Density of Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Iko River Mangrove Ecosystem, Nigeria
Sediment and mangrove root samples from Iko River
Estuary, Nigeria were analyzed for microbial and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. The total heterotrophic
bacterial (THB) count ranged from 1.1x107 to 5.1 x107 cfu/g, total
fungal (TF) count ranged from 1.0x106 to 2.7x106 cfu/g, total
coliform (TC) count ranged from 2.0x104 to 8.0x104cfu/g while
hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (HUB) count ranged from 1.0x 105 to
5.0 x 105cfu/g. There was a range of positive correlation (r = 0.72 to
0.93) between THB count and total HUB count, respectively. The
organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
Flavobacterium breve, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erwinia
amylovora, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp, Desulfovibrio sp,
Acinetobacter iwoffii, Chromobacterium violaceum, Micrococcus
sedentarius, Corynebacterium sp, and Pseudomonas putrefaciens.
The PAH were Naphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Acenapthylene,
Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene,
Pyrene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene,
Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
Benzo(g,h,l)perylene ,Indeno(1,2,3-d)pyrene with individual PAH
concentrations that ranged from 0.20mg/kg to 1.02mg/kg, 0.20mg/kg
to 1.07mg/kg and 0.2mg/kg to 4.43mg/kg in the benthic sediment,
epipellic sediment and mangrove roots, respectively. Total PAH
ranged from 6.30 to 9.93mg/kg, 6.30 to 9.13mg/kg and 9.66 to
16.68mg/kg in the benthic sediment, epipellic sediment and
mangrove roots, respectively. The high concentrations in the
mangrove roots are indicative of bioaccumulation of the pollutant in
the plant tissue. The microorganisms are of ecological significance
and the detectable quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
could be partitioned and accumulated in tissues of infaunal and
epifaunal organisms in the study area.
[1] P. D. Boehm, "Petroleum in the marine environment: Physical and
chemical methods," US National Res Council, 1981.
[2] B. T. Ashok, S. Saxena, K. P. Singh, and J. Mistral, "Biodegradation of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around Mathura oil
refinery,India, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol.11, pp.691 - 692,
1995.
[3] L. Deschenes, P. Lafrance, J. P. Villenueve, and R. Samson, "Adding
sodium dodecyl sulfate and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2
biosurfactants inhibits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation
in a weathered creosote-contaminated soil," Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., vol. 46, pp. 638-656, 1996.
[4] M. I. Lee, M. V. Novotny, and K. D. Bartle, "Analytical Chemistry of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Academic Press New York, 1981, pp
472- 491.
[5] M. P. Shiaris, "Seasonal biotransformation of naphthalene,
phenanthrene, and benzo (a) pyrene in surficial estuarine sediments,"
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1391 -
1399, 1989.
[6] J. Ekwere, E. B. Akpan, and E. E. U. Ntekim, "Geochemical studies of
sediments in Qua Iboe estuary and associated creek South Eastern
Nigeria," Tropical Journal of Applied Sciences, vol.2, pp. 91 - 95, 1992.
[7] B. T. Ashok and S. Sexana, "Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons - a review," Journal of Science and Industrial Research,
vol. 54, pp. 443 - 451, 1995.
[8] I. R. Udotong, "Environmental monitoring and effect of petroleum
production effluent on some biota of the lower Qua Iboe River estuary,"
PhD Thesis, River State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu,
Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2000.
[9] R. A. Kanaly, and S. Harayama, "Biodegradation of high-molecularweight
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria, a minireview,"
Marine Biotechnology, vol.18, no.8, pp.2059 - 2067, 2000.
[10] Y. I. Sorokin, "Microheterotrophic organisms in marine ecosystems," in
A. R. Longhort (ed) Analysis of Marine Ecosystems, Academic Press,
London, 1981, pp. 293 - 342.
[11] E. A. S. Linley, and R. C. Newell, (1981) "Micro heterotrophic
communities associated with the degradation of kelp debris," Kieler
Meerestorsch, vol.5, pp. 345 - 355, 1981.
[12] P. Y. Lu, R. L. Metcalf, N. Plummer, and D. Mandel, "The
environmental fate of three carcinogens: benzo-(a)-pyrene, benzidine,
and vinyl chloride evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems," Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol.6, pp.129 - 142, 1977.
[13] W. H. Clement, J. T. Oris, and T. E. Wissing, "Accumulation and food
chain transfer of flouranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in Chironomus
riparius and Lepomis macrochirus," Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,
vol. 26, pp. 261-266, 1994.
[14] M. R. Twiss, L. Granier, P. Lafracne, and P. G. C. Campbell,
"Bioaccumulation of 2,2-,5,5--tetrachlorobiphenyl and pyrene by
picoplankmic acid concentrations and pH," Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,
Vol.18, pp.2063 - 2069, 1999.
[15] D. H. Philips, "Fifty years of benzo(a)pyrene," Nature, vol. 303, pp. 468
- 472, 1983.
[16] C. E. Cerniglia and M. A. Heitkamp, "Microbial degradation of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the aquatic environment,"
pp. 41-68, in U. Varanasi (ed.), Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton,
Fla., 1989.
[17] International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Monographs on the
evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human," vol. 1 - 49, 1972 - 1990.
[18] U. J. Ekpe, U. Ekanem, and E. R. Akpan, "Temporal changes in some
water quality parameters in Iko and Uta Ewa River, South Eastern
Nigeria," Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol.1, pp. 63 -
68, 1995.
[19] R. P. King, (1991) "Some aspect of the reproductive strategy of Illisha
africana in Qua Iboe estuary, Nigeria," Cybium, vol. 15, no.3, pp. 239 -
257
[20] I. E. Ukpong, "An ordination study of Mangrove Swamp Communities
in West Africa," Vegetatio, vol.116, pp. 147-159, 1995.
[21] W. F. Harrigan, and M. E. McCance, "Laboratory methods in food and
diary microbiology," Academic Press, London, 1990.
[22] APHA, "Standard methods for the examination of water and waste
water," 20th ed. American Public Health Association, 1998.
[23] L. Kinkle, M. Wilson, and S. E. Lindow, "Effects of scale on the
assessment of epiphytic bacteria population. Microbial Ecology, vol. 29,
pp.283-297, 1995.
[24] E.N. Amadi and S.A. Braide, "Distribution of Petroleum hydrocarbon
degraders around petroleum- related facilities in a mangrove swamp of
the Niger Delta," Journal of Nigerian Environmental Society, vol. 1, no
2, pp. 187 - 192, 2003.
[25] J. G. Holt, N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. J. Staley, and S. T. William,
"Bergey-s manual of determinative bacteriology," 9th ed. William and
Wilkins, Baltimore, 1994.
[26] G. J. Barrow and R. L. A. Feltham, "Cowan and Steel-s Manual for the
Identification of Medical Bacteria," 5th edition, Cambridge University
Press, Leicester, pp. 330, 1992.
[27] M. Radojevic and V. N. Bashkin, " Practical environmental analysis,"
Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999, pp. 465
[28] FEPA, "National Guidelines for Spilled Oil Fingerprinting," Federal
Environmental Protection Agency, Government Press, Abuja, 2001.
[29] J. P. Essien, S. P. Antai, and N. U. Benson, "Microalgae biodiversity and
biomass status in Qua Iboe estuary mangrove swamp, Nigeria," Aquatic
Ecology, vol. 42, pp. 71 - 81, 2008.
[30] D. E. Hinkle, W. Wiersma, and S. G. Jars, "Applied statistics for the
behaviourial sciences" 3rd ed. Houghton Miffin Company, Boston 1994,
pp 507 - 510.
[31] J. C. Fetzer, "The chemistry and analysis of the large polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon," John Wiley, New York, 2000, pp 231-237.
[32] D. Trzesieka - Mlynarz and O. P. Ward, "Degradation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a mixed culture and its component
pure culture obtained from PAH - contaminated soil," Can. Journal of
Microbiology, vol. 41, pp. 470 - 476, 1995.
[33] W. Aprill and R. C. Sims, "Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for
stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil,
"Chemosphere, vol. 20, pp. 253 - 265, 1990.
[34] K. A. Reilley, M. K. Banks, and A. P. Schwab, "Dissipation of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the rhizosphere," J. Environ. Qual.,
vol. 25, pp. 212 - 219, 1996.
[35] A. M. Ferro, R. C. Sims, and B. Bugbee, "Hycrest crested wheatgrass
accelerates the degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil," J. Environ.
Qual., vol. 23, pp. 272 - 279, 1994a.
[36] M. Mastaller, "Destruction of mangrove wetlands-causes and
consequences" Natural Resources and Development, vol.43-44,pp. 37 -
57, 1996.
[37] C. E. Proffitt, D. J. Delvin, and M. Lindsey, "Effects of oil on mangrove
seedlings grown under different environmental conditions," Marine
Pollution Bulletin, vol.30, no.12, pp. 788 -793, 1995.
[38] C. C. Lamparelli, F. O. Rodrigues, and D. O. de Moura, "A long-term
assessment of an oil spill in a mangrove forest in Sao Paulo, Brazil," in
Mangrove Ecosystem Studies in Latin America and Africa. B. Kjerfve,
L.D. Lacerda and S. Diop, eds, pp 191-203. UNESCO, Paris, 1997.
[39] S. Cannicci, S. Ritossa, R. K. Ruwa, and M. Vannini, "Tree fidelity and
hole fidelity in the tree crab Sesarma leptosoma (Decapoda: Grapsidae),"
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology," vol.196, no.1-2,
pp. 299 - 311, 1996a.
[40] A. Luch, "The carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, Imperial College Press, London, 2005.
[41] U. J. J. Ijah, and L. I. Ukpe, "Biodegradation of crude oil by Bacillus
strains 28A and 61B isolated from oil spilled soil," Waste Management,
vol.12, pp. 55 - 60, 1992.
[42] A. Y. Itah, "Biodegradation of Qua Iboe light crude oil by coastal marine
yeast strains isolated from oil spilled site at Iko, Akwa Ibom State,
Nigeria," Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 412 - 427, 1999.
[43] A. Y. Itah and J. P. Essien, "Petroleum hydrocarbon degrading
capabilities and growth profile of bacteria from crude oil polluted ultisol
and brackish water," Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, vol.1,
pp. 507 - 512, 2001.
[44] J. P. Essien, A Y. Itah, and S. I. Eduok, "Influence of electrical
conductivity on microorganisms and rate of crude oil mineralization in
Niger Delta ultisol," Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, vol.9,
pp.199 - 203, 2003.
[1] P. D. Boehm, "Petroleum in the marine environment: Physical and
chemical methods," US National Res Council, 1981.
[2] B. T. Ashok, S. Saxena, K. P. Singh, and J. Mistral, "Biodegradation of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around Mathura oil
refinery,India, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol.11, pp.691 - 692,
1995.
[3] L. Deschenes, P. Lafrance, J. P. Villenueve, and R. Samson, "Adding
sodium dodecyl sulfate and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2
biosurfactants inhibits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation
in a weathered creosote-contaminated soil," Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., vol. 46, pp. 638-656, 1996.
[4] M. I. Lee, M. V. Novotny, and K. D. Bartle, "Analytical Chemistry of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Academic Press New York, 1981, pp
472- 491.
[5] M. P. Shiaris, "Seasonal biotransformation of naphthalene,
phenanthrene, and benzo (a) pyrene in surficial estuarine sediments,"
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1391 -
1399, 1989.
[6] J. Ekwere, E. B. Akpan, and E. E. U. Ntekim, "Geochemical studies of
sediments in Qua Iboe estuary and associated creek South Eastern
Nigeria," Tropical Journal of Applied Sciences, vol.2, pp. 91 - 95, 1992.
[7] B. T. Ashok and S. Sexana, "Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons - a review," Journal of Science and Industrial Research,
vol. 54, pp. 443 - 451, 1995.
[8] I. R. Udotong, "Environmental monitoring and effect of petroleum
production effluent on some biota of the lower Qua Iboe River estuary,"
PhD Thesis, River State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu,
Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2000.
[9] R. A. Kanaly, and S. Harayama, "Biodegradation of high-molecularweight
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria, a minireview,"
Marine Biotechnology, vol.18, no.8, pp.2059 - 2067, 2000.
[10] Y. I. Sorokin, "Microheterotrophic organisms in marine ecosystems," in
A. R. Longhort (ed) Analysis of Marine Ecosystems, Academic Press,
London, 1981, pp. 293 - 342.
[11] E. A. S. Linley, and R. C. Newell, (1981) "Micro heterotrophic
communities associated with the degradation of kelp debris," Kieler
Meerestorsch, vol.5, pp. 345 - 355, 1981.
[12] P. Y. Lu, R. L. Metcalf, N. Plummer, and D. Mandel, "The
environmental fate of three carcinogens: benzo-(a)-pyrene, benzidine,
and vinyl chloride evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems," Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol.6, pp.129 - 142, 1977.
[13] W. H. Clement, J. T. Oris, and T. E. Wissing, "Accumulation and food
chain transfer of flouranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in Chironomus
riparius and Lepomis macrochirus," Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,
vol. 26, pp. 261-266, 1994.
[14] M. R. Twiss, L. Granier, P. Lafracne, and P. G. C. Campbell,
"Bioaccumulation of 2,2-,5,5--tetrachlorobiphenyl and pyrene by
picoplankmic acid concentrations and pH," Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,
Vol.18, pp.2063 - 2069, 1999.
[15] D. H. Philips, "Fifty years of benzo(a)pyrene," Nature, vol. 303, pp. 468
- 472, 1983.
[16] C. E. Cerniglia and M. A. Heitkamp, "Microbial degradation of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the aquatic environment,"
pp. 41-68, in U. Varanasi (ed.), Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton,
Fla., 1989.
[17] International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Monographs on the
evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human," vol. 1 - 49, 1972 - 1990.
[18] U. J. Ekpe, U. Ekanem, and E. R. Akpan, "Temporal changes in some
water quality parameters in Iko and Uta Ewa River, South Eastern
Nigeria," Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol.1, pp. 63 -
68, 1995.
[19] R. P. King, (1991) "Some aspect of the reproductive strategy of Illisha
africana in Qua Iboe estuary, Nigeria," Cybium, vol. 15, no.3, pp. 239 -
257
[20] I. E. Ukpong, "An ordination study of Mangrove Swamp Communities
in West Africa," Vegetatio, vol.116, pp. 147-159, 1995.
[21] W. F. Harrigan, and M. E. McCance, "Laboratory methods in food and
diary microbiology," Academic Press, London, 1990.
[22] APHA, "Standard methods for the examination of water and waste
water," 20th ed. American Public Health Association, 1998.
[23] L. Kinkle, M. Wilson, and S. E. Lindow, "Effects of scale on the
assessment of epiphytic bacteria population. Microbial Ecology, vol. 29,
pp.283-297, 1995.
[24] E.N. Amadi and S.A. Braide, "Distribution of Petroleum hydrocarbon
degraders around petroleum- related facilities in a mangrove swamp of
the Niger Delta," Journal of Nigerian Environmental Society, vol. 1, no
2, pp. 187 - 192, 2003.
[25] J. G. Holt, N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. J. Staley, and S. T. William,
"Bergey-s manual of determinative bacteriology," 9th ed. William and
Wilkins, Baltimore, 1994.
[26] G. J. Barrow and R. L. A. Feltham, "Cowan and Steel-s Manual for the
Identification of Medical Bacteria," 5th edition, Cambridge University
Press, Leicester, pp. 330, 1992.
[27] M. Radojevic and V. N. Bashkin, " Practical environmental analysis,"
Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999, pp. 465
[28] FEPA, "National Guidelines for Spilled Oil Fingerprinting," Federal
Environmental Protection Agency, Government Press, Abuja, 2001.
[29] J. P. Essien, S. P. Antai, and N. U. Benson, "Microalgae biodiversity and
biomass status in Qua Iboe estuary mangrove swamp, Nigeria," Aquatic
Ecology, vol. 42, pp. 71 - 81, 2008.
[30] D. E. Hinkle, W. Wiersma, and S. G. Jars, "Applied statistics for the
behaviourial sciences" 3rd ed. Houghton Miffin Company, Boston 1994,
pp 507 - 510.
[31] J. C. Fetzer, "The chemistry and analysis of the large polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon," John Wiley, New York, 2000, pp 231-237.
[32] D. Trzesieka - Mlynarz and O. P. Ward, "Degradation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a mixed culture and its component
pure culture obtained from PAH - contaminated soil," Can. Journal of
Microbiology, vol. 41, pp. 470 - 476, 1995.
[33] W. Aprill and R. C. Sims, "Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for
stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil,
"Chemosphere, vol. 20, pp. 253 - 265, 1990.
[34] K. A. Reilley, M. K. Banks, and A. P. Schwab, "Dissipation of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the rhizosphere," J. Environ. Qual.,
vol. 25, pp. 212 - 219, 1996.
[35] A. M. Ferro, R. C. Sims, and B. Bugbee, "Hycrest crested wheatgrass
accelerates the degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil," J. Environ.
Qual., vol. 23, pp. 272 - 279, 1994a.
[36] M. Mastaller, "Destruction of mangrove wetlands-causes and
consequences" Natural Resources and Development, vol.43-44,pp. 37 -
57, 1996.
[37] C. E. Proffitt, D. J. Delvin, and M. Lindsey, "Effects of oil on mangrove
seedlings grown under different environmental conditions," Marine
Pollution Bulletin, vol.30, no.12, pp. 788 -793, 1995.
[38] C. C. Lamparelli, F. O. Rodrigues, and D. O. de Moura, "A long-term
assessment of an oil spill in a mangrove forest in Sao Paulo, Brazil," in
Mangrove Ecosystem Studies in Latin America and Africa. B. Kjerfve,
L.D. Lacerda and S. Diop, eds, pp 191-203. UNESCO, Paris, 1997.
[39] S. Cannicci, S. Ritossa, R. K. Ruwa, and M. Vannini, "Tree fidelity and
hole fidelity in the tree crab Sesarma leptosoma (Decapoda: Grapsidae),"
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology," vol.196, no.1-2,
pp. 299 - 311, 1996a.
[40] A. Luch, "The carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, Imperial College Press, London, 2005.
[41] U. J. J. Ijah, and L. I. Ukpe, "Biodegradation of crude oil by Bacillus
strains 28A and 61B isolated from oil spilled soil," Waste Management,
vol.12, pp. 55 - 60, 1992.
[42] A. Y. Itah, "Biodegradation of Qua Iboe light crude oil by coastal marine
yeast strains isolated from oil spilled site at Iko, Akwa Ibom State,
Nigeria," Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 412 - 427, 1999.
[43] A. Y. Itah and J. P. Essien, "Petroleum hydrocarbon degrading
capabilities and growth profile of bacteria from crude oil polluted ultisol
and brackish water," Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, vol.1,
pp. 507 - 512, 2001.
[44] J. P. Essien, A Y. Itah, and S. I. Eduok, "Influence of electrical
conductivity on microorganisms and rate of crude oil mineralization in
Niger Delta ultisol," Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, vol.9,
pp.199 - 203, 2003.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:60666", author = "Ime R. Udotong and Samuel I. Eduok and Joseph P. Essien and Basil N. Ita", title = "Density of Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Iko River Mangrove Ecosystem, Nigeria", abstract = "Sediment and mangrove root samples from Iko River
Estuary, Nigeria were analyzed for microbial and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. The total heterotrophic
bacterial (THB) count ranged from 1.1x107 to 5.1 x107 cfu/g, total
fungal (TF) count ranged from 1.0x106 to 2.7x106 cfu/g, total
coliform (TC) count ranged from 2.0x104 to 8.0x104cfu/g while
hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (HUB) count ranged from 1.0x 105 to
5.0 x 105cfu/g. There was a range of positive correlation (r = 0.72 to
0.93) between THB count and total HUB count, respectively. The
organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
Flavobacterium breve, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erwinia
amylovora, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp, Desulfovibrio sp,
Acinetobacter iwoffii, Chromobacterium violaceum, Micrococcus
sedentarius, Corynebacterium sp, and Pseudomonas putrefaciens.
The PAH were Naphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Acenapthylene,
Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene,
Pyrene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene,
Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
Benzo(g,h,l)perylene ,Indeno(1,2,3-d)pyrene with individual PAH
concentrations that ranged from 0.20mg/kg to 1.02mg/kg, 0.20mg/kg
to 1.07mg/kg and 0.2mg/kg to 4.43mg/kg in the benthic sediment,
epipellic sediment and mangrove roots, respectively. Total PAH
ranged from 6.30 to 9.93mg/kg, 6.30 to 9.13mg/kg and 9.66 to
16.68mg/kg in the benthic sediment, epipellic sediment and
mangrove roots, respectively. The high concentrations in the
mangrove roots are indicative of bioaccumulation of the pollutant in
the plant tissue. The microorganisms are of ecological significance
and the detectable quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
could be partitioned and accumulated in tissues of infaunal and
epifaunal organisms in the study area.", keywords = "Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, Iko River estuary,Mangrove, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.", volume = "2", number = "8", pages = "124-7", }
