Comparative Correlation Investigation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils of Different Land Use: Sources Evaluation Perspective

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed mainly because of incomplete combustion of organic materials during industrial, domestic activities or natural occurrence. Their toxicity and contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem have been established. However, with limited validity index, previous research has focused on PAHs isomer pair ratios of variable physicochemical properties in source identification. The objective of this investigation was to determine the empirical validity of Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Cluster Analysis (CA) in PAHs source identification along soil samples of different land uses. Therefore, 16 PAHs grouped, as Endocrine Disruption Substances (EDSs) were determined in 10 sample stations in top and sub soils seasonally. PAHs was determined the use of Varian 300 gas chromatograph interfaced with flame ionization detector. Instruments and reagents used are of standard and chromatographic grades respectively. PCC and CA results showed that the classification of PAHs along pyrolitic and petrogenic organics used in source signature is about the predominance PAHs in environmental matrix. Therefore, the distribution of PAHs in the studied stations revealed the presence of trace quantities of the vast majority of the sixteen PAHs, which may ultimately inhabit the actual source signature authentication. Therefore, factors to be considered when evaluating possible sources of PAHs could be; type and extent of bacterial metabolism, transformation products/substrates, and environmental factors such as salinity, pH, oxygen concentration, nutrients, light intensity, temperature, co-substrates, and environmental medium are hereby recommended as factors to be considered when evaluating possible sources of PAHs.

Authors:

• O. Onoriode Emoyan
• E. Eyitemi Akporhonor
• Charles Otobrise

Keywords:

• Comparative correlation
• kinetically
• polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
• thermodynamically- favored PAHs
• sources evaluation.

References:

[1] Y. Zeng, P.K.A, Hong and D. A Wavrek, “Integrated Chemical-
Biological Treatment of B(a)p, ”Environ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 34, pp 854-
862, 2000.
[2] World Health Oganization, (WHO), “Health Risk of Persisent Organics
Pollutants from Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution” European
Centre for Environment and Health. Bonn, pp. 200, 2002.
[3] Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental
and Human Health: Benzo (a) Pyrene. In: Canadian Environmental
Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,
Winnipeg, Canada, pp. 235, 2008.
[4] G. Lubecki, G. Kowalewska, “Distribution and Fate of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Recent Sediments from the Gulf of Gdansk
(SE Baltic),” Oceanologia., vol. 54, no. 4, 669 -703, 2010.
[5] O. O., Emoyan, E.E, Akporhonor., P. O, Agbaire and S. O, Akporido
“Concentration Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PAHs) in Dept – Wise Soils, Sapele, Nigeria,” Int, Res, J, Public &
Environ Health., vol, 2, no. 6, pp. 70-79, 2015.
[6] D, Włóka, M, Kacprza, A, Grobelak, A, Grosser and A, Napora, “The
Impact of PAHs Contamination on the Physicochemical Properties and
Microbiological Activity of Industrial Soils,” Polycyclic Aromatic
Compounds. 2014.
[7] ATSDR, “Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons”
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, (ASTDR). 1995.
[8] O. O, Emoyan, P. O. and S. O, Akporido, “Variability in Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Isomer Pair Ratio: Source Identification
Concern,” Int, J, Environ, Mon. & Ana., vol. 3 no. 3, pp. 111-117, 2015.
[9] M, Krauss and W, Wilcke, “Polychlorinated Naphthalene in Urban soils:
Analysis, Concentration and Relation to Other Persistent Organic;
Pollutants.” Environ., Pol., vol. 122, pp. 75-89, 2003.
[10] E, Morillo, A.S., Romero L, Madrid, J, Villaverde and C, Maqueda,
“Characterization Sources of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in
Urban Environment of Sevilla, Southern Spain,” Water, air, Soil Poll.
vol. 187, pp. 41-51, 2008.
[11] B, Kamaljit, S.T. Gurpal, C. Tait and M. Lena, “Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Different land Uses in Miami, Florida,”
Soil & Sed, Cont., vol. 19, pp. 231-243, 2010.
[12] P.W, Abrahams, “Soils: Their Implications to Human Health,” Sci Total
Environ., vol, 291, pp. 1-32, 2002.
[13] G. Prra, M. Renzi, C. Guerranti and S. E. Focardi, “Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons Pollution in Sediments: Distribution and Sources in a
Lagoon System, Orbetello Central Italy,” Trans. Waters Bull., vol. 3, pp.
45-58, 2009.
[14] H. Budzinski, Jones, I. Jones, J. Bellocq, C. Pierrad and P. Garrigues,
“Evaluation of Sediment Contamination by Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in the Gironde Estuary” Mari. Che., vol. 58, pp. 85-97,
1997.
[15] Y. Liu, L.Chem, Q. H. Huang, W.Y. Li, Y.J. Tang, J.F. Zhao, ”Source
Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface
Sediments of the Huangpu River,Shanghai, China,” Sci. Total Environ.
vol. 407, pp. 2931–2938, 2009.
[16] J. Higgins, “The Radical Statistician: A Beginners Guide to Unleashing
the Power of Applied Statistics in the Real World” 5th Edition.
California: Jim Higgins Publishing, 2005.
[17] A.I. Spiff and M. Horsfall, ”Trace Metal Concentrations in Inter-Tidal
Flat Sediments of the Upper New Calabar River in the Niger Delta Area
of Nigeria” Sci. Afr., 3, no.1, pp. 19-28, 2004.
[18] O.O. Emoyan, "Quantification and Distribution Characteristics of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil Profiles of Western
Delta, Nigeria” IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Tox. & Food Tech., vol. 8, no. 3,
pp. 31-39, 2014. [19] O. O. Emoyan, S. O. Akporido and P. O. Agbaire, “Seasonal
Concentration Variation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
of Soils at Sapele Municipality, Nigeria,” Ame. J. Environ. Eng. & Sci.,
vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 9-16, 2015.
[20] Z.O. Opafunson, “3 D Formation Evolution of an oil Field in the Niger
Delta Area of Nigeria using Schlumbeger Petrol Workflow Tool,” J.
Eng. & Appld. Sci., Vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 1651-1660, 2007.
[21] OIEWG, Sampling Protocols and Analytical Methods for Determining
Petroleum Products in Soil and Water. Ministry for the Environment
Wellington, pp. 40, 1999.
[22] R.M. Cavalcante, F.W. Sousa, R.F. Nascimento, E.R. Silveira and
G.S.S. Freire, “The Impact of Urbanization on Tropical Mangroves
(Foertaleza, Brazil): Evidence from PAH Distribution in Sediments,” J.
Environ. Mgt., vol. 91, pp. 328-335, 2009.
[23] H. H. Soclo, P. Garrigues and M. Ewald, “Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Coastal Marine Sediments: Case Studies in Cotonou
(Benin) and Aquitaine (France) Areas,” Mar. Poll. Bull., vol. 40, pp.
387-396, 2000.
[24] J.F. Hair Jr. and, W.C. “Black Cluster Analysis” in: Reading and
Understanding More Multivariate Statistics. Grimm, L.G. and Yarnold,
P.R. (Eds). American Psychological Association. Pp. 436, 2004.