Clay Mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation in Shewasoor Area: Northeastern Kirkuk City, Iraq
14 mudstone samples were collected within the sedimentary succession of Mukdadiya Formation (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene) from Shewasoor area at Northeastern Iraq. The samples were subjected to laboratory studies including mineralogical analysis (using X-ray Diffraction technique) in order to identify the clay mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation of both clay and non-clay minerals. The results of non-clay minerals are: quartz, feldspar and carbonate (calcite and dolomite) minerals. The clay minerals are: montmorillonite, kaolinite, palygorskite, chlorite, and illite by the major basal reflections of each mineral. The origins of these minerals are deduced also.
[1] B. Velde, “Origin and minerology of clays and the environment, Springer-Verlag,” 1995, P. 334.
[2] H. Chamley, Clay Sedimentology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1989, 623P.
[3] G. Millot, Geology of Clays, Springer-Verlag. New York. Hedelberg. Berlin. 1970, P. 429.
[4] D. N. Moore, and R.C. Jr. Reynolds, X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, 2nd ed.: Oxford University, New York. 1997, P. 378.
[5] H. Blatt, G. Middleton, and R. Murray, Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. 2nd ed, Pretice Hall Pupl. Co., New Jersey, 1972, p.782.
[6] H. G. Busk, and H. T. Mayo, Parsian Oil fields, Jour. Ins. Petr. Tech., S(17), 1918, pp3-26.
[7] S.Z. Jassim, S.A. Karim, M.A. Basi, M. Al-Mubarak, and J. Munir, Final report on the regional geological survey of Iraq, Vol.3, Stratigraphy. GEOSURV, int. rep. no. 1447. 1984.
[8] Y. T. Al- Rawi, A.S. Sayyab, J.A. Jassim, M.Y. Tamar-Agha, A.I. Al-Sammarai, S.A., Karim, M.A. Basi, S.H. Dhiab, F.M. Faris, F. Anwar, “New names for some of the Middle Miocene-Pliocene formations of Iraq (Fatha, Injana.Mukdadiya and Bai Hassan formations)”. Iraqi geological Journal 25, 1992, p (1-18).
[9] A. J. Ali, and B. N. Khoshaba, “Heavy minerals Study of L. Bakhtiari Formation”. Jor. Geol. soc. Iraq, vol .14, NO.1, 1981, PP.15-24.
[10] R. C. Van Bellen, H. V. Dunnington, R. Wetzel, and D. M. I. Morton, Lexique. Stratigraphique International, Asie. Vol.23, Asie, Fase, Loa, Iraq Paris, 1959, P. 333.
[11] Z. Kukal, and A. Sa'adallah, “Paleocurrents in Mesopotamian Geosyncline”. Geol. Rundschau, Vol.59, 1970, p. 666 - 685.
[12] M.A. Basi, Geology of Injana area, Hemrin South. Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad, 1973, 127pp.
[13] S. Y. Yacoub, D.B. Deikran, and A.B. Ubaid, Earth Science Activities for site selection of nuclear power plant in Iraq. Local Geological Stage Report. GEOSURV, int. rep. no. 2016, 1990.
[14] D. M. H. Al-Addool, “Sedimentological study of the Bakhtiari Group in selected area, northern Iraq”. Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, 1982 241pp.
[15] S. Z. Jassim and J.C. Goff, (ed) Geology of Iraq, Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museum Brno, (pub)., 2006, 525p.
[16] M. A. Basi, “Sedimentological, petrographical and mineralogical subsurface study of Mukdadiya formation, cnteral of Iraq”. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining Vol.8, No. 2, 2012, p 87-97.
[17] R. C. Van Bellen, H. V. Dunnington, R. Wetzel, and D. Morton, Lexique Stratigraphic International. Asie, Fasc.lOa, Iraq, Paris, 1959, 333pp.
[18] K.M. AL –Naqib, Geology of Southern Area of Kirkuk Liwa, Iraq. Lech. publ. of I. P. C., 1960, 50P.
[19] D. Carroll, Clay minerals: A guide to their X-Ray identification, Geol. Soc. America, special paper 126, Colorado, 1970, 80 p.
[20] R.L. Folk, Petrology of sedimentary rocks, Hemphills, Austen, 1974, 182p.
[21] G. Y. CHAO, “ (Cu) table for common minerals”, Geological paper 69-2, Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Canada, 1969, p.42.
[22] R. E. Grim, Clay Mineralogy, 2nd; Mc. Graw – Hill, New York, 1968, p. 596.
[23] R. M. S. Al- Khalidi, and T. A. Al-Shimmary, “Clay Mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation in Zawita, Amadia Areas”. Iraqi Journal of Science, Vol 56, No.1A, 2015, pp: 162-168.
[24] Y. M. Zainal, and S. Jargess, Geological report on Qa'ra Tapa bentonite, Geol. Surv. Report.1972, P.546.
[25] Y. M. Zainal, and S. Jargess, Premiliminary geological report on Zarloukh Clay (Bentonite) prospect. Geol. Surv. Report. 1973, P.586.
[26] S.J. Al-Khafaji, “Rare-Earth Elements geochemistry of the industrial clay deposits in Iraq”. Unpub. M.S.c Thesis. University of Baghdad. Iraq. 1989, P. 136.
[27] B. A. Sakharov, V. A. Eroshchev-Shak, and V. A. Drits, “Structural and crystallochemical characteristics and conditions of formation for mixed-layer Montmorillonite-Kaolinite mineral”, Lithology and Mineral Resources, 115 (6). 1980, pp. 557-564.
[28] Y. M. Zainal, “Mineralogy, “Geochemistry and Origin of some Tertiary bentonite in Iraq”. Ph.D. thesis, Sheffield, University of Sheffield. U.K. 1977.
[29] J. Theorz, Practical clay mineralogy. Leuge, Beligum, 1980, 112P.
[30] E. T. Degens, Geochemistry of sediments: Abrief survey prentice –Hall, New Jersey, 1965, p. 342.
[31] D.S. Faning, V.Z. Keramidas, and M.A. El-Desoky, Micas, in Dixon, I.B., and Weed, S.B., “Minerals in soil environments”, Soil Science of America, Madison, WI, 1989, P.551-634.
[32] W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie, and J. Zussman, An introduction to rock forming minerals: Longman Group 1td, London. 1975, P. 528.
[33] E.C. Weaver, and L. Pollard, The chemistry of clay minerals. Elsevier Co., Amsterdam, 1975, P. 213.
[34] W. D. Keller, Sedimentary petrology an introduction, back well scientific pub., Oxford, 1970, 252p.
[35] M. A. Basi, “Subsurface sedimentological study of Injana Formation (Late - Miocene) in the area extended from Baiji to Samara cities.” Iraq Bull. Geol. Min. Vol. 3, No.2, 2007, p. 43-51.
[36] A. Singer, The paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in sediments, A review, Earth Science Review, .21, (25), 1984, P.293.
[37] A. Singer, and E. Galan, Palygorskite-Sepiolite, Occurrences, Genesis and Uses. Dev. in sedim., v.37, Elsevier PublCo., Amesterdam. 1984, 352 pp.
[38] H.Y. Dhannoun, and S.M.A Al-Dabbagh, “Origion and geochemistry of palygorskite-bearing rocks (Middle Miocene) from NE Iraq.” Chem. Geol., v.69, 1988, p. 95-101.
[39] K. S. Al-Bassam, The Iraqi palygorskite: Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Genesis and Industrial Uses. (GEOSURV) Baghdad, Iraq. 2000, 237pp.
[40] A. I. Al-Juboury, “Palygorskite in Miocene rocks of northern Iraq: environmental and geochemical indicators.” Acta Geolgica Polonica, V. 59, No. 2., 2009.
[41] A. R. Ali, A.A. Mohammed, and T. M. H. Al-Mufti, “Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Quaternary Mud Deposite at Turkishkan Region, South Kirkuk. Iraq”. Tikrit Journal of pure science vol. 19 no. 3, 2007, p80-91.
[1] B. Velde, “Origin and minerology of clays and the environment, Springer-Verlag,” 1995, P. 334.
[2] H. Chamley, Clay Sedimentology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1989, 623P.
[3] G. Millot, Geology of Clays, Springer-Verlag. New York. Hedelberg. Berlin. 1970, P. 429.
[4] D. N. Moore, and R.C. Jr. Reynolds, X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, 2nd ed.: Oxford University, New York. 1997, P. 378.
[5] H. Blatt, G. Middleton, and R. Murray, Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. 2nd ed, Pretice Hall Pupl. Co., New Jersey, 1972, p.782.
[6] H. G. Busk, and H. T. Mayo, Parsian Oil fields, Jour. Ins. Petr. Tech., S(17), 1918, pp3-26.
[7] S.Z. Jassim, S.A. Karim, M.A. Basi, M. Al-Mubarak, and J. Munir, Final report on the regional geological survey of Iraq, Vol.3, Stratigraphy. GEOSURV, int. rep. no. 1447. 1984.
[8] Y. T. Al- Rawi, A.S. Sayyab, J.A. Jassim, M.Y. Tamar-Agha, A.I. Al-Sammarai, S.A., Karim, M.A. Basi, S.H. Dhiab, F.M. Faris, F. Anwar, “New names for some of the Middle Miocene-Pliocene formations of Iraq (Fatha, Injana.Mukdadiya and Bai Hassan formations)”. Iraqi geological Journal 25, 1992, p (1-18).
[9] A. J. Ali, and B. N. Khoshaba, “Heavy minerals Study of L. Bakhtiari Formation”. Jor. Geol. soc. Iraq, vol .14, NO.1, 1981, PP.15-24.
[10] R. C. Van Bellen, H. V. Dunnington, R. Wetzel, and D. M. I. Morton, Lexique. Stratigraphique International, Asie. Vol.23, Asie, Fase, Loa, Iraq Paris, 1959, P. 333.
[11] Z. Kukal, and A. Sa'adallah, “Paleocurrents in Mesopotamian Geosyncline”. Geol. Rundschau, Vol.59, 1970, p. 666 - 685.
[12] M.A. Basi, Geology of Injana area, Hemrin South. Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad, 1973, 127pp.
[13] S. Y. Yacoub, D.B. Deikran, and A.B. Ubaid, Earth Science Activities for site selection of nuclear power plant in Iraq. Local Geological Stage Report. GEOSURV, int. rep. no. 2016, 1990.
[14] D. M. H. Al-Addool, “Sedimentological study of the Bakhtiari Group in selected area, northern Iraq”. Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, 1982 241pp.
[15] S. Z. Jassim and J.C. Goff, (ed) Geology of Iraq, Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museum Brno, (pub)., 2006, 525p.
[16] M. A. Basi, “Sedimentological, petrographical and mineralogical subsurface study of Mukdadiya formation, cnteral of Iraq”. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining Vol.8, No. 2, 2012, p 87-97.
[17] R. C. Van Bellen, H. V. Dunnington, R. Wetzel, and D. Morton, Lexique Stratigraphic International. Asie, Fasc.lOa, Iraq, Paris, 1959, 333pp.
[18] K.M. AL –Naqib, Geology of Southern Area of Kirkuk Liwa, Iraq. Lech. publ. of I. P. C., 1960, 50P.
[19] D. Carroll, Clay minerals: A guide to their X-Ray identification, Geol. Soc. America, special paper 126, Colorado, 1970, 80 p.
[20] R.L. Folk, Petrology of sedimentary rocks, Hemphills, Austen, 1974, 182p.
[21] G. Y. CHAO, “ (Cu) table for common minerals”, Geological paper 69-2, Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Canada, 1969, p.42.
[22] R. E. Grim, Clay Mineralogy, 2nd; Mc. Graw – Hill, New York, 1968, p. 596.
[23] R. M. S. Al- Khalidi, and T. A. Al-Shimmary, “Clay Mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation in Zawita, Amadia Areas”. Iraqi Journal of Science, Vol 56, No.1A, 2015, pp: 162-168.
[24] Y. M. Zainal, and S. Jargess, Geological report on Qa'ra Tapa bentonite, Geol. Surv. Report.1972, P.546.
[25] Y. M. Zainal, and S. Jargess, Premiliminary geological report on Zarloukh Clay (Bentonite) prospect. Geol. Surv. Report. 1973, P.586.
[26] S.J. Al-Khafaji, “Rare-Earth Elements geochemistry of the industrial clay deposits in Iraq”. Unpub. M.S.c Thesis. University of Baghdad. Iraq. 1989, P. 136.
[27] B. A. Sakharov, V. A. Eroshchev-Shak, and V. A. Drits, “Structural and crystallochemical characteristics and conditions of formation for mixed-layer Montmorillonite-Kaolinite mineral”, Lithology and Mineral Resources, 115 (6). 1980, pp. 557-564.
[28] Y. M. Zainal, “Mineralogy, “Geochemistry and Origin of some Tertiary bentonite in Iraq”. Ph.D. thesis, Sheffield, University of Sheffield. U.K. 1977.
[29] J. Theorz, Practical clay mineralogy. Leuge, Beligum, 1980, 112P.
[30] E. T. Degens, Geochemistry of sediments: Abrief survey prentice –Hall, New Jersey, 1965, p. 342.
[31] D.S. Faning, V.Z. Keramidas, and M.A. El-Desoky, Micas, in Dixon, I.B., and Weed, S.B., “Minerals in soil environments”, Soil Science of America, Madison, WI, 1989, P.551-634.
[32] W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie, and J. Zussman, An introduction to rock forming minerals: Longman Group 1td, London. 1975, P. 528.
[33] E.C. Weaver, and L. Pollard, The chemistry of clay minerals. Elsevier Co., Amsterdam, 1975, P. 213.
[34] W. D. Keller, Sedimentary petrology an introduction, back well scientific pub., Oxford, 1970, 252p.
[35] M. A. Basi, “Subsurface sedimentological study of Injana Formation (Late - Miocene) in the area extended from Baiji to Samara cities.” Iraq Bull. Geol. Min. Vol. 3, No.2, 2007, p. 43-51.
[36] A. Singer, The paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in sediments, A review, Earth Science Review, .21, (25), 1984, P.293.
[37] A. Singer, and E. Galan, Palygorskite-Sepiolite, Occurrences, Genesis and Uses. Dev. in sedim., v.37, Elsevier PublCo., Amesterdam. 1984, 352 pp.
[38] H.Y. Dhannoun, and S.M.A Al-Dabbagh, “Origion and geochemistry of palygorskite-bearing rocks (Middle Miocene) from NE Iraq.” Chem. Geol., v.69, 1988, p. 95-101.
[39] K. S. Al-Bassam, The Iraqi palygorskite: Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Genesis and Industrial Uses. (GEOSURV) Baghdad, Iraq. 2000, 237pp.
[40] A. I. Al-Juboury, “Palygorskite in Miocene rocks of northern Iraq: environmental and geochemical indicators.” Acta Geolgica Polonica, V. 59, No. 2., 2009.
[41] A. R. Ali, A.A. Mohammed, and T. M. H. Al-Mufti, “Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Quaternary Mud Deposite at Turkishkan Region, South Kirkuk. Iraq”. Tikrit Journal of pure science vol. 19 no. 3, 2007, p80-91.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:72651", author = "Abbas R. Ali and Diana A. Bayiz", title = "Clay Mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation in Shewasoor Area: Northeastern Kirkuk City, Iraq", abstract = "14 mudstone samples were collected within the sedimentary succession of Mukdadiya Formation (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene) from Shewasoor area at Northeastern Iraq. The samples were subjected to laboratory studies including mineralogical analysis (using X-ray Diffraction technique) in order to identify the clay mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation of both clay and non-clay minerals. The results of non-clay minerals are: quartz, feldspar and carbonate (calcite and dolomite) minerals. The clay minerals are: montmorillonite, kaolinite, palygorskite, chlorite, and illite by the major basal reflections of each mineral. The origins of these minerals are deduced also.
", keywords = "Clay minerals, formation, Mukdadiya mudstone, Shewasoor, XRD.", volume = "10", number = "4", pages = "433-6", }
