Decolourization of Melanoidin Containing Wastewater Using South African Coal Fly Ash
Batch adsorption of recalcitrant melanoidin using the abundantly available coal fly ash was carried out. It had low specific surface area (SBET) of 1.7287 m2/g and pore volume of 0.002245 cm3/g while qualitative evaluation of the predominant phases in it was done by XRD analysis. Colour removal efficiency was found to be dependent on various factors studied. Maximum colour removal was achieved around pH 6, whereas increasing sorbent mass from 10g/L to 200 g/L enhanced colour reduction from 25% to 86% at 298 K. Spontaneity of the process was suggested by negative Gibbs free energy while positive values for enthalpy change showed endothermic nature of the process. Non-linear optimization of error functions resulted in Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms describing sorption equilibrium data best. The coal fly ash had maximum sorption capacity of 53 mg/g and could thus be used as a low cost adsorbent in melanoidin removal.
[1] M. Plavsic, B. Cosovic, and C. Lee, "Copper complexing properties of
melanoidins and marine humic material.," Sci. Total Environ, vol. 366,
pp. 310-319, 2006.
[2] L. Benzingpurdie, J. A. Ripmeester, and C. M. Preston, "Elucidation of
the nitrogen forms in melanoidins and humic-acid by N-15 cross
polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic-resonance
spectroscopy," J. Agric. Food Chem, vol. 31, pp. 913-915, 1983.
[3] S. I. F. S. Martins and M. A. J. S. v. Boekel, "Melanoidins extinction
coefficient in the glucose/glycine Maillard reaction," Food Chemistry
vol. 83 pp. 135-142, 2003.
[4] R. Chandra, R. N. Bharagava, and V. Rai, "Melanoidins as major
colourant in sugarcane molasses based distillery effluent and its
degradation," Bioresource Technology vol. 99 pp. 4648-4660, 2008.
[5] R. P. Evershed, H. A. Bland, P. F. V. Bergen, J. F. Carter, M. C. Horton,
and P. A. Rowley-Conwy, "Volatile compounds in archaeological plant
remains and the Maillard reaction during decay of organic matter,"
Science, vol. 278, pp. 432-433, 1997.
[6] T. Gonzalez, M. C. Terron, S. Yague, E. Zapico, G. C. Galletti, and A.
E. Gonzalez, "Pyrolysis/gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry
monitoring of fungal-biotreated distillery wastewater using Trametes sp.
I-62 (CECT 20197)," Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry vol.
14, pp. 1417-1424, 2000.
[7] V. O. Ojijo, M. S. Onyango, A. Ochieng, and F. A. O. Otieno,
"Adsorption of Melanoidin on Activated Carbon: Equilibrium, Kinetics
and Thermodynamics Studies," in International Conference on Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Singapore, 2009, pp. 285-294.
[8] R. K. Prasad, "Color removal from distillery spent wash through
coagulation using Moringa oleifera seeds: Use of optimum response
surface methodology," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 165, pp.
804-811, 2009.
[9] J. Dwyer and P. Lant, "Biodegradability of DOC and DON for
UV/H2O2 pre-treated melanoidin based wastewater," Biochemical
Engineering Journal, vol. 42, pp. 47-54, 2008.
[10] R. K. Prasad and S. N. Srivastava, "Electrochemical degradation of
distillery spent wash using catalytic anode: Factorial design of
experiments," Chemical Engineering Journal vol. 146 pp. 22-29, 2009.
[11] M. Peña, M. Coca, R. González, R. Rioja, and M. T. García, "Chemical
oxidation of wastewater from molasses fermentation with ozone,"
Chemosphere, vol. 51, pp. 893-900, 2003.
[12] Y. Satyawali and M. Balakrishnan, "Wastewater treatment in molassesbased
alcohol distilleries for COD and color removal: A review,"
Journal of Environmental Management vol. 86 pp. 481-497, 2008.
[13] R. K. Prasad and S. N. Srivastava, "Sorption of distillery spent wash
onto fly ash: Kinetics, mechanism, process design and factorial design,"
Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 161 pp. 1313-1322, 2009.
[14] J. H. POTGIETER and S. S. POTGIETER-VERMAAK, "A comparison
of the adsorption of heavy metals from multicomponent solutions onto
industrial clay and fly ash," in Proc. Int. Conf. Coal Ash, Pretoria , South
Africa, 2006, pp. 2-4.
[15] E. C. Bernado, R. Egashira, and J. Kawasaki, "Decolorization of
molasses- wastewater using activated carbon prepared from cane
bagasse," Carbon, vol. 9, pp. 1217-1221, 1997.
[16] J. H. Potgieter, S. O. Bada, and S. S. Potgieter-Vermaak, "Adsorptive
removal of various phenols from water by South African coal fly ash,"
Water SA, vol. 35, pp. 89-96, 2009.
[17] S. J. Allen, Q. Gan, R. Matthews, and P. A. Johnson, "Comparison of
optimised isotherm models for basic dye adsorption by kudzu,"
Bioresource Technology, vol. 88, pp. 143-152, 2003.
[18] I. Langmuir, "The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and
liquids," Journal of American Chemical Society vol. 38, pp. 2221-2295,
1916.
[19] H. M. F. Freundlich, "U ber die adsorption in losungen," Zeitschrift fur
Physikalische Chemie, vol. 57, pp. 385-470., 1906.
[20] F. Gimbert, N. Morin-Crini, F. o. Renault, P.-M. Badot, and G. e. Crini,
"Adsorption isotherm models for dye removal by cationized starch-based
material in a single component system: Error analysis," Journal of
Hazardous Materials vol. 157, pp. 34-46, 2008.
[21] O. Redlich and D. L. Peterson, ""A Useful Adsorption Isotherm","
Journal of Physics Chemistry, vol. 63, pp. 1024-1026, 1959.
[22] G. Bayramoglu, B. Altintas, and M. Y. Arica, "Adsorption kinetics and
thermodynamic parameters of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by
using a new strong cation-exchange resin," Chemical Engineering
Journal vol. 152, pp. 339-346, 2009.
[23] R. Han, J. Zhang, P. Han, YuanfengWang, Z. Zhao, and M. Tang,
"Study of equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters about
methylene blue adsorption onto natural zeolite," Chemical Engineering
Journal, vol. 145, pp. 496-504, 2009.
[1] M. Plavsic, B. Cosovic, and C. Lee, "Copper complexing properties of
melanoidins and marine humic material.," Sci. Total Environ, vol. 366,
pp. 310-319, 2006.
[2] L. Benzingpurdie, J. A. Ripmeester, and C. M. Preston, "Elucidation of
the nitrogen forms in melanoidins and humic-acid by N-15 cross
polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic-resonance
spectroscopy," J. Agric. Food Chem, vol. 31, pp. 913-915, 1983.
[3] S. I. F. S. Martins and M. A. J. S. v. Boekel, "Melanoidins extinction
coefficient in the glucose/glycine Maillard reaction," Food Chemistry
vol. 83 pp. 135-142, 2003.
[4] R. Chandra, R. N. Bharagava, and V. Rai, "Melanoidins as major
colourant in sugarcane molasses based distillery effluent and its
degradation," Bioresource Technology vol. 99 pp. 4648-4660, 2008.
[5] R. P. Evershed, H. A. Bland, P. F. V. Bergen, J. F. Carter, M. C. Horton,
and P. A. Rowley-Conwy, "Volatile compounds in archaeological plant
remains and the Maillard reaction during decay of organic matter,"
Science, vol. 278, pp. 432-433, 1997.
[6] T. Gonzalez, M. C. Terron, S. Yague, E. Zapico, G. C. Galletti, and A.
E. Gonzalez, "Pyrolysis/gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry
monitoring of fungal-biotreated distillery wastewater using Trametes sp.
I-62 (CECT 20197)," Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry vol.
14, pp. 1417-1424, 2000.
[7] V. O. Ojijo, M. S. Onyango, A. Ochieng, and F. A. O. Otieno,
"Adsorption of Melanoidin on Activated Carbon: Equilibrium, Kinetics
and Thermodynamics Studies," in International Conference on Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Singapore, 2009, pp. 285-294.
[8] R. K. Prasad, "Color removal from distillery spent wash through
coagulation using Moringa oleifera seeds: Use of optimum response
surface methodology," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 165, pp.
804-811, 2009.
[9] J. Dwyer and P. Lant, "Biodegradability of DOC and DON for
UV/H2O2 pre-treated melanoidin based wastewater," Biochemical
Engineering Journal, vol. 42, pp. 47-54, 2008.
[10] R. K. Prasad and S. N. Srivastava, "Electrochemical degradation of
distillery spent wash using catalytic anode: Factorial design of
experiments," Chemical Engineering Journal vol. 146 pp. 22-29, 2009.
[11] M. Peña, M. Coca, R. González, R. Rioja, and M. T. García, "Chemical
oxidation of wastewater from molasses fermentation with ozone,"
Chemosphere, vol. 51, pp. 893-900, 2003.
[12] Y. Satyawali and M. Balakrishnan, "Wastewater treatment in molassesbased
alcohol distilleries for COD and color removal: A review,"
Journal of Environmental Management vol. 86 pp. 481-497, 2008.
[13] R. K. Prasad and S. N. Srivastava, "Sorption of distillery spent wash
onto fly ash: Kinetics, mechanism, process design and factorial design,"
Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 161 pp. 1313-1322, 2009.
[14] J. H. POTGIETER and S. S. POTGIETER-VERMAAK, "A comparison
of the adsorption of heavy metals from multicomponent solutions onto
industrial clay and fly ash," in Proc. Int. Conf. Coal Ash, Pretoria , South
Africa, 2006, pp. 2-4.
[15] E. C. Bernado, R. Egashira, and J. Kawasaki, "Decolorization of
molasses- wastewater using activated carbon prepared from cane
bagasse," Carbon, vol. 9, pp. 1217-1221, 1997.
[16] J. H. Potgieter, S. O. Bada, and S. S. Potgieter-Vermaak, "Adsorptive
removal of various phenols from water by South African coal fly ash,"
Water SA, vol. 35, pp. 89-96, 2009.
[17] S. J. Allen, Q. Gan, R. Matthews, and P. A. Johnson, "Comparison of
optimised isotherm models for basic dye adsorption by kudzu,"
Bioresource Technology, vol. 88, pp. 143-152, 2003.
[18] I. Langmuir, "The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and
liquids," Journal of American Chemical Society vol. 38, pp. 2221-2295,
1916.
[19] H. M. F. Freundlich, "U ber die adsorption in losungen," Zeitschrift fur
Physikalische Chemie, vol. 57, pp. 385-470., 1906.
[20] F. Gimbert, N. Morin-Crini, F. o. Renault, P.-M. Badot, and G. e. Crini,
"Adsorption isotherm models for dye removal by cationized starch-based
material in a single component system: Error analysis," Journal of
Hazardous Materials vol. 157, pp. 34-46, 2008.
[21] O. Redlich and D. L. Peterson, ""A Useful Adsorption Isotherm","
Journal of Physics Chemistry, vol. 63, pp. 1024-1026, 1959.
[22] G. Bayramoglu, B. Altintas, and M. Y. Arica, "Adsorption kinetics and
thermodynamic parameters of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by
using a new strong cation-exchange resin," Chemical Engineering
Journal vol. 152, pp. 339-346, 2009.
[23] R. Han, J. Zhang, P. Han, YuanfengWang, Z. Zhao, and M. Tang,
"Study of equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters about
methylene blue adsorption onto natural zeolite," Chemical Engineering
Journal, vol. 145, pp. 496-504, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:56515", author = "V.O. Ojijo and M.S. Onyango and Aoyi Ochieng and F.A.O. Otieno", title = "Decolourization of Melanoidin Containing Wastewater Using South African Coal Fly Ash", abstract = "Batch adsorption of recalcitrant melanoidin using the abundantly available coal fly ash was carried out. It had low specific surface area (SBET) of 1.7287 m2/g and pore volume of 0.002245 cm3/g while qualitative evaluation of the predominant phases in it was done by XRD analysis. Colour removal efficiency was found to be dependent on various factors studied. Maximum colour removal was achieved around pH 6, whereas increasing sorbent mass from 10g/L to 200 g/L enhanced colour reduction from 25% to 86% at 298 K. Spontaneity of the process was suggested by negative Gibbs free energy while positive values for enthalpy change showed endothermic nature of the process. Non-linear optimization of error functions resulted in Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms describing sorption equilibrium data best. The coal fly ash had maximum sorption capacity of 53 mg/g and could thus be used as a low cost adsorbent in melanoidin removal.
", keywords = "Adsorption, Isotherms, Melanoidin, South African coal fly ash.", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "56-7", }
