica," J.Gen. Appl.
Microbiol., vol. 35, pp. 335-338, 1984.
[29] U.M. Rajendran, E. Kathirvel, and A. Narayanaswamy, "Effects of a
fungicide, an insecticide, and a biopesticide on Tolypothrix
scytonemoides.," Pest. Biochem.Physiol., vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 164-171,
2007.
[30] A. Kalam, and A.K. Banerjee, "Action of the fungicide tridemorph on
the glucose, lactate and succinate dehydrogenase activities of some
tridemorph-sensitive and -resistant bacteria," Pest. Sci., vol. 43, no.1, pp.
41-45, 1995.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:50449", author = "Nirmal J.I. Kumar and Anubhuti A. Bora and Manmeet K. Amb", title = "Differential Sensitivity of Nitrogen-Fixing, Filamentous Cyanobacterial Species to an Organochlorine Insecticide - 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10- Hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-Hexahydro-6, 9- Methano-2, 4, 3-Benzodioxathiepine-3-Oxide", abstract = "Application of pesticides in the paddy fields has
deleterious effects on non-target organisms including cyanobacteria
which are photosynthesizing and nitrogen fixing micro-organisms
contributing significantly towards soil fertility and crop yield.
Pesticide contamination in the paddy fields has manifested into a
serious global environmental concern. To study the effect of one such
pesticide, three cyanobacterial strains; Anabaena fertilissima,
Aulosira fertilissima and Westiellopsis prolifica were selected for
their stress responses to an Organochlorine insecticide - 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
10-hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3-
benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide, with reference to their photosynthesic
pigments-chlorophyll-a and carotenoids as well as accessory
pigments-phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and
phycoerythrin), stress induced biochemical metabolites like
carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, phenols and enzymes-nitrate
reductase, glutamine synthetase and succinate dehydrogenase. All
the three cyanobacterial strains were adversely affected by the
insecticide doses and inhibition was dose dependent. Reduction in
photosynthetic and accessory pigments, metabolites, nitrogen fixing
and respiratory enzymes of the test organisms were accompanied
with an initial increase in their total protein at lower Organochlorine
doses. On the other hand, increased amount of phenols in all the
insecticide treated concentrations was indicative of stressed activities
of the organisms.", keywords = "biochemical metabolites, endosulfan, enzymes, pigments", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "106-11", }
