Concentration of Micro Minerals in Fiber Fraction of Forages
This study was carried out to evaluate concentration
of micro minerals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and Se) of forages and their
distribution in fiber fraction (neutral detergent fiber/NDF and acid
detergent fiber/ADF) in South Sumatra during dry and rainy seasons.
Seven species of commonly forages namely Axonopus compressus,
Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpuphoides, Leucaena
leucocephala, Centrocema pubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides
and Acacia mangium were collected at native pasture during rainy
and dry seasons. The results showed that micro minerals
concentration of forages and their distribution in fiber fraction varied
among species and season. In general, concentration of micro
minerals was slightly higher in rainy season compared to dry season
either in grass or legumes forages. In grass, concentration of Fe and
Mn were above the critical level, while 33.3 %, 100 % and 16.7 % of
evaluated grass were deficient in Zn, Cu and Se. Data on legume
forages show that 75 % of legumes were deficient in Zn and Mn, 62.5
% deficient in Cu and 50 % deficient in Se. There was no species of
legume deficient in Fe. Distribution of micro minerals in NDF and
ADF were also significantly affected by species and season and
depends on the kinds of element measured. Generally, micro minerals
were associated in fiber fractions much higher during dry season
compared to rainy season. Iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) in forages
were the highest elements associated in NDF and ADF, while the
lowest was found in Copper (Cu).
[1] Edwards, J. H., W. A. Jackson, E. R. Beaty and R. A. McCreey, 1977.
Element concentration of forage and non-soluble cell wall fraction of
Coastal Bermuda-grass. Agronomy Journal 69: 617-619.
[2] Emanuele, S. M. and C. R. Staples. 1990. Ruminal release of mineral
from six forage species. Journal Animal Science, 68 : 2052-2060.
[3] Evitayani, L. Warly, A. Fariani, T. Ichinohe, S.A. Abdul Razak, M.
Hasyashida and T. Fujihara. 2006a. Micro mineral distribution of
forages in South Sumatra during rainy and dry seasons. Journal of Food,
Agriculture & Environment - JFEA, Vol. 4 (2) - 2006. (Accepted).
[4] Evitayani, L. Warly, A. Fariani, T. Ichinohe and T. Fujihara, 2004b.
Micro mineral distribution of forages as affected by season in South and
West Sumatra. Proceeding of the 6th Asian Symposium on Academic
Activities for Waste management Congress. The University of Andalas
Asian Association on Academic Activities for Waste management
(AAAAWM). September 11 - 14, 2004. Padang, West Sumatra,
Indonesia. pp 52.
[5] Evitayani, L. Warly, A. Fariani, T. Ichinohe, S. A. Abdulrazak and T.
Fujihara. 2004c. Comparative rumen degradability of some legumes
forages between wet and dry seasons in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.17:1107-1111.
[6] Fleming, G. A. 1973. Mineral composition of herbage. In: G. W. Butler
and R. W. Bailey (Ed). Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage.
Academic Press, London, UK, 1973. pp. 529-566.
[7] Fujihara, T., Matsui, T., Hayashi, S., Robles, A.Y., Serra, A.B., Cruz,
L.C., and H. Shimizu .1992b. Mineral status of grazing Piliphine goats.
I. The nutrition of selenium, copper and zinc of goats in Luzon Islands
Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci 5:389-395.
[8] Ibrahim, M. N. M., A. Van Der Kamp, G. Zemmelink and T. Tamminga,
1990. Solubility of mineral elements present in ruminant feeds. Journal
Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 114: 265-274.
[9] Kincaid, R. L. and J. D. Cronrath. 1983. Amount and distribution of
mineral in Washington forages. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 821-824.
[10] Master D. G., D. B.Purser, S. X. Yu, Z. S. Wang, R. Z. Yang, N. Liu, D.
X. Lu, L. H. Wu and G. H. Li. 1992. Mineral nutrition on grazing in
Northern China II Micro-minerals in pasture, feed supplements and
sheep. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 6: 99-105.
[11] McDowell, R. E. 1976. Importance of ruminants of the world for nonfood
uses. Cornell University, New York..
[12] McDowell, L.R., 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm
Climates. Academic Press, Orlando. pp. 443.
[13] McManus, W. R., V. N. E. Robinson and L. L. Grout. 1977. The
physical distribution of mineral material on forage plant cell wall. Aust.
J. Agric. Res. 28: 651-662.
[14] Miller, C. F. 1984. Biochemical and physiological indicators of mineral
status in animals: copper, cobalt and zinc. Journal Animal of Science 65:
1702-1711.
[15] Minson, D. J. 1990. The chemical composition and nutritive value of
tropical grasses. In: Tropical grasses (Ed. Skerman, P.J., Cameroon,
D.G. and F. Riveros). Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome. pp. 172-180.
[16] NRC. 1984. Nutrients requirements of beef cattle. Sixth revised edition.
2. Nutrients requirements: excesses and deficiencies. National Academy
Press, Washington, D. C. pp. 2-28.
[17] NRC. 1984. Nutrients requirements of beef cattle. Sixth revised edition.
2. Nutrients requirements: excesses and deficiencies. National Academy
Press, Washington, D. C. pp. 2-25.
[18] Prabowo A., L. R. McDowell, N. S. Wikilson, C. J. Wicox and J. H.
Conrad. 1991b. Mineral status of grazing cattle in South Sulawesi,
Indonesia 2: Micro minerals. Asian- Australasian Journal Science 2:
121-130.
[19] Statistical analysis system. SAS/STAT User-s guide. 1999.
Statistical analysis Institute, Inc. Carry, NC. USA.
[20] Serra, A. B., S. D. Serra, E. A. Orden, L. C. Cruz, K. Nakamura and T.
Fujihara. 1994. Multipurpose tree leaves and fruit in the diets of small
ruminants during dry season. Proc. Int. worshop on Sustainable Small-
Scale Ruminant Production in Semi-Arid and Sub- Humid Areas,
September 24. Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany.
[21] Serra, A. B., S. D. Serra, Ti. Ichinohe, T. Harumoto and T. Fujihara.
1996. Amount and distribution of dietary minerals in selected Philiphine
forages. Asian-Aust J. Anim. Sci. 9:139-147.
[22] Spears, J. W. 1994. Minerals in Forages. In : G. C. Fahey, M. Collins,
D.R. Mertens and L.E. Moser (Eds). Forage Quality, Evaluation and
Utilization, pp 218-317. American society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop
Science Society of America, Inc., Soil science of America, Inc.,
Madison, WI.
[23] Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle.1999b. The mineral nutrition of
livestock. 3rd edition. 2. Natural sources of minerals: 17-46. CABI
publishing, Oxon, UK.
[24] Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle. 1999f. The mineral nutrition of
livestock. 3rd edition. 15. Selenium: 421-475. CABI publishing, Oxon,
UK.
[25] Underwood, E.J., 1981. The mineral nutrition of livestock.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England.
[26] Watkinson, J.H. 1966. Fluorometric of selenium in biological material
with 2,3 diaminonaphthalene. Analytical Chemistry. 38: 92-97.
[1] Edwards, J. H., W. A. Jackson, E. R. Beaty and R. A. McCreey, 1977.
Element concentration of forage and non-soluble cell wall fraction of
Coastal Bermuda-grass. Agronomy Journal 69: 617-619.
[2] Emanuele, S. M. and C. R. Staples. 1990. Ruminal release of mineral
from six forage species. Journal Animal Science, 68 : 2052-2060.
[3] Evitayani, L. Warly, A. Fariani, T. Ichinohe, S.A. Abdul Razak, M.
Hasyashida and T. Fujihara. 2006a. Micro mineral distribution of
forages in South Sumatra during rainy and dry seasons. Journal of Food,
Agriculture & Environment - JFEA, Vol. 4 (2) - 2006. (Accepted).
[4] Evitayani, L. Warly, A. Fariani, T. Ichinohe and T. Fujihara, 2004b.
Micro mineral distribution of forages as affected by season in South and
West Sumatra. Proceeding of the 6th Asian Symposium on Academic
Activities for Waste management Congress. The University of Andalas
Asian Association on Academic Activities for Waste management
(AAAAWM). September 11 - 14, 2004. Padang, West Sumatra,
Indonesia. pp 52.
[5] Evitayani, L. Warly, A. Fariani, T. Ichinohe, S. A. Abdulrazak and T.
Fujihara. 2004c. Comparative rumen degradability of some legumes
forages between wet and dry seasons in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.17:1107-1111.
[6] Fleming, G. A. 1973. Mineral composition of herbage. In: G. W. Butler
and R. W. Bailey (Ed). Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage.
Academic Press, London, UK, 1973. pp. 529-566.
[7] Fujihara, T., Matsui, T., Hayashi, S., Robles, A.Y., Serra, A.B., Cruz,
L.C., and H. Shimizu .1992b. Mineral status of grazing Piliphine goats.
I. The nutrition of selenium, copper and zinc of goats in Luzon Islands
Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci 5:389-395.
[8] Ibrahim, M. N. M., A. Van Der Kamp, G. Zemmelink and T. Tamminga,
1990. Solubility of mineral elements present in ruminant feeds. Journal
Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 114: 265-274.
[9] Kincaid, R. L. and J. D. Cronrath. 1983. Amount and distribution of
mineral in Washington forages. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 821-824.
[10] Master D. G., D. B.Purser, S. X. Yu, Z. S. Wang, R. Z. Yang, N. Liu, D.
X. Lu, L. H. Wu and G. H. Li. 1992. Mineral nutrition on grazing in
Northern China II Micro-minerals in pasture, feed supplements and
sheep. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 6: 99-105.
[11] McDowell, R. E. 1976. Importance of ruminants of the world for nonfood
uses. Cornell University, New York..
[12] McDowell, L.R., 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm
Climates. Academic Press, Orlando. pp. 443.
[13] McManus, W. R., V. N. E. Robinson and L. L. Grout. 1977. The
physical distribution of mineral material on forage plant cell wall. Aust.
J. Agric. Res. 28: 651-662.
[14] Miller, C. F. 1984. Biochemical and physiological indicators of mineral
status in animals: copper, cobalt and zinc. Journal Animal of Science 65:
1702-1711.
[15] Minson, D. J. 1990. The chemical composition and nutritive value of
tropical grasses. In: Tropical grasses (Ed. Skerman, P.J., Cameroon,
D.G. and F. Riveros). Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome. pp. 172-180.
[16] NRC. 1984. Nutrients requirements of beef cattle. Sixth revised edition.
2. Nutrients requirements: excesses and deficiencies. National Academy
Press, Washington, D. C. pp. 2-28.
[17] NRC. 1984. Nutrients requirements of beef cattle. Sixth revised edition.
2. Nutrients requirements: excesses and deficiencies. National Academy
Press, Washington, D. C. pp. 2-25.
[18] Prabowo A., L. R. McDowell, N. S. Wikilson, C. J. Wicox and J. H.
Conrad. 1991b. Mineral status of grazing cattle in South Sulawesi,
Indonesia 2: Micro minerals. Asian- Australasian Journal Science 2:
121-130.
[19] Statistical analysis system. SAS/STAT User-s guide. 1999.
Statistical analysis Institute, Inc. Carry, NC. USA.
[20] Serra, A. B., S. D. Serra, E. A. Orden, L. C. Cruz, K. Nakamura and T.
Fujihara. 1994. Multipurpose tree leaves and fruit in the diets of small
ruminants during dry season. Proc. Int. worshop on Sustainable Small-
Scale Ruminant Production in Semi-Arid and Sub- Humid Areas,
September 24. Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany.
[21] Serra, A. B., S. D. Serra, Ti. Ichinohe, T. Harumoto and T. Fujihara.
1996. Amount and distribution of dietary minerals in selected Philiphine
forages. Asian-Aust J. Anim. Sci. 9:139-147.
[22] Spears, J. W. 1994. Minerals in Forages. In : G. C. Fahey, M. Collins,
D.R. Mertens and L.E. Moser (Eds). Forage Quality, Evaluation and
Utilization, pp 218-317. American society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop
Science Society of America, Inc., Soil science of America, Inc.,
Madison, WI.
[23] Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle.1999b. The mineral nutrition of
livestock. 3rd edition. 2. Natural sources of minerals: 17-46. CABI
publishing, Oxon, UK.
[24] Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle. 1999f. The mineral nutrition of
livestock. 3rd edition. 15. Selenium: 421-475. CABI publishing, Oxon,
UK.
[25] Underwood, E.J., 1981. The mineral nutrition of livestock.
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England.
[26] Watkinson, J.H. 1966. Fluorometric of selenium in biological material
with 2,3 diaminonaphthalene. Analytical Chemistry. 38: 92-97.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:52408", author = "Lili Warly and Evitayani and A. Fariani", title = "Concentration of Micro Minerals in Fiber Fraction of Forages", abstract = "This study was carried out to evaluate concentration
of micro minerals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and Se) of forages and their
distribution in fiber fraction (neutral detergent fiber/NDF and acid
detergent fiber/ADF) in South Sumatra during dry and rainy seasons.
Seven species of commonly forages namely Axonopus compressus,
Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpuphoides, Leucaena
leucocephala, Centrocema pubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides
and Acacia mangium were collected at native pasture during rainy
and dry seasons. The results showed that micro minerals
concentration of forages and their distribution in fiber fraction varied
among species and season. In general, concentration of micro
minerals was slightly higher in rainy season compared to dry season
either in grass or legumes forages. In grass, concentration of Fe and
Mn were above the critical level, while 33.3 %, 100 % and 16.7 % of
evaluated grass were deficient in Zn, Cu and Se. Data on legume
forages show that 75 % of legumes were deficient in Zn and Mn, 62.5
% deficient in Cu and 50 % deficient in Se. There was no species of
legume deficient in Fe. Distribution of micro minerals in NDF and
ADF were also significantly affected by species and season and
depends on the kinds of element measured. Generally, micro minerals
were associated in fiber fractions much higher during dry season
compared to rainy season. Iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) in forages
were the highest elements associated in NDF and ADF, while the
lowest was found in Copper (Cu).", keywords = "Seasons, forages, micro mineral distribution, fiberfraction.", volume = "4", number = "8", pages = "535-7", }
