Chemical and Hydro-Geologic Analysis of Ikogosi Warm Spring Water in Nigeria
This study focuses on the hydro-geology and chemical
constituents analysis of Ikogosi Warm Spring waters in South West
Nigeria. Ikogosi warm spring is a global tourist attraction because it
has both warm and cold spring sources. Water samples from the cold
spring, warm spring and the meeting point were collected, analyzed
and the result shows close similarity in temperature, hydrogen iron
concentration (pH), alkalinity, hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,
Sodium, Iron, total dissolved solid and heavy metals. The measured
parameters in the water samples are within World Health
Organisation standards for fresh water. The study of the geology of
the warm spring reveals that the study area is underlain by a group of
slightly migmatised to non-migmatised paraschists and meta-igneous
rocks. Also, concentration levels of selected heavy metals, (Copper,
Cadmium, Zinc, Arsenic and Cromium) were determined in the water
(ppm) samples. Chromium had the highest concentration value of
1.52ppm (an average of 49.67%) and Cadmium had the lowest
concentration with value of 0.15ppm (an average of 4.89%).
Comparison of these results showed that, their mean levels are within
the standard values obtained in Nigeria. It can be concluded that both
warm and spring water are safe for drinking.
[1] C. Güler, "Evaluation of maximum contaminant levels in Turkish
bottled drinking waters utilizing parameters reported on manufacturer's
labeling and government-issued production licenses," Journal of Food
Composition and Analysis, vol. 20, pp. 262-272, 5// 2007.
[2] A. Singh, "Simulation–optimization modeling for conjunctive water use
management," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 141, pp. 23-29,
7/31/ 2014.
[3] S. Rapant and K. Krcmova, "Health risk assessment maps for arsenic
groundwater content, application of national geochemical databases,"
Environmental Geochemical Health vol. 29, pp. 131-141, 2007.
[4] A. Rogers, A. Imevbore, and O. Adegoke, "Physical and Chemical
properties of the Ikogosi warm spring, Western Nigeria " Journal of
Mining Geology, vol. 4, pp. 69-81, 1969.
[5] P. Ashton and A. Seetal, "Challenges of water resource management in
Africa," Rebirth of science in Africa. Umdaus press, Hatfield, South
Africa, pp. 133-148, 2002.
[6] N. Nkano and O. Asubiojo, "Elemental composition of drinking water
suppliers in three states in south- eastern Nigeria," Journal of
Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry vol. 227, pp. 117- 119, 1998.
[7] J. Kabayashi and R. Kizu, "Evaluation of metal contents in River Water
using a simple Fractionation Method," Journal of Health Sciences, vol.
47, pp. 460-463, 2001.
[8] E. Mantie and D. Coonrod, "Heavy metal content in the stream
sediment, adjacent to a sanitary land," Environmental Geological Water
Science, vol. 13, pp. 51-58, 1989.
[9] A. Oladipo, E. Oluyemi, I. Tubosun, M. Fasisi, and F. Ibitoye,
"Chemical examination ofIkogosi warm spring in South-Western
Nigeria," Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 75-79, 2005.
[10] O. Adegbuyi, O. Ajayi, and I. Odeyemi, "Prospects of hot-dry-rock
(HDR) geothermal energy spectrophotoresource around the Ikogosi
warm spring in Ekiti state, Nigeria " Journal of Renewable Energy, vol.
4, pp. 58-64, 1996.
[11] O. Ajayi, O. Adegbuyi, I. Farai, and T. Ajayi, "Determination of natural
radionuclides in rocks of the Ikogosi Ekiti warm spring area, Ondo State,
Nigeria," Nigerian Journal of Science, vol. 30, pp. 15-21, 1996.
[12] A. De Swardt, "The geology of the country around Ilesha," Geological
Survey Nigeria. Bulletin vol. 28, p. 54, 1953.
[13] R. Caby and J. Boesse, "Pan-African Nappe system in south west
Nigeria; the Ife-Ilesha schist belt," Journal of African Earth Sciences
vol. 33, pp. 211-225, 2001.
[14] J. Ojo, M. Olorunfemi, and D. Falebita, "An appraisal of the geologic
structure beneath the Ikogosi warm spring in South – Western Nigeria
using integrated surface geophysical methods," Earth Science Research
Journal, vol. 3, pp. 213 – 216, 2001.
[15] F. Abulude, G. Obidiran, and S. Orungbemi, "Determination of physicochemical
parameter and trace metal contents of drinking water samples
in Akure, Nigeria," Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agriculture
and Food Chemistry vol. 6, pp. 2297-2303, 2007. [16] K. Moodley, H. Baijnath, F. Southway-Ajulu, S. Mahraj, and S. Chetty,
"Determination of Cr, Pb and Ni in water, sludge and plants from setting
and sewage treatment works," Water South Africa, vol. 33, pp. 723-728,
2007.
[17] J. Miettinem, Inorganic Trace Elements in Water Pollutants. London:
Academic Press Inc, 1977.
[18] N. I. Standard, "Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality," vol.
NIS 554, ed. Nigeria: Standards Organisation Of Nigeria, 2007, pp. 15-
22.
[1] C. Güler, "Evaluation of maximum contaminant levels in Turkish
bottled drinking waters utilizing parameters reported on manufacturer's
labeling and government-issued production licenses," Journal of Food
Composition and Analysis, vol. 20, pp. 262-272, 5// 2007.
[2] A. Singh, "Simulation–optimization modeling for conjunctive water use
management," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 141, pp. 23-29,
7/31/ 2014.
[3] S. Rapant and K. Krcmova, "Health risk assessment maps for arsenic
groundwater content, application of national geochemical databases,"
Environmental Geochemical Health vol. 29, pp. 131-141, 2007.
[4] A. Rogers, A. Imevbore, and O. Adegoke, "Physical and Chemical
properties of the Ikogosi warm spring, Western Nigeria " Journal of
Mining Geology, vol. 4, pp. 69-81, 1969.
[5] P. Ashton and A. Seetal, "Challenges of water resource management in
Africa," Rebirth of science in Africa. Umdaus press, Hatfield, South
Africa, pp. 133-148, 2002.
[6] N. Nkano and O. Asubiojo, "Elemental composition of drinking water
suppliers in three states in south- eastern Nigeria," Journal of
Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry vol. 227, pp. 117- 119, 1998.
[7] J. Kabayashi and R. Kizu, "Evaluation of metal contents in River Water
using a simple Fractionation Method," Journal of Health Sciences, vol.
47, pp. 460-463, 2001.
[8] E. Mantie and D. Coonrod, "Heavy metal content in the stream
sediment, adjacent to a sanitary land," Environmental Geological Water
Science, vol. 13, pp. 51-58, 1989.
[9] A. Oladipo, E. Oluyemi, I. Tubosun, M. Fasisi, and F. Ibitoye,
"Chemical examination ofIkogosi warm spring in South-Western
Nigeria," Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 75-79, 2005.
[10] O. Adegbuyi, O. Ajayi, and I. Odeyemi, "Prospects of hot-dry-rock
(HDR) geothermal energy spectrophotoresource around the Ikogosi
warm spring in Ekiti state, Nigeria " Journal of Renewable Energy, vol.
4, pp. 58-64, 1996.
[11] O. Ajayi, O. Adegbuyi, I. Farai, and T. Ajayi, "Determination of natural
radionuclides in rocks of the Ikogosi Ekiti warm spring area, Ondo State,
Nigeria," Nigerian Journal of Science, vol. 30, pp. 15-21, 1996.
[12] A. De Swardt, "The geology of the country around Ilesha," Geological
Survey Nigeria. Bulletin vol. 28, p. 54, 1953.
[13] R. Caby and J. Boesse, "Pan-African Nappe system in south west
Nigeria; the Ife-Ilesha schist belt," Journal of African Earth Sciences
vol. 33, pp. 211-225, 2001.
[14] J. Ojo, M. Olorunfemi, and D. Falebita, "An appraisal of the geologic
structure beneath the Ikogosi warm spring in South – Western Nigeria
using integrated surface geophysical methods," Earth Science Research
Journal, vol. 3, pp. 213 – 216, 2001.
[15] F. Abulude, G. Obidiran, and S. Orungbemi, "Determination of physicochemical
parameter and trace metal contents of drinking water samples
in Akure, Nigeria," Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agriculture
and Food Chemistry vol. 6, pp. 2297-2303, 2007. [16] K. Moodley, H. Baijnath, F. Southway-Ajulu, S. Mahraj, and S. Chetty,
"Determination of Cr, Pb and Ni in water, sludge and plants from setting
and sewage treatment works," Water South Africa, vol. 33, pp. 723-728,
2007.
[17] J. Miettinem, Inorganic Trace Elements in Water Pollutants. London:
Academic Press Inc, 1977.
[18] N. I. Standard, "Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality," vol.
NIS 554, ed. Nigeria: Standards Organisation Of Nigeria, 2007, pp. 15-
22.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:71224", author = "Akinola Ikudayisi and Folasade Adeyemo and Josiah Adeyemo", title = "Chemical and Hydro-Geologic Analysis of Ikogosi Warm Spring Water in Nigeria", abstract = "This study focuses on the hydro-geology and chemical
constituents analysis of Ikogosi Warm Spring waters in South West
Nigeria. Ikogosi warm spring is a global tourist attraction because it
has both warm and cold spring sources. Water samples from the cold
spring, warm spring and the meeting point were collected, analyzed
and the result shows close similarity in temperature, hydrogen iron
concentration (pH), alkalinity, hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,
Sodium, Iron, total dissolved solid and heavy metals. The measured
parameters in the water samples are within World Health
Organisation standards for fresh water. The study of the geology of
the warm spring reveals that the study area is underlain by a group of
slightly migmatised to non-migmatised paraschists and meta-igneous
rocks. Also, concentration levels of selected heavy metals, (Copper,
Cadmium, Zinc, Arsenic and Cromium) were determined in the water
(ppm) samples. Chromium had the highest concentration value of
1.52ppm (an average of 49.67%) and Cadmium had the lowest
concentration with value of 0.15ppm (an average of 4.89%).
Comparison of these results showed that, their mean levels are within
the standard values obtained in Nigeria. It can be concluded that both
warm and spring water are safe for drinking.", keywords = "Cold spring, Ikogosi, melting point, warm spring,
water samples.", volume = "9", number = "9", pages = "1118-5", }
