Comparison of Different Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degrading 4-Chlorophenol
The removal efficiency of 4-chlorophenol with
different advanced oxidation processes have been studied. Oxidation
experiments were carried out using two 4-chlorophenol
concentrations: 100 mg L-1 and 250 mg L-1 and UV generated from a
KrCl excilamp with (molar ratio H2O2: 4-chlorophenol = 25:1) and
without H2O2, and, with Fenton process (molar ratio H2O2:4-
chlorophenol of 25:1 and Fe2+ concentration of 5 mg L-1).
The results show that there is no significant difference in the 4-
chlorophenol conversion when using one of the three assayed
methods. However, significant concentrations of the photoproductos
still remained in the media when the chosen treatment involves UV
without hydrogen peroxide. Fenton process removed all the
intermediate photoproducts except for the hydroquinone and the
1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. In the case of UV and hydrogen peroxide
all the intermediate photoproducts are removed.
Microbial bioassays were carried out utilising the naturally
luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and a genetically modified
Pseudomonas putida isolated from a waste treatment plant receiving
phenolic waste. The results using V. fischeri show that with samples
after degradation, only the UV treatment showed toxicity (IC50 =38)
whereas with H2O2 and Fenton reactions the samples exhibited no
toxicity after treatment in the range of concentrations studied. Using
the Pseudomonas putida biosensor no toxicity could be detected for
all the samples following treatment due to the higher tolerance of the
organism to phenol concentrations encountered.
[1] I. Gellman, "Environmental effects of paper industry wastewater - an
overview," Wat. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 59-65, 1988.
[2] S. Garden and T. Tseng, "Baseline levels of absorbable organic halogen
in treated wastewaters from bleached kraft pulp mill in Ontario,"
Chemosphere, vol. 20, no. 10-12, pp. 1695-1700, 1990.
[3] M. Vuorinen and P.J. Vuorinen, "Effects if bleached kraft mill effluent
on early life stages of brown trout," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 14,
pp. 117-128, 1987.
[4] O. Milstein, "Removal of chlorophenols and chlorolignins from
bleaching effluent by combined chemical and biological treatment," Wat.
Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 161-170, 1988.
[5] J.A. Klein and D.D. Lee, "Biological treatment of aqueous waste from
coal conversion processes," Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., vol. 8, pp. 379-
390, 1978.
[6] W. Bryant, "The removal of chlorinated organic from conventional pulp
and paper wastewater treatment systems," Water Sci. Technol., vol. 26,
no. 1-2, pp. 417-425, 1992.
[7] A. Bhunia, S. Durani, P.P. Wangikar, "Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed
degradation of industrially important dyes," Biotechnol. Bioeng., vol. 72,
pp. 562-567, 2001.
[8] M. Wagner and J.A. Nicell, "Treatment of a foul condensate from Kraft
pulping with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide," Water
Res., vol. 35, pp. 485-495, 2001.
[9] R. C. Wang, C.C. Kuo and C.C. Shyu, "Adsorption of phenols onto
granular activated carbon in a liquid-solid fluidized bed," J. Chem.
Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 187-194, 1997.
[10] M. Pera-Titus, V. Garc├¡a-Molina, M.A. Ba├▒os, J. Giménez and S.
Esplugas, "Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced
oxidation processes: A general review," Appl. Catal., B, vol. 47, pp.
219-256, 2004.
[11] M.Y. Ghaly, G. Härtel, R. Mayer, R. Haseneder and S. Esplugas,
"Photochemical oxidation of p-chlorophenol by UV/H2O2 and photo-
Fenton process. A comparative study," Waste Manage., B, vol. 21, pp.
41-47, 2001.
[12] S. Ledakowicz, M. Solecka and R. Zylla, "Biodegradation,
decolourisation and detoxification of textile wastewater enhanced by
advanced oxidation processes," J. Biotechnol., vol. 89, pp. 175-184,
2001.
[13] E. Silva, M.M Pereira, H.D. Burrows, M.E. Azenha, M. Sarakhab and
M. Bolte, "Photooxidation of 4-chlorophenol sensitised by iron mesotetrakis(
2,6-dichloro-3-sulfophenyl)porphyrin in aqueous solution,"
Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 200-204, 2004.
[14] B. Sun, E.P. Reddy and P.G. Smimiotis, "TiO2-loaded Cr-modified
molecular sieves for 4-chlorophenol photodegradation under visible
light," J. Catal., vol. 237, pp. 314-321, 2006.
[15] M. Czaplicka, "Photo-degradation of chlorophenols in the aqueous
solution," J. Hazard. Mater. B., vol. 134, pp. 45-59, 2006.
[16] E. Tamer, Z. Hamid, A.M. Aly, El T. Ossama, M. Bo and G. Benoit,
"Sequential UV-biological degradation of chlorophenols,"
Chemosphere, vol. 63, pp. 227-284, 2006.
[17] J. Theurich, M. Lindner and D.W. Bahnemann, "Photocatalytic
degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aerated aqueous titanium dioxide
suspensions: A kinetic and mechanistic study," Langmuir, vol. 12, pp.
6368-6376, 1996.
[18] Y. Meng, X. Huang, Y. Wu, X. Wang and Y. Qian, "Kinetic study and
modelling on photocatalytic degradation of para-chlorobenzoate at
different light intensities," Environ. Pollut., vol. 117, pp. 307-313, 2002.
[19] M.A. Barakat, G. Schaeffer, G. Hayes and S. Ismath-Shah,
"Photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol by Co-doped TiO2
nanoparticles," Appl. Catal., B., vol. 57, pp. 23-30, 2004.
[20] G. Baum and T. Oppenländer, "VUV-oxidation of chloroorganic
compounds in an excimer flow through photoreactor," Chemosphere,
vol. 30, pp. 1781-1790, 1995.
[21] G. Matafonova, N. Christofi, V. Batoev and E. Sosnin, "Degradation of
chlorophenols in aqueous media using UV XeBr excilamp in a flowthrough
reactor," Chemosphere, vol. 70, pp. 1124-1127, 2008.
[22] E.A. Sosnin, T. Oppenländer and F.V. Tarasenko, "Applications of
capacitive and barrier discharge excilamps in photoscience," J.
Photochem. Photobiol., C., vol. 7, pp. 145-163, 2006.
[23] F.J. Benitez, J. Beltran-Heredia, J.L. Acero and F.J. Rubio,
"Contribution of free radicals to chlorophenols decomposition by several
advanced oxidation processes," Chemosphere, vol. 41, no., 8, pp. 1271-
1277, 2000.
[24] E. Chamarro, A. Marco and S. Espuglas, "Use of fenton reagent to
improve organic chemical biodegradability," Water Res., vol. 35, pp.
1047-1051, 2001.
[25] E. Graf and J.T. Penniston, "Method for determination of hydrogenperoxide,
with its application illustrated by glucose assay," Clin. Chem.,
vol. 25, no 5, pp. 658-660, 1980.
[26] J.C. Philp, S. Balmand, E. Hajto, M.J. Bailey, S. Wiles, A.S. Whiteley,
A.K. Lilley, J. Hajto, S.A. Dunbar, "Whole cell immobilized biosensors
for toxicity assessment of a wastewater plant treating phenolicscontaining
waste," Anal. Chim. Acta, vol. 487, pp. 61-74, 2003.
[27] S. Wiles, A.S. Whiteley, J.C. Philp and M.J. Bailey, "Development of
bespoke bioluminescent reporters with the potential for in situ
deployment within a phenolic-remediating wastewater treatment
system," J. Microbial. Methods, vol. 55, pp. 667-677, 2003.
[28] M. Gomez, J.L. Gomez, E. Gomez, M.D. Murcia and N. Christofi,
"Comparison of 4-chlorophenol phototreatment with KrCl, XeBr and Cl2
excilamps," submitted at the 8th world congress of chemical engineering,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 23-27, 2009.
[29] M. Gomez, M.D. Murcia, E. Gomez, J.L. Gomez and N. Christofi,
"Enhanced degradation of 4-chlorophenol using combined KrCl excimer
UV lamp and hydrogen peroxide," submitted at 2nd European conference
on "Environmental applications of advanced oxidation processes-
EAAOP2", Cyprus, September 9-11, 2009.
[1] I. Gellman, "Environmental effects of paper industry wastewater - an
overview," Wat. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 59-65, 1988.
[2] S. Garden and T. Tseng, "Baseline levels of absorbable organic halogen
in treated wastewaters from bleached kraft pulp mill in Ontario,"
Chemosphere, vol. 20, no. 10-12, pp. 1695-1700, 1990.
[3] M. Vuorinen and P.J. Vuorinen, "Effects if bleached kraft mill effluent
on early life stages of brown trout," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 14,
pp. 117-128, 1987.
[4] O. Milstein, "Removal of chlorophenols and chlorolignins from
bleaching effluent by combined chemical and biological treatment," Wat.
Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 161-170, 1988.
[5] J.A. Klein and D.D. Lee, "Biological treatment of aqueous waste from
coal conversion processes," Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., vol. 8, pp. 379-
390, 1978.
[6] W. Bryant, "The removal of chlorinated organic from conventional pulp
and paper wastewater treatment systems," Water Sci. Technol., vol. 26,
no. 1-2, pp. 417-425, 1992.
[7] A. Bhunia, S. Durani, P.P. Wangikar, "Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed
degradation of industrially important dyes," Biotechnol. Bioeng., vol. 72,
pp. 562-567, 2001.
[8] M. Wagner and J.A. Nicell, "Treatment of a foul condensate from Kraft
pulping with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide," Water
Res., vol. 35, pp. 485-495, 2001.
[9] R. C. Wang, C.C. Kuo and C.C. Shyu, "Adsorption of phenols onto
granular activated carbon in a liquid-solid fluidized bed," J. Chem.
Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 187-194, 1997.
[10] M. Pera-Titus, V. Garc├¡a-Molina, M.A. Ba├▒os, J. Giménez and S.
Esplugas, "Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced
oxidation processes: A general review," Appl. Catal., B, vol. 47, pp.
219-256, 2004.
[11] M.Y. Ghaly, G. Härtel, R. Mayer, R. Haseneder and S. Esplugas,
"Photochemical oxidation of p-chlorophenol by UV/H2O2 and photo-
Fenton process. A comparative study," Waste Manage., B, vol. 21, pp.
41-47, 2001.
[12] S. Ledakowicz, M. Solecka and R. Zylla, "Biodegradation,
decolourisation and detoxification of textile wastewater enhanced by
advanced oxidation processes," J. Biotechnol., vol. 89, pp. 175-184,
2001.
[13] E. Silva, M.M Pereira, H.D. Burrows, M.E. Azenha, M. Sarakhab and
M. Bolte, "Photooxidation of 4-chlorophenol sensitised by iron mesotetrakis(
2,6-dichloro-3-sulfophenyl)porphyrin in aqueous solution,"
Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 200-204, 2004.
[14] B. Sun, E.P. Reddy and P.G. Smimiotis, "TiO2-loaded Cr-modified
molecular sieves for 4-chlorophenol photodegradation under visible
light," J. Catal., vol. 237, pp. 314-321, 2006.
[15] M. Czaplicka, "Photo-degradation of chlorophenols in the aqueous
solution," J. Hazard. Mater. B., vol. 134, pp. 45-59, 2006.
[16] E. Tamer, Z. Hamid, A.M. Aly, El T. Ossama, M. Bo and G. Benoit,
"Sequential UV-biological degradation of chlorophenols,"
Chemosphere, vol. 63, pp. 227-284, 2006.
[17] J. Theurich, M. Lindner and D.W. Bahnemann, "Photocatalytic
degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aerated aqueous titanium dioxide
suspensions: A kinetic and mechanistic study," Langmuir, vol. 12, pp.
6368-6376, 1996.
[18] Y. Meng, X. Huang, Y. Wu, X. Wang and Y. Qian, "Kinetic study and
modelling on photocatalytic degradation of para-chlorobenzoate at
different light intensities," Environ. Pollut., vol. 117, pp. 307-313, 2002.
[19] M.A. Barakat, G. Schaeffer, G. Hayes and S. Ismath-Shah,
"Photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol by Co-doped TiO2
nanoparticles," Appl. Catal., B., vol. 57, pp. 23-30, 2004.
[20] G. Baum and T. Oppenländer, "VUV-oxidation of chloroorganic
compounds in an excimer flow through photoreactor," Chemosphere,
vol. 30, pp. 1781-1790, 1995.
[21] G. Matafonova, N. Christofi, V. Batoev and E. Sosnin, "Degradation of
chlorophenols in aqueous media using UV XeBr excilamp in a flowthrough
reactor," Chemosphere, vol. 70, pp. 1124-1127, 2008.
[22] E.A. Sosnin, T. Oppenländer and F.V. Tarasenko, "Applications of
capacitive and barrier discharge excilamps in photoscience," J.
Photochem. Photobiol., C., vol. 7, pp. 145-163, 2006.
[23] F.J. Benitez, J. Beltran-Heredia, J.L. Acero and F.J. Rubio,
"Contribution of free radicals to chlorophenols decomposition by several
advanced oxidation processes," Chemosphere, vol. 41, no., 8, pp. 1271-
1277, 2000.
[24] E. Chamarro, A. Marco and S. Espuglas, "Use of fenton reagent to
improve organic chemical biodegradability," Water Res., vol. 35, pp.
1047-1051, 2001.
[25] E. Graf and J.T. Penniston, "Method for determination of hydrogenperoxide,
with its application illustrated by glucose assay," Clin. Chem.,
vol. 25, no 5, pp. 658-660, 1980.
[26] J.C. Philp, S. Balmand, E. Hajto, M.J. Bailey, S. Wiles, A.S. Whiteley,
A.K. Lilley, J. Hajto, S.A. Dunbar, "Whole cell immobilized biosensors
for toxicity assessment of a wastewater plant treating phenolicscontaining
waste," Anal. Chim. Acta, vol. 487, pp. 61-74, 2003.
[27] S. Wiles, A.S. Whiteley, J.C. Philp and M.J. Bailey, "Development of
bespoke bioluminescent reporters with the potential for in situ
deployment within a phenolic-remediating wastewater treatment
system," J. Microbial. Methods, vol. 55, pp. 667-677, 2003.
[28] M. Gomez, J.L. Gomez, E. Gomez, M.D. Murcia and N. Christofi,
"Comparison of 4-chlorophenol phototreatment with KrCl, XeBr and Cl2
excilamps," submitted at the 8th world congress of chemical engineering,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 23-27, 2009.
[29] M. Gomez, M.D. Murcia, E. Gomez, J.L. Gomez and N. Christofi,
"Enhanced degradation of 4-chlorophenol using combined KrCl excimer
UV lamp and hydrogen peroxide," submitted at 2nd European conference
on "Environmental applications of advanced oxidation processes-
EAAOP2", Cyprus, September 9-11, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:54641", author = "M.D. Murcia and M. Gomez and E. Gomez and J.L. Gomez and N. Christofi", title = "Comparison of Different Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degrading 4-Chlorophenol", abstract = "The removal efficiency of 4-chlorophenol with
different advanced oxidation processes have been studied. Oxidation
experiments were carried out using two 4-chlorophenol
concentrations: 100 mg L-1 and 250 mg L-1 and UV generated from a
KrCl excilamp with (molar ratio H2O2: 4-chlorophenol = 25:1) and
without H2O2, and, with Fenton process (molar ratio H2O2:4-
chlorophenol of 25:1 and Fe2+ concentration of 5 mg L-1).
The results show that there is no significant difference in the 4-
chlorophenol conversion when using one of the three assayed
methods. However, significant concentrations of the photoproductos
still remained in the media when the chosen treatment involves UV
without hydrogen peroxide. Fenton process removed all the
intermediate photoproducts except for the hydroquinone and the
1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. In the case of UV and hydrogen peroxide
all the intermediate photoproducts are removed.
Microbial bioassays were carried out utilising the naturally
luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and a genetically modified
Pseudomonas putida isolated from a waste treatment plant receiving
phenolic waste. The results using V. fischeri show that with samples
after degradation, only the UV treatment showed toxicity (IC50 =38)
whereas with H2O2 and Fenton reactions the samples exhibited no
toxicity after treatment in the range of concentrations studied. Using
the Pseudomonas putida biosensor no toxicity could be detected for
all the samples following treatment due to the higher tolerance of the
organism to phenol concentrations encountered.", keywords = "4-chlorophenol, Fenton, photodegradation, UV,
excilamp.", volume = "3", number = "7", pages = "340-5", }
