Coding based Synchronization Algorithm for Secondary Synchronization Channel in WCDMA
A new code synchronization algorithm is proposed in
this paper for the secondary cell-search stage in wideband CDMA
systems. Rather than using the Cyclically Permutable (CP) code in the
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH) to simultaneously
determine the frame boundary and scrambling code group, the new
synchronization algorithm implements the same function with less
system complexity and less Mean Acquisition Time (MAT). The
Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) is redesigned by splitting into
two sub-sequences. We treat the information of scrambling code group
as data bits and use simple time diversity BCH coding for further
reliability. It avoids involved and time-costly Reed-Solomon (RS)
code computations and comparisons. Analysis and simulation results
show that the Synchronization Error Rate (SER) yielded by the new
algorithm in Rayleigh fading channels is close to that of the
conventional algorithm in the standard. This new synchronization
algorithm reduces system complexities, shortens the average
cell-search time and can be implemented in the slot-based cell-search
pipeline. By taking antenna diversity and pipelining correlation
processes, the new algorithm also shows its flexible application in
multiple antenna systems.
[1] Y. E. Wang and T. Ottosson, "Cell search in W-CDMA". IEEE Journal
on selected areas in communications, vol. 18, No. 8, pp 1470-1482,
Augest 2000
[2] A. O. Nielsen and S. Korpela, "WCDMA initial cell search", Vehicular
Technology Conference, 2000. IEEE VTS-Fall VTC 2000. 52nd vol.
1, pp. 377-383 Sept. 2000.
[3] K. Higuchi, M. Sawahashi, and F. Adachi, "Fast cell search algorithm in
inter-cell asynchronous DS-CDMA mobile radio," IEICE Trans.
Commun., vol. E81-B, no. 7, July 1998.
[4] K. Higuchi, M. Sawahashi, and F. Adachi, "Fast cell search algorithm
using long code masking in DS-CDMA asynchronous cellar system"
Tech. Rep. IEICE, pp57-62, Jan 1997.
[5] S. Sriram and S. Hosur, "Fast acquisition method for DS-CDMA
systems," in Proc. 1999 IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., vol. 3, pp.
1928-1932, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1999.
[6] S. Sriram and S. Hosur. "Cyclically permutable codes for rapid
acquisition in DS-CDMA systems with asynchronous base stations,"
IEEE J. Select. Areas Comininn., vol. 19, pp. 83-94, Jan. 2001.
[7] J. Nystrom, K. Jamal, Y. E. Wang, and R. Esmailzadeh, "Comparison of
cell search methods for asynchronous wideband CDMA cellular
system," in Proc. IEEE 1998 Int. Conf. Universal Personal
Communications (ICUPC), vol. 2, , pp. 783-787, Florence, Italy, Oct.
1998.
[8] Moon Kyou Song and V.K. Bhargava, "Performance analysis of cell
search in W-CDMA systems over Rayleigh fading channels". Vehicular
Technology, IEEE Trans. vol. 51, pp. 749-759, July 2002.
[9] Y. E. Wang and T. Ottosson, "Cell search algorithms and optimization in
W-CDMA," in Proc. 51th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC-00),
Tokyo, Japan, May 15-18, 2000.
[10] K. Niu, Q. He and W. Wu, "Improvements on acquisition of secondary
synchronization channel in W-CDMA", Info-tech and Info-net, 2001.
Proceedings, Beijing. 2001 International Conferences, vol. 2, pp.632 -
641 Oct. 2001.
[11] V. Kuhn, Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels, John Wiley
& Sons, 2006
[12] O. Shin and K. B. Lee, "Use of Multiple Antennas for DS/CDMA Code
Acquisition", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.2,
NO. 3, pp424-430, May, 2003.
[13] S. Brueck and I. Jami, "Impact of transmit diversity on cell search in
UMTS" Personal Mobile Communications Conference, 5th European,
pp. 266-270 April 2003.
[14] D. Liao and A. K. Elhakeem "MIMO based CDMA code acquisition in
Rayleigh fading channels" Proceedings of the Eighth IASTED
International Conference WOC2008 pp149-154, May 2008.
[15] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, "Physical channels and mapping of
transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)", 3GPP Technical
Specification, TS 25.211, V5.5.0, Sep. 2003.
[16] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, "Spreading and modulation (FDD)",
3GPP Technical Specification, TS 25.213, V5.5.0, Dec. 2003.
[17] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, "FDD: Physical layer procedures",
3GPP Technical Specification, TS 25.214, V5.9.0, Jun. 2004.
[18] B. Sklar "Digital Communications: Fundamental and Applications
Second Edition", Prentice Hall 2001.
[1] Y. E. Wang and T. Ottosson, "Cell search in W-CDMA". IEEE Journal
on selected areas in communications, vol. 18, No. 8, pp 1470-1482,
Augest 2000
[2] A. O. Nielsen and S. Korpela, "WCDMA initial cell search", Vehicular
Technology Conference, 2000. IEEE VTS-Fall VTC 2000. 52nd vol.
1, pp. 377-383 Sept. 2000.
[3] K. Higuchi, M. Sawahashi, and F. Adachi, "Fast cell search algorithm in
inter-cell asynchronous DS-CDMA mobile radio," IEICE Trans.
Commun., vol. E81-B, no. 7, July 1998.
[4] K. Higuchi, M. Sawahashi, and F. Adachi, "Fast cell search algorithm
using long code masking in DS-CDMA asynchronous cellar system"
Tech. Rep. IEICE, pp57-62, Jan 1997.
[5] S. Sriram and S. Hosur, "Fast acquisition method for DS-CDMA
systems," in Proc. 1999 IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., vol. 3, pp.
1928-1932, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1999.
[6] S. Sriram and S. Hosur. "Cyclically permutable codes for rapid
acquisition in DS-CDMA systems with asynchronous base stations,"
IEEE J. Select. Areas Comininn., vol. 19, pp. 83-94, Jan. 2001.
[7] J. Nystrom, K. Jamal, Y. E. Wang, and R. Esmailzadeh, "Comparison of
cell search methods for asynchronous wideband CDMA cellular
system," in Proc. IEEE 1998 Int. Conf. Universal Personal
Communications (ICUPC), vol. 2, , pp. 783-787, Florence, Italy, Oct.
1998.
[8] Moon Kyou Song and V.K. Bhargava, "Performance analysis of cell
search in W-CDMA systems over Rayleigh fading channels". Vehicular
Technology, IEEE Trans. vol. 51, pp. 749-759, July 2002.
[9] Y. E. Wang and T. Ottosson, "Cell search algorithms and optimization in
W-CDMA," in Proc. 51th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC-00),
Tokyo, Japan, May 15-18, 2000.
[10] K. Niu, Q. He and W. Wu, "Improvements on acquisition of secondary
synchronization channel in W-CDMA", Info-tech and Info-net, 2001.
Proceedings, Beijing. 2001 International Conferences, vol. 2, pp.632 -
641 Oct. 2001.
[11] V. Kuhn, Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels, John Wiley
& Sons, 2006
[12] O. Shin and K. B. Lee, "Use of Multiple Antennas for DS/CDMA Code
Acquisition", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.2,
NO. 3, pp424-430, May, 2003.
[13] S. Brueck and I. Jami, "Impact of transmit diversity on cell search in
UMTS" Personal Mobile Communications Conference, 5th European,
pp. 266-270 April 2003.
[14] D. Liao and A. K. Elhakeem "MIMO based CDMA code acquisition in
Rayleigh fading channels" Proceedings of the Eighth IASTED
International Conference WOC2008 pp149-154, May 2008.
[15] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, "Physical channels and mapping of
transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)", 3GPP Technical
Specification, TS 25.211, V5.5.0, Sep. 2003.
[16] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, "Spreading and modulation (FDD)",
3GPP Technical Specification, TS 25.213, V5.5.0, Dec. 2003.
[17] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, "FDD: Physical layer procedures",
3GPP Technical Specification, TS 25.214, V5.9.0, Jun. 2004.
[18] B. Sklar "Digital Communications: Fundamental and Applications
Second Edition", Prentice Hall 2001.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:52479", author = "Deng Liao and Dongyu Qiu and Ahmed K. Elhakeem", title = "Coding based Synchronization Algorithm for Secondary Synchronization Channel in WCDMA", abstract = "A new code synchronization algorithm is proposed in
this paper for the secondary cell-search stage in wideband CDMA
systems. Rather than using the Cyclically Permutable (CP) code in the
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH) to simultaneously
determine the frame boundary and scrambling code group, the new
synchronization algorithm implements the same function with less
system complexity and less Mean Acquisition Time (MAT). The
Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) is redesigned by splitting into
two sub-sequences. We treat the information of scrambling code group
as data bits and use simple time diversity BCH coding for further
reliability. It avoids involved and time-costly Reed-Solomon (RS)
code computations and comparisons. Analysis and simulation results
show that the Synchronization Error Rate (SER) yielded by the new
algorithm in Rayleigh fading channels is close to that of the
conventional algorithm in the standard. This new synchronization
algorithm reduces system complexities, shortens the average
cell-search time and can be implemented in the slot-based cell-search
pipeline. By taking antenna diversity and pipelining correlation
processes, the new algorithm also shows its flexible application in
multiple antenna systems.", keywords = "WCDMA cell-search, synchronization algorithm,secondary synchronization channel, antenna diversity.", volume = "3", number = "11", pages = "1962-9", }