Contribution of Vitaton (Β-Carotene) to the
Rearing Factors Survival Rate and Visual Flesh
Color of Rainbow Trout Fish in Comparison With
Astaxanthin
In this study Vitaton (an organic supplement which
contains fermentative β-carotene) and synthetic astaxanthin
(CAROPHYLL® Pink) were evaluated as pro-growth factors in
Rainbow trout diet. An 8 week feeding trial was conducted to
determine the effects of Vitaton versus astaxanthin on rearing factors,
survival rate and visual flesh color of Rainbow trout
(Oncorhnchynchus mykiss) with initial weight of 196±5. Four
practical diets were formulated to contain 50 and 80 (ppm) of β-
carotene and astaxanthin and also a control diet was prepared without
any pigment. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish rearing in
fresh water. Fish were fed twice daily. The water temperature
fluctuated from 12 to 15 (C˚) and also dissolved oxygen content was
between 7 to 7.5 (mg/lit) during the experimental period. At the end
of the experiment, growth and food utilization parameters and
survival rate were unaffected by dietary treatments (p>0.05). Also,
there was no significant difference between carcass yield within
treatments (p>0.05). No significant difference recognized between
visual flesh color (SalmoFan score) of fish fed Vitaton-containing
diets. On the contrary, feeding on diets containing 50 and 80 (ppm)
of astaxanthin, increased SalmoFan score (flesh astaxanthin
concentration) from <20 (<1 mg/kg) to 23.33 (2.03 mg/kg) and 27.67
(5.74 mg/kg), respectively. Ultimately, a significant difference was
seen between flesh carotenoid concentrations of fish feeding on
astaxanthin containing treatments and control treatment (P<0.05). It
should be mentioned that just raw fillet color of fish belonged to 80
(ppm) of astaxanthin treatment was seen to be close to color targets
(SalmoFan scores) adopted for harvest-size fish.
[1] Ahmad , M.R., Safi. Sh., Bjerkeng. B., Gerami, A., Ranaii Siadat. S.O.,
Khodarahmi. R., 2005. Caspian sea gammarus (Pontogammarus
maeticus) as a carotenoid source for muscle pigmentation of rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science. 5(1),
1-12.
[2] Rehulka, J., 2000, Influence of astaxanthin on growth rate ,condition,
and some blood indices of rainbow trout Oncrohynchus mykiss. Aquac.
190, 27-47.
[3] Fox,D. L., 1979. Animal Biochromes and Structural colours, 2nd ed.
Univ. California press, Berkley, USA.
[4] Guillo, A., Choubert, G., Storebakken, T., de la Nouet, J., Kaushik, S.,
1989. Bioconversionpathway of astaxanthin in to retinolz in mature
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 948,
481-485.
[5] White, D.A.,Ornsrud,R., Davies, S.J., 2003. Determination of
carotenoid and Vitamin A concentrations in everted Salmonid intestine
following exposure to Solutions of carotenoid in vitro. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 136A, 683-692.
[6] Bjerkeng, B., Berge, G.M., 2000. Apparent digestibility coeficients and
accumulation of astaxanthin E/Z isomers in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo
Solar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Comp .
Biochem. Physiol. 278, 423-432.
[7] Ytrestoyl,T., Coral-Hinostroza, G.,Hatlen, B., Robb, D., Bjerkeng,B.
2004. Carotenoid and Lipid content in muscle of Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar, transferred to seawater as O+or1+ Smolts.Comp. Physiol.
Biochem. 138B, 29-40.
[8] Bjerkeng, B., Folling, M., Lagocki, S., Storebakken, T., olli,J.J., Alsted,
A., 1997.Bioavailability of all- E-astaxanthin and Z- isomers in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac. 157, 63-82.
[9] Bauernfeind, J. C., 1981 .Carotenoids as Colorant and Vitamin A
Precursors. Technological and Nutritional Applications . Academic
Press . New York , USA.
[10] Halver , J , E .,1989 . Fish Nutrition . Academic Press, INC. pp: 335.
[11] Dabrowski , K ., 1986 . Ontogenetic aspects of nutritional requirements
in fish . Comp . Biochem . Physiol . 85A , 639-655.
[12] Tacon , A . G . J ., 1981 , Speculative review of possible carotenoid
function in fish . Prog . Fish-cult . 43, 205-208.
[13] Choubert , G ., Mendes-Pinto , M , M ., Morias , R ., 2006 . Pigmenting
efficacy of astaxanthin fed to rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss
Effect of dietary astaxanthin and lipid sources. Aquac. 257, 429-436.
[14] Sigurgisladottir, S., Torrissen, O., Thomassen, M., Hafsteinsson, H.
1997. Salmon quality: Methods to determine the quality parameters.
Rev. Fish. Sci. 5, 223- 252.
[15] Storebakken, T., Sorensen, M., Bjerkeng, B., Hiu, S. 2003. Utilization
of astaxanthin from red yeast, Xanthophylomyces dendrorhous , in
rainbow trout. Aquac. 239, 391- 403.
[16] Ai, Q., Mai, K., Tan, B., Xu, W., zhang, W., Ma, H., Liufu, Z., 2006.
Effects of dietary Vitamin C on survival, growth, and immunity of large
yellow caroaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Aquac. 261, 327- 336.
[17] Krinsky, N.I., 2001. Carotenoid as antioxidants. Nutrition 17, 815- 817.
[18] Ytrestoyl,T., Bjerkeng, B., 2007. Dose response in uptake and
deposition of intraperitoneally administered astaxanthin in Atlantic
salmon ( Salmo salar L.). and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquac.
263, 179- 191.
[19] Bjerkeng , B., Peisker, M., Von Schwartzenberg, K., Ytrestoyl, T.,
Asgard, T., 2007. Digestibility and muscle retention of astaxanthin in
Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar, fed diets with the red yeast Phaffia
rhodozyma in comparison with synthetic formulated astaxanthin.
Aquac. 269, 476- 489.
[20] Al-Khalifa, A. S. and Simpson, K. L., 1988. Metabolism of ataxanthin
in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91B,
536- 568.
[21] Bejerkeng, B., Storebakken, T. And Liaaen-Jensen, S., 1990. Response
to carotenoids by rainbow trout in the sea: resorption and metabolism of
dietary astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Aquac, 91: 153- 162.
[22] Boonyaratpalin, M. and Unprasert, N., 1989. Effects of pigments from
different sources on colour changes and growth of red tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac. 19: 375- 380.
[23] Bordner, C. E., D-Abramo, L. R., Conklin, D. E. And Baum, N. A.,
1986. Development and evaluation of diets for crustacean aquaculture.
J. World Aquac. Soc., 17: 44-51.
[24] Chien, Y. H. and Jeng, S.C., 1992. Pigmentation of kuruma prawn ,
Penaeus japonicus Bate, by various pigment sources and levels and
feeding regims. Aquac, 102: 333- 346.
[25] Choubert, G., Milicua, J-C. G., Gomez, R., Sance, S., Petit, H., Negre-
Sadargues, G., Castillo, R. and Trilles, J-P., 1995. Utilisation of
carotenoids from various sources by rainbow trout: muscle colour,
carotenoid digestibility and retention. Aquaculture International, 3: 205-
216.
[26] Christiansen, R and Torrissen, O., 1996. Growth and survival of
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed different dietary levels of
astaxanthin. Aquac. Nutr 2: 55- 62.
[27] Christiansen, R., Lie, O. and Torrissen, O. J. 1994. Effect of
astaxanthin and vitamin A on growth and survival of Atlantic salmon
fry, Salmo salar L. Aquac. Fish Management 25:903- 914.
[28] Christiansen, R., Lie, O. and Torrissen, O. J. 1996. Growth and survival
of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed different dietary levels of
astaxanthin. Aquac. Nutr 2: 55- 62.
[29] Christiansen, R., Glette, J., Lie, O., Torrissen, O. J. And Waagbo, R.,
1995a. Antioxidant status and immunity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar
L.) fed semi- purified diets with and without astaxanthin
supplementation. J. Fish Dis., 18: 317- 328.
[30] Christiansen, R., Lie, O. and Torrissen, O J., 1995b. Growth and
survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed different levels of
astaxanthin. First-feeding fry. Aquac. Nutr., 1: 189-198.
[31] Craik, J. C. A., 1985. Egg quality and egg pigment content in salmonid
fishes. Aquac, 47: 61-88.
[32] Goswami, U.C., 1993. Metabolism of carotenoids in freshwater: (i)
biogenesis of 3-4 dehydroretinol, (ii) supplementation of carotenoids
with fish food for better survival and growth. 10th Int. Symp. On
Carotenoids, 20-25 June 1992, Trondheim, Norway, Book of Abstracts:
1-7.
[33] Katasuyama, M. and Matsuno, T., 1988. Carotenoids and vitamin A,
and metabolism of carotenoids, zeaxanthin, lutein and tunaxanthin in
tilapia Tilapia nilotica. Comp. Biochem. Phsiol., 90B: 131- 139.
[34] Krinsky, N.I., 1989. Antioxidant function of carotenoids. Free Radical
Biol. Med., 7:617- 635.
[35] Schiedt, K., 1998. Absorption and metabolism of carotenoids in birds,
fish and crustaceans. In: Carotenoids. Volume 3: Biosynthesis and
metabolism. (Ed. By G. Britton, SLiaaen-jensen & H. Pfander)
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston & Berlin. Pp 285-358.
[36] Schiedt, K. Leuenberger , L. J. And Vecchi, M., 1981. Natural
Occurrence of Enantiomeric and mesoastaxanthin in Wild Salmon
(Salmo salar and Onchorhynchus). Helvetica chemical Acta, 64: 449-
457.
[37] Shahidi, F., Meusalach, and Brown, J.A., 1998. Carotenoid Pigments in
Seafoods and Aquaculture. Critical Reviews in food Science, 38(1): 1-
67.
[38] Torrissen,O.J., 1984. Pigmentation of salmonids- effect of carotenoids
in eggs and start-feeding diet on survival and growth rate. Aquaculture,
43: 185-193.
[39] Torrissen, O. J., 1995. Strategies for salmonid pigmentation. J. Appl.
Ichthyol, 11: 276- 281.
[40] Torrissen, O. J. and Christiansen, R., 1991. Astaxanthin and
canthaxanthin as pigment sources for salmonids. Proceedings of the IV
International Symposium on Fish Nutrition, Biarritz, France: pp 4-15.
[41] Bjerkeng,B.,Hatlen,B.,Wathne,E.(1999)Deposition of astaxanthin in
fillets of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)fer dites with herring, capelin,
sand eel, or Peruvian high PUFA oils. Aquac. 180,307-319.
[42] Ahmadi, M.R., Bazyar, A.A., Safi, S., Yterstoyl, T. and Bjerkeng, B.
(2005). Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on reproductive
characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).J.Appl.Ichthyol.
22:388-394.
[43] Baker, R.T.M., Pfeiffer, A-M., Schoner, F-J., &Smith-Lemmon, L.
(2002). Pigmenting efficacy of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in freshwater
reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Anim. Feed Sc. Technol; 99,
97-106.
[44] Bjerkeng, B., Hamre,K. ,Hatlen, B. ,Wathne, E. ,1999a . Astaxanthin
deposition in fillets of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.fed two dietary
levels of astaxanthin in combination with three levels of
╬▒
-tocopheryl
acetate.Aquac.Res.30,637-646.
[45] Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B., Jobling, M., 2000a.Astaxanthin and its
metabolites Idoxanthin, a and crustaxanthin in flesh, skin, and gonads of
sexually immature and maturing Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus
(L.)).Comp. Biochem.Physiol. 125 B, 395-404.
[46] Bjerkeng,B.,Folling,M.,Lagocki,S.,Storebakken,T.,Olli,J.J., & Alsted,N.
(1997). Bioavailability of all-E-astaxanthin and Z-astaxanthin isomers
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac, 157, 63-82.
[47] Bjerkeng,B.,Hatlen,B.,Wathne,E.(1999)Deposition of astaxanthin in
fillets of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)fed dites with herring, capelin,
sand eel, or Peruvian high PUFA oils. Aquac. 180,307-319.
[48] Choubert, G., and Henrich, O. (1993) Carotenoid pigmentation of the
green alga Haematococcus pluvias: assay on rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, pigmentation in comparison with synthetic
astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Aquac. 112,217-226.
[49] Choubert, G., Storebakken, T., 1989.Dose response to astaxanthin and
canthaxanthin pigmentation of trout fed various dietary Carotenoid
concentration.Aquac.81, 69-77.
[50] Choubert, G., Storebakken, T., 1996. Digestibility of astaxanthin and
canthaxanthin in rainbow trout as affected by dietary concentration,
feeding rate and water salinity.Ann.Zootech.45, 445-453.
[51] Schiedt,K., Leuenberger,F.J., Vecchi,M., Glinz,E.,1985. Absorption,
retention, and metabolic transformations of Carotenoids in rainbow
trout, salmon and chicken. Pure Appl. Chem. 57, 685-692.
[52] Storebaken, T., & No, H.K. (1992). Pigment of rainbow trout. Aquac.
100, 209-229.
[53] Storebakken,T., Sorensen,M., Bjerkeng,B., Hiu,S., (2004). Utilization
of astaxanthin from the red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, in
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects of enzymatic cell wall
disruption and feed extrusion temperature. Aquac. 236,391-403.
[54] Torrissen, O.J., Hardy, R.W., Shearer, K.D., 1989.Pigmentation of
Salmonids-Carotenoid deposition and metabolism.
Crit.Rev.Aquat.Sci.1, 209-225.
[1] Ahmad , M.R., Safi. Sh., Bjerkeng. B., Gerami, A., Ranaii Siadat. S.O.,
Khodarahmi. R., 2005. Caspian sea gammarus (Pontogammarus
maeticus) as a carotenoid source for muscle pigmentation of rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science. 5(1),
1-12.
[2] Rehulka, J., 2000, Influence of astaxanthin on growth rate ,condition,
and some blood indices of rainbow trout Oncrohynchus mykiss. Aquac.
190, 27-47.
[3] Fox,D. L., 1979. Animal Biochromes and Structural colours, 2nd ed.
Univ. California press, Berkley, USA.
[4] Guillo, A., Choubert, G., Storebakken, T., de la Nouet, J., Kaushik, S.,
1989. Bioconversionpathway of astaxanthin in to retinolz in mature
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 948,
481-485.
[5] White, D.A.,Ornsrud,R., Davies, S.J., 2003. Determination of
carotenoid and Vitamin A concentrations in everted Salmonid intestine
following exposure to Solutions of carotenoid in vitro. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 136A, 683-692.
[6] Bjerkeng, B., Berge, G.M., 2000. Apparent digestibility coeficients and
accumulation of astaxanthin E/Z isomers in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo
Solar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Comp .
Biochem. Physiol. 278, 423-432.
[7] Ytrestoyl,T., Coral-Hinostroza, G.,Hatlen, B., Robb, D., Bjerkeng,B.
2004. Carotenoid and Lipid content in muscle of Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar, transferred to seawater as O+or1+ Smolts.Comp. Physiol.
Biochem. 138B, 29-40.
[8] Bjerkeng, B., Folling, M., Lagocki, S., Storebakken, T., olli,J.J., Alsted,
A., 1997.Bioavailability of all- E-astaxanthin and Z- isomers in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac. 157, 63-82.
[9] Bauernfeind, J. C., 1981 .Carotenoids as Colorant and Vitamin A
Precursors. Technological and Nutritional Applications . Academic
Press . New York , USA.
[10] Halver , J , E .,1989 . Fish Nutrition . Academic Press, INC. pp: 335.
[11] Dabrowski , K ., 1986 . Ontogenetic aspects of nutritional requirements
in fish . Comp . Biochem . Physiol . 85A , 639-655.
[12] Tacon , A . G . J ., 1981 , Speculative review of possible carotenoid
function in fish . Prog . Fish-cult . 43, 205-208.
[13] Choubert , G ., Mendes-Pinto , M , M ., Morias , R ., 2006 . Pigmenting
efficacy of astaxanthin fed to rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss
Effect of dietary astaxanthin and lipid sources. Aquac. 257, 429-436.
[14] Sigurgisladottir, S., Torrissen, O., Thomassen, M., Hafsteinsson, H.
1997. Salmon quality: Methods to determine the quality parameters.
Rev. Fish. Sci. 5, 223- 252.
[15] Storebakken, T., Sorensen, M., Bjerkeng, B., Hiu, S. 2003. Utilization
of astaxanthin from red yeast, Xanthophylomyces dendrorhous , in
rainbow trout. Aquac. 239, 391- 403.
[16] Ai, Q., Mai, K., Tan, B., Xu, W., zhang, W., Ma, H., Liufu, Z., 2006.
Effects of dietary Vitamin C on survival, growth, and immunity of large
yellow caroaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Aquac. 261, 327- 336.
[17] Krinsky, N.I., 2001. Carotenoid as antioxidants. Nutrition 17, 815- 817.
[18] Ytrestoyl,T., Bjerkeng, B., 2007. Dose response in uptake and
deposition of intraperitoneally administered astaxanthin in Atlantic
salmon ( Salmo salar L.). and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquac.
263, 179- 191.
[19] Bjerkeng , B., Peisker, M., Von Schwartzenberg, K., Ytrestoyl, T.,
Asgard, T., 2007. Digestibility and muscle retention of astaxanthin in
Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar, fed diets with the red yeast Phaffia
rhodozyma in comparison with synthetic formulated astaxanthin.
Aquac. 269, 476- 489.
[20] Al-Khalifa, A. S. and Simpson, K. L., 1988. Metabolism of ataxanthin
in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91B,
536- 568.
[21] Bejerkeng, B., Storebakken, T. And Liaaen-Jensen, S., 1990. Response
to carotenoids by rainbow trout in the sea: resorption and metabolism of
dietary astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Aquac, 91: 153- 162.
[22] Boonyaratpalin, M. and Unprasert, N., 1989. Effects of pigments from
different sources on colour changes and growth of red tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac. 19: 375- 380.
[23] Bordner, C. E., D-Abramo, L. R., Conklin, D. E. And Baum, N. A.,
1986. Development and evaluation of diets for crustacean aquaculture.
J. World Aquac. Soc., 17: 44-51.
[24] Chien, Y. H. and Jeng, S.C., 1992. Pigmentation of kuruma prawn ,
Penaeus japonicus Bate, by various pigment sources and levels and
feeding regims. Aquac, 102: 333- 346.
[25] Choubert, G., Milicua, J-C. G., Gomez, R., Sance, S., Petit, H., Negre-
Sadargues, G., Castillo, R. and Trilles, J-P., 1995. Utilisation of
carotenoids from various sources by rainbow trout: muscle colour,
carotenoid digestibility and retention. Aquaculture International, 3: 205-
216.
[26] Christiansen, R and Torrissen, O., 1996. Growth and survival of
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed different dietary levels of
astaxanthin. Aquac. Nutr 2: 55- 62.
[27] Christiansen, R., Lie, O. and Torrissen, O. J. 1994. Effect of
astaxanthin and vitamin A on growth and survival of Atlantic salmon
fry, Salmo salar L. Aquac. Fish Management 25:903- 914.
[28] Christiansen, R., Lie, O. and Torrissen, O. J. 1996. Growth and survival
of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed different dietary levels of
astaxanthin. Aquac. Nutr 2: 55- 62.
[29] Christiansen, R., Glette, J., Lie, O., Torrissen, O. J. And Waagbo, R.,
1995a. Antioxidant status and immunity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar
L.) fed semi- purified diets with and without astaxanthin
supplementation. J. Fish Dis., 18: 317- 328.
[30] Christiansen, R., Lie, O. and Torrissen, O J., 1995b. Growth and
survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed different levels of
astaxanthin. First-feeding fry. Aquac. Nutr., 1: 189-198.
[31] Craik, J. C. A., 1985. Egg quality and egg pigment content in salmonid
fishes. Aquac, 47: 61-88.
[32] Goswami, U.C., 1993. Metabolism of carotenoids in freshwater: (i)
biogenesis of 3-4 dehydroretinol, (ii) supplementation of carotenoids
with fish food for better survival and growth. 10th Int. Symp. On
Carotenoids, 20-25 June 1992, Trondheim, Norway, Book of Abstracts:
1-7.
[33] Katasuyama, M. and Matsuno, T., 1988. Carotenoids and vitamin A,
and metabolism of carotenoids, zeaxanthin, lutein and tunaxanthin in
tilapia Tilapia nilotica. Comp. Biochem. Phsiol., 90B: 131- 139.
[34] Krinsky, N.I., 1989. Antioxidant function of carotenoids. Free Radical
Biol. Med., 7:617- 635.
[35] Schiedt, K., 1998. Absorption and metabolism of carotenoids in birds,
fish and crustaceans. In: Carotenoids. Volume 3: Biosynthesis and
metabolism. (Ed. By G. Britton, SLiaaen-jensen & H. Pfander)
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston & Berlin. Pp 285-358.
[36] Schiedt, K. Leuenberger , L. J. And Vecchi, M., 1981. Natural
Occurrence of Enantiomeric and mesoastaxanthin in Wild Salmon
(Salmo salar and Onchorhynchus). Helvetica chemical Acta, 64: 449-
457.
[37] Shahidi, F., Meusalach, and Brown, J.A., 1998. Carotenoid Pigments in
Seafoods and Aquaculture. Critical Reviews in food Science, 38(1): 1-
67.
[38] Torrissen,O.J., 1984. Pigmentation of salmonids- effect of carotenoids
in eggs and start-feeding diet on survival and growth rate. Aquaculture,
43: 185-193.
[39] Torrissen, O. J., 1995. Strategies for salmonid pigmentation. J. Appl.
Ichthyol, 11: 276- 281.
[40] Torrissen, O. J. and Christiansen, R., 1991. Astaxanthin and
canthaxanthin as pigment sources for salmonids. Proceedings of the IV
International Symposium on Fish Nutrition, Biarritz, France: pp 4-15.
[41] Bjerkeng,B.,Hatlen,B.,Wathne,E.(1999)Deposition of astaxanthin in
fillets of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)fer dites with herring, capelin,
sand eel, or Peruvian high PUFA oils. Aquac. 180,307-319.
[42] Ahmadi, M.R., Bazyar, A.A., Safi, S., Yterstoyl, T. and Bjerkeng, B.
(2005). Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on reproductive
characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).J.Appl.Ichthyol.
22:388-394.
[43] Baker, R.T.M., Pfeiffer, A-M., Schoner, F-J., &Smith-Lemmon, L.
(2002). Pigmenting efficacy of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in freshwater
reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Anim. Feed Sc. Technol; 99,
97-106.
[44] Bjerkeng, B., Hamre,K. ,Hatlen, B. ,Wathne, E. ,1999a . Astaxanthin
deposition in fillets of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.fed two dietary
levels of astaxanthin in combination with three levels of
╬▒
-tocopheryl
acetate.Aquac.Res.30,637-646.
[45] Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B., Jobling, M., 2000a.Astaxanthin and its
metabolites Idoxanthin, a and crustaxanthin in flesh, skin, and gonads of
sexually immature and maturing Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus
(L.)).Comp. Biochem.Physiol. 125 B, 395-404.
[46] Bjerkeng,B.,Folling,M.,Lagocki,S.,Storebakken,T.,Olli,J.J., & Alsted,N.
(1997). Bioavailability of all-E-astaxanthin and Z-astaxanthin isomers
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac, 157, 63-82.
[47] Bjerkeng,B.,Hatlen,B.,Wathne,E.(1999)Deposition of astaxanthin in
fillets of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)fed dites with herring, capelin,
sand eel, or Peruvian high PUFA oils. Aquac. 180,307-319.
[48] Choubert, G., and Henrich, O. (1993) Carotenoid pigmentation of the
green alga Haematococcus pluvias: assay on rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, pigmentation in comparison with synthetic
astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Aquac. 112,217-226.
[49] Choubert, G., Storebakken, T., 1989.Dose response to astaxanthin and
canthaxanthin pigmentation of trout fed various dietary Carotenoid
concentration.Aquac.81, 69-77.
[50] Choubert, G., Storebakken, T., 1996. Digestibility of astaxanthin and
canthaxanthin in rainbow trout as affected by dietary concentration,
feeding rate and water salinity.Ann.Zootech.45, 445-453.
[51] Schiedt,K., Leuenberger,F.J., Vecchi,M., Glinz,E.,1985. Absorption,
retention, and metabolic transformations of Carotenoids in rainbow
trout, salmon and chicken. Pure Appl. Chem. 57, 685-692.
[52] Storebaken, T., & No, H.K. (1992). Pigment of rainbow trout. Aquac.
100, 209-229.
[53] Storebakken,T., Sorensen,M., Bjerkeng,B., Hiu,S., (2004). Utilization
of astaxanthin from the red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, in
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects of enzymatic cell wall
disruption and feed extrusion temperature. Aquac. 236,391-403.
[54] Torrissen, O.J., Hardy, R.W., Shearer, K.D., 1989.Pigmentation of
Salmonids-Carotenoid deposition and metabolism.
Crit.Rev.Aquat.Sci.1, 209-225.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:55680", author = "M.Ghotbi and M.Ghotbi and Gh. Azari Takami", title = "Contribution of Vitaton (Β-Carotene) to the
Rearing Factors Survival Rate and Visual Flesh
Color of Rainbow Trout Fish in Comparison With
Astaxanthin", abstract = "In this study Vitaton (an organic supplement which
contains fermentative β-carotene) and synthetic astaxanthin
(CAROPHYLL® Pink) were evaluated as pro-growth factors in
Rainbow trout diet. An 8 week feeding trial was conducted to
determine the effects of Vitaton versus astaxanthin on rearing factors,
survival rate and visual flesh color of Rainbow trout
(Oncorhnchynchus mykiss) with initial weight of 196±5. Four
practical diets were formulated to contain 50 and 80 (ppm) of β-
carotene and astaxanthin and also a control diet was prepared without
any pigment. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish rearing in
fresh water. Fish were fed twice daily. The water temperature
fluctuated from 12 to 15 (C˚) and also dissolved oxygen content was
between 7 to 7.5 (mg/lit) during the experimental period. At the end
of the experiment, growth and food utilization parameters and
survival rate were unaffected by dietary treatments (p>0.05). Also,
there was no significant difference between carcass yield within
treatments (p>0.05). No significant difference recognized between
visual flesh color (SalmoFan score) of fish fed Vitaton-containing
diets. On the contrary, feeding on diets containing 50 and 80 (ppm)
of astaxanthin, increased SalmoFan score (flesh astaxanthin
concentration) from ", keywords = "Astaxanthin, Flesh color, Rainbow trout, Vitaton, β-
carotene,", volume = "5", number = "11", pages = "731-6", }
