Conceptual Synthesis of Multi-Source Renewable Energy Based Microgrid
Microgrids are increasingly being considered to provide electricity for the expanding energy demand in the grid distribution network and grid isolated areas. However, the technical challenges associated with the operation and controls are immense. Management of dynamic power balances, power flow, and network voltage profiles imposes unique challenges in the context of microgrids. Stability of the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded mode is considered as the major challenge during its operation. Traditional control methods have been employed are based on the assumption of linear loads. For instance the concept of PQ, voltage and frequency control through decoupled PQ are some of very useful when considering linear loads, but they fall short when considering nonlinear loads. The deficiency of traditional control methods of microgrid suggests that more research in the control of microgrids should be done. This research aims at introducing the dq technique concept into decoupled PQ for dynamic load demand control in inverter interfaced DG system operating as isolated LV microgrid. Decoupled PQ in exact mathematical formulation in dq frame is expected to accommodate all variations of the line parameters (resistance and inductance) and to relinquish forced relationship between the DG variables such as power, voltage and frequency in LV microgrids and allow for individual parameter control (frequency and line voltages). This concept is expected to address and achieve accurate control, improve microgrid stability and power quality at all load conditions.
[1] J. J. Brey, A. Castro, E. Moreno and C. Garcia, "Integration of renewable energy sources as optimized solution for distributed generation” IECON 02: 28th Annual conference of Industrial Electronics Society, 2002, Nov. 2002, Vol. 4, pp. 3355-3359.
[2] W. He "Grid Interaction of DG Units with Power Electronic Interfaces”, Master Thesis, Electrical Machines and Power Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Sweden.
[3] I. Wasiak, R. Mienski, R. Pawelek, and P. Gburczyk, "Application of DST ATCOM Compensators for Mitigation of Power Quality Disturbances in Low Voltage Grid with Distributed Generation", in Proceeding of 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization 2007, EPQU 2007, pp. 1-6, 2007.
[4] O. Ipinnimo, S. Chowdhury, and S.P. Chowdhury, "Voltage Dip Mitigation with DG Integration: A Comprehensive Review”, 2010 Joint International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) and 2010 Power India, 2010, pp. 1 – 10.
[5] A. Goikoetxea, M. Rodriguez, H. Binder and A. Milo, "Design of control strategies to improve grid integration in fixed speed wind energy with battery storage,” 2010), on www.icrepq.com/icrepq./340-goikoetxea.pdf, accessed on March, 2013.
[6] Z. Jiang and X. Yu, "Active Power-Voltage Control Scheme for Islanding Operation of Inverter–Interfaced Microgrids”, IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting 2009. PES '09, 2009, pp. 1 – 7.
[7] K. De Brabandere, B. Bolsens, J. Van den Keybus, A. Woyte, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, and K.U. Leuven, "A voltage and frequency droop control method for parallel inverters”, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vol. 4, June 2004, pp. 2501-2507.
[8] J. He and Yun Wei Li, "Analysis and Design of Interfacing Inverter Output Virtual Impedance in A Low Voltage Microgrid”, Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2010, September 12-16, 2010, pp. 2857 – 2864.
[9] E. Manla; A. Nasiri; and M. Hughes, "Modeling of Zinc Storage System for Integration with renewable Energy” IEEE Industrial Electronics 35th Annual Conference 2009-IEEE IECON’ 09, Nov3-5, 2009, pp. 3987-3992.
[10] J. M. Rodriguez, Olovia Alonso, Miguel Duvison and Tomas Domingez, "The integration of renewable energy and the System Operation: The Special Regime Control Centre (CECRE) in Spain” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting –Conventional and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, pp. 1-6.
[11] M. Sakulin, K. Friedrich, U. Bachhiesl and R. Braunstein, "Policies for reasonable system integration of renewable energy sources in Austria”, International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, 2009, 9-11 June 2009, Capri, Italy, pp. 540-544.
[12] T. J. Hammons, "Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into European Grids” Proceedings of the 41st International University Power Engineering Conference, 2006. UPEC’06. Sept 2006, Newcastle upon Tyne, Vol.1, pp. 142-151.
[13] B. M. Buchholz and Y. Sassnick, "The Germany Experience of the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources” Power Tech 2005, IEEE Russia, St-Petersburg, June 2005, pp. 1-6.
[14] T-C. Ou, Whei-Min Lin and Cong-Hui Huang, "A Multi-Input Power Converter for Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation System” Sustainable Alternative Energy (SAE), 2009 IEEE PES/IAS Conference Sept. 2009, Valencia, pp. 1-7.
[15] A. Tisan, M. Cirstea, A. Buchman, A. Parera, S. Oniga and D. Ilea, "Holistic Modeling, Design and Optimal Digital Control of a Combined Renewable Power System” Industrial Electronics (ISIE) International Symposium, July 4-7, 2010 in Bari. Italy, pp. 2733 – 2738.
[16] R. T. Jagaduri, G. Radman, "Modelling and control of distributed generation systems including PEM fuel cell and gas turbine”, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 77, Issue 1, January 2007, pp. 83-92
[17] E. Santacana, G. Rackliffe, L Tang, and X. Feng, "Getting Smart” IEEE Power and Energy magazine, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2010, pp. 8-10.
[18] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, "A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, Sep./Oct. 2005, pp. 1292-1306,.
[19] R. Messenger, J. Ventre, "Photovoltaic Systems Engineering”, CRC Press LLC, 2000.
[20] M. Yamaguchi and A Luque, "High efficiency and hich concentration in photovoltaics”, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 46, no. 10, Oct. 1999, pp. 2139-2144.
[21] L. Gao, R.A. Dougal, and S. Liu, "Power enhancement of an actively controlled battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 20. No. 1, Jan. 2005, pp. 236-243.
[22] B. Lasseter, ”Microgrids, in IEEE Proc. Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001, Vol. 1, 28, pp. 146-149.
[23] I. Serban, R. Teodorescu, J. M. Guerrero, C. Marinescu, "Modeling of Autonomous Micro grid for renewable Energy Sources Integration” Industrial Electronics, 2009, IECON ’09 35th Annual Conference, Nov 2009, pp. 4311-4316.
[24] J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galvan, R. C. P. Guisado, Ma. A. M. Prats, J. I. Leon, and N. Moreno-Alfonso, "Power Electronic Systems for Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A survey”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, No.4, June 2006, pp. 1002-1016.
[25] D. G. Holmes, Thomas A. Lipo, (2003) ”Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principle and Practices”, IEEE Press series on Power Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[26] B. M. M., Mwinyiwiwa, "An Approach for the development of a multipurpose Power Electronics Research Facility” ICEET 99 Conference, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1999, pp. 72-77.
[27] B. Masamila, A. H. Nzali, B. M. M., "Design and construction of a multipurpose Voltage Source Converter”, ICEET 01, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2001, pp. EM25-EM28, 2001.
[28] N. Gregory, "Multipurpose Digital Controller (MDC) for Motor Drives” Masters Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, 2009.
[29] R. C. Bansal, "Modelling and automatic reactive power control of isolated wind-diesel hybrid power systems using ANN” Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 49, Issue 2, February 2008, pp. 357-364.
[30] J. Li, J. Su, X. Yang and T. Zhao, "Study on Microgrid Operation Control and Black Start” 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT), 6-9 July 2011, Weihai, Shandong, China, pp. 1652 – 1655.
[31] A. Ghafouri, M.R. Zolghadri and M. Ehsan, "Power System Stability Improvement Using Self-Tuning Fuzzy Logic Controlled STATCOM” EUROCON 2007 The International Conference on "Computer as a Tool” Warsaw, September 9-12, pp. 1444 – 1449.
[32] J. T. Bialasiewicz, "Renewable Energy Systems with Photovoltaic Power Generators: Operation and Modelling” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 7, July, 2008, pp. 2752-2758.
[33] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Lissere, and A. V. Timbus, "Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 5, Oct. 2006. pp. 1398-1409.
[34] C.L Moreira, Resende F.O and Lopes J.A. Pecas, "Using low voltage Microgrids for service restoration,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol-22, No-1, February 2007, pp. 395-403.
[35] T. L. Vandoorn, B. Meersman, L. Degroote, B. Renders and L. Vandevelde, "A Control Strategy for Islanded Microgrids With DC-Link Voltage Control”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2011, pp.703 – 713.
[36] A. S. Dobakhshari and S. Azizi, and A. M. Ranjbar, "Control of Microgrids: Aspects and Prospects” 2011 International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, Delft, the Netherlands, April 11-13, 2011, pp. 38 - 43
[37] P. Basak, A.K. Saha, S. Chowdhury and S.P. Chowdhury, "Microgrid: Control Techniques and Modelling” 2009 Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2009 Proceedings of the 44th International Publication, 2009, pp. 1 – 5.
[38] P. Maffezzoni, L. Codecasa, and D. D’Amore, "Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Module Equipped With a Heat-Recovery System” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 11, November 2009, pp. 4311-4318.
[1] J. J. Brey, A. Castro, E. Moreno and C. Garcia, "Integration of renewable energy sources as optimized solution for distributed generation” IECON 02: 28th Annual conference of Industrial Electronics Society, 2002, Nov. 2002, Vol. 4, pp. 3355-3359.
[2] W. He "Grid Interaction of DG Units with Power Electronic Interfaces”, Master Thesis, Electrical Machines and Power Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Sweden.
[3] I. Wasiak, R. Mienski, R. Pawelek, and P. Gburczyk, "Application of DST ATCOM Compensators for Mitigation of Power Quality Disturbances in Low Voltage Grid with Distributed Generation", in Proceeding of 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization 2007, EPQU 2007, pp. 1-6, 2007.
[4] O. Ipinnimo, S. Chowdhury, and S.P. Chowdhury, "Voltage Dip Mitigation with DG Integration: A Comprehensive Review”, 2010 Joint International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) and 2010 Power India, 2010, pp. 1 – 10.
[5] A. Goikoetxea, M. Rodriguez, H. Binder and A. Milo, "Design of control strategies to improve grid integration in fixed speed wind energy with battery storage,” 2010), on www.icrepq.com/icrepq./340-goikoetxea.pdf, accessed on March, 2013.
[6] Z. Jiang and X. Yu, "Active Power-Voltage Control Scheme for Islanding Operation of Inverter–Interfaced Microgrids”, IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting 2009. PES '09, 2009, pp. 1 – 7.
[7] K. De Brabandere, B. Bolsens, J. Van den Keybus, A. Woyte, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, and K.U. Leuven, "A voltage and frequency droop control method for parallel inverters”, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vol. 4, June 2004, pp. 2501-2507.
[8] J. He and Yun Wei Li, "Analysis and Design of Interfacing Inverter Output Virtual Impedance in A Low Voltage Microgrid”, Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2010, September 12-16, 2010, pp. 2857 – 2864.
[9] E. Manla; A. Nasiri; and M. Hughes, "Modeling of Zinc Storage System for Integration with renewable Energy” IEEE Industrial Electronics 35th Annual Conference 2009-IEEE IECON’ 09, Nov3-5, 2009, pp. 3987-3992.
[10] J. M. Rodriguez, Olovia Alonso, Miguel Duvison and Tomas Domingez, "The integration of renewable energy and the System Operation: The Special Regime Control Centre (CECRE) in Spain” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting –Conventional and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, pp. 1-6.
[11] M. Sakulin, K. Friedrich, U. Bachhiesl and R. Braunstein, "Policies for reasonable system integration of renewable energy sources in Austria”, International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, 2009, 9-11 June 2009, Capri, Italy, pp. 540-544.
[12] T. J. Hammons, "Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into European Grids” Proceedings of the 41st International University Power Engineering Conference, 2006. UPEC’06. Sept 2006, Newcastle upon Tyne, Vol.1, pp. 142-151.
[13] B. M. Buchholz and Y. Sassnick, "The Germany Experience of the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources” Power Tech 2005, IEEE Russia, St-Petersburg, June 2005, pp. 1-6.
[14] T-C. Ou, Whei-Min Lin and Cong-Hui Huang, "A Multi-Input Power Converter for Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation System” Sustainable Alternative Energy (SAE), 2009 IEEE PES/IAS Conference Sept. 2009, Valencia, pp. 1-7.
[15] A. Tisan, M. Cirstea, A. Buchman, A. Parera, S. Oniga and D. Ilea, "Holistic Modeling, Design and Optimal Digital Control of a Combined Renewable Power System” Industrial Electronics (ISIE) International Symposium, July 4-7, 2010 in Bari. Italy, pp. 2733 – 2738.
[16] R. T. Jagaduri, G. Radman, "Modelling and control of distributed generation systems including PEM fuel cell and gas turbine”, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 77, Issue 1, January 2007, pp. 83-92
[17] E. Santacana, G. Rackliffe, L Tang, and X. Feng, "Getting Smart” IEEE Power and Energy magazine, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2010, pp. 8-10.
[18] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, "A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, Sep./Oct. 2005, pp. 1292-1306,.
[19] R. Messenger, J. Ventre, "Photovoltaic Systems Engineering”, CRC Press LLC, 2000.
[20] M. Yamaguchi and A Luque, "High efficiency and hich concentration in photovoltaics”, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 46, no. 10, Oct. 1999, pp. 2139-2144.
[21] L. Gao, R.A. Dougal, and S. Liu, "Power enhancement of an actively controlled battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 20. No. 1, Jan. 2005, pp. 236-243.
[22] B. Lasseter, ”Microgrids, in IEEE Proc. Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001, Vol. 1, 28, pp. 146-149.
[23] I. Serban, R. Teodorescu, J. M. Guerrero, C. Marinescu, "Modeling of Autonomous Micro grid for renewable Energy Sources Integration” Industrial Electronics, 2009, IECON ’09 35th Annual Conference, Nov 2009, pp. 4311-4316.
[24] J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galvan, R. C. P. Guisado, Ma. A. M. Prats, J. I. Leon, and N. Moreno-Alfonso, "Power Electronic Systems for Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A survey”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, No.4, June 2006, pp. 1002-1016.
[25] D. G. Holmes, Thomas A. Lipo, (2003) ”Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principle and Practices”, IEEE Press series on Power Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[26] B. M. M., Mwinyiwiwa, "An Approach for the development of a multipurpose Power Electronics Research Facility” ICEET 99 Conference, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1999, pp. 72-77.
[27] B. Masamila, A. H. Nzali, B. M. M., "Design and construction of a multipurpose Voltage Source Converter”, ICEET 01, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2001, pp. EM25-EM28, 2001.
[28] N. Gregory, "Multipurpose Digital Controller (MDC) for Motor Drives” Masters Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, 2009.
[29] R. C. Bansal, "Modelling and automatic reactive power control of isolated wind-diesel hybrid power systems using ANN” Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 49, Issue 2, February 2008, pp. 357-364.
[30] J. Li, J. Su, X. Yang and T. Zhao, "Study on Microgrid Operation Control and Black Start” 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT), 6-9 July 2011, Weihai, Shandong, China, pp. 1652 – 1655.
[31] A. Ghafouri, M.R. Zolghadri and M. Ehsan, "Power System Stability Improvement Using Self-Tuning Fuzzy Logic Controlled STATCOM” EUROCON 2007 The International Conference on "Computer as a Tool” Warsaw, September 9-12, pp. 1444 – 1449.
[32] J. T. Bialasiewicz, "Renewable Energy Systems with Photovoltaic Power Generators: Operation and Modelling” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 7, July, 2008, pp. 2752-2758.
[33] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Lissere, and A. V. Timbus, "Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 5, Oct. 2006. pp. 1398-1409.
[34] C.L Moreira, Resende F.O and Lopes J.A. Pecas, "Using low voltage Microgrids for service restoration,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol-22, No-1, February 2007, pp. 395-403.
[35] T. L. Vandoorn, B. Meersman, L. Degroote, B. Renders and L. Vandevelde, "A Control Strategy for Islanded Microgrids With DC-Link Voltage Control”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2011, pp.703 – 713.
[36] A. S. Dobakhshari and S. Azizi, and A. M. Ranjbar, "Control of Microgrids: Aspects and Prospects” 2011 International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, Delft, the Netherlands, April 11-13, 2011, pp. 38 - 43
[37] P. Basak, A.K. Saha, S. Chowdhury and S.P. Chowdhury, "Microgrid: Control Techniques and Modelling” 2009 Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2009 Proceedings of the 44th International Publication, 2009, pp. 1 – 5.
[38] P. Maffezzoni, L. Codecasa, and D. D’Amore, "Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Module Equipped With a Heat-Recovery System” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 11, November 2009, pp. 4311-4318.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:65843", author = "Bakari M. M. Mwinyiwiwa and Mighanda J. Manyahi and Nicodemu Gregory and Alex L. Kyaruzi", title = "Conceptual Synthesis of Multi-Source Renewable Energy Based Microgrid", abstract = "Microgrids are increasingly being considered to provide electricity for the expanding energy demand in the grid distribution network and grid isolated areas. However, the technical challenges associated with the operation and controls are immense. Management of dynamic power balances, power flow, and network voltage profiles imposes unique challenges in the context of microgrids. Stability of the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded mode is considered as the major challenge during its operation. Traditional control methods have been employed are based on the assumption of linear loads. For instance the concept of PQ, voltage and frequency control through decoupled PQ are some of very useful when considering linear loads, but they fall short when considering nonlinear loads. The deficiency of traditional control methods of microgrid suggests that more research in the control of microgrids should be done. This research aims at introducing the dq technique concept into decoupled PQ for dynamic load demand control in inverter interfaced DG system operating as isolated LV microgrid. Decoupled PQ in exact mathematical formulation in dq frame is expected to accommodate all variations of the line parameters (resistance and inductance) and to relinquish forced relationship between the DG variables such as power, voltage and frequency in LV microgrids and allow for individual parameter control (frequency and line voltages). This concept is expected to address and achieve accurate control, improve microgrid stability and power quality at all load conditions.
", keywords = "Decoupled PQ, microgrid, multisource, renewable energy, dq control.", volume = "7", number = "12", pages = "1687-6", }
