Carvacrol Attenuates Lung Injury in Rats with Severe Acute Pancreatitis
This study was designed to evaluate whether carvacrol
(CAR) could provide protection against lung injury by acute
pancreatitis development. The rats were randomized into groups to
receive (I) no therapy; (II) 50 μg/kg cerulein at 1h intervals by four
intraperitoneal injections (i.p.); (III) 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg CAR by
one i.p.; and (IV) cerulein+CAR after 2h of cerulein injection. 12h
later, serum samples were obtained to assess pancreatic function the
lipase and amylase values. The animals were euthanized and lung
samples were excised. The specimens were stained with
hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), periodic acid–Schif (PAS), Mallory's
trichrome and amyloid. Additionally, oxidative DNA damage was
determined by measuring as increases in 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
(8-OH-dG) adducts. The results showed that the serum activity of
lipase and amylase in AP rats were significantly reduced after the
therapy (p<0.05). We also found that the 100 mg/kg dose of CAR
significantly decreased 8-OH-dG levels. Moreover, the severe
pathological findings in the lung such as necrosis, inflammation,
congestion, fibrosis, and thickened alveolar septum were attenuated
in the AP+CAR groups when compared with AP group. Finally, the
magnitude of the protective effect on lung is certain, and CAR is an
effective therapy for lung injury caused by AP.
[1] Zechner D, Spitzner M, Muller-Graff T, Vollmar B (2014)
Diabetesincreases pancreatitis induced systemic inflammation but has
little effect on inflammation and cell death in the lung. International
Journal of Experimental Pathology 95:411-417 doi:10.1111/iep.12103.
[2] Bhatia M (2002) Novel therapeutic targets for acute pancreatitis and
associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Current Drug Targets
Inflammation and Allergy 1:343-351.
[3] Closa D (2015) Commentary on "Pancreatic ascites hemoglobin
contributes to the systemic response in acute pancreatitis". Free Radical
Biology&Medicine81:156-
157doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.029.
[4] Wang G, Chen HL, Ren F, Li J, Li YQ (2010) Expression of Cav-1,
AQP1 and AQP5 in lung of acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury rats
and the therapeutic role of Qingyitang. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 90:2564-
2569.
[5] Brueckl C, Kaestle S, Kerem A, Habazettl H, Krombach F, Kuppe H,
Kuebler WM (2006) Hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species
formation in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells in situ. American
Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 34:453-463
doi:10.1165/rcmb.2005-0223OC.
[6] Aydın E, Türkez H (2013) In vitro cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and
antioxidant potentials of thymol on human blood cells. Journal of
Essential Oil Research 26:133-140 doi:10.1080/10412905.2013.860411.
[7] Türkez H, Toğar B, Çelik K (2014) In vitro study of human lymphocytes
cytological and biochemical effects by zingiberene. Journal of Essential
Oil Research 26:367-371.
[8] Aydın E, Türkez H, Keleş MS (2014) The effect of carvacrol on healthy
neurons and N2a cancer cells: some biochemical, anticancerogenicity
and genotoxicity studies. Cytotechnology 66:149-157.
[9] Sobral MV, Xavier AL, Lima TC, de Sousa DP (2014) Antitumor
activity of monoterpenes found in essential oils. The Scientific World
Journal 2014.
[10] Şen HS et al. (2014) Carvacrol and pomegranate extract in treating
methotrexate-induced lung oxidative injury in rats. Medical Science
Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical
Research 20:1983.
[11] Abdollahi A, Hassani A, Ghosta Y, Bernousi I, Meshkatalsadat MH,
Shabani R, Ziaee SM (2012) Evaluation of essential oils for maintaining
postharvest quality of Thompson seedless table grape. Natural Product
Research 26:77-83.
[12] Gilling D, Kitajima M, Torrey J, Bright K (2014) Antiviral efficacy and
mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component
carvacrol against murine norovirus. Journal of Applied Microbiology
116:1149-1163.
[13] Horvathova E et al. (2014) Assessment of antioxidative, chelating, and
DNA-protective effects of selected essential oil components (Eugenol,
Carvacrol, Thymol, Borneol, Eucalyptol) of Plants and Intact
Rosmarinus officinalis oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
62:6632-6639.
[14] Bhatia M, Wong FL, Fu D, Lau HY, Moochhala SM, Moore PK (2005)
Role of hydrogen sulfide in acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury.
The FASEB Journal 19:623-625.
[15] Hagiwara S, Iwasaka H, Uchida T, Hasegawa A, Asai N, Noguchi T
(2009) Danaparoid sodium prevents cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis
inrats.Shock(Augusta,Ga)32:94-99doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e31818ec2c2
[16] Hailong Yu, Zeng-Li Zhang, Jing Chen, Aijie Pei, Fang Hua, Xuanchen
Qian, Jinjiang He,Chun-Feng Liu,Xingshun Xu (2012) Carvacrol, a
food-additive, provides neuroprotection on focal cerebral
ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. PLoS One 7:e33584
[17] Flohe L (1984) [10] Superoxide dismutase assays Methods in
Enzymology 105:93-104
[18] Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121-126
[19] Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Beger HG (1994) Oxygen radicals in
experimental acute pancreatitis. Hepato-Gastroenterology 41:313-319
[20] Schoenberg MH et al. (1990) Oxygen free radicals in acute pancreatitis
of the rat. Gut 31:1138-1143
[21] Alkan M et al. (2015) The effect of levosimendan on lung damage after
myocardial ischemia reperfusion in rats in which experimental diabetes
was induced. The Journal of Surgical Research 193:920-925
doi:10.1016/j.jss.2014.08.038
[22] Ashcroft T, Simpson JM, Timbrell V (1988) Simple method of
estimating severity of pulmonary fibrosis on a numerical scale. Journal
of Clinical Pathology 41:467-470
[23] Qu Z, Jiang Y, Wu BQ, Duan YF, Sun ZD, Luo GH (2014)
Cystathionine-gamma-lyase inhibitor attenuates acute lung injury
induced by acute pancreatitis in rats. Archives of Medical Science :
AMS 10:825-829 doi:10.5114/aoms.2014.44873
[24] Luan ZG, Zhang J, Yin XH, Ma XC, Guo RX (2013) Ethyl pyruvate
significantly inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and
high mobility group box 1 releasing and attenuates sodium taurocholateinduced
severe acute pancreatitis associated with acute lung injury.
Clinicaland Experimental Immunology 172:417-426
doi:10.1111/cei.12062
[25] Hong Zhang, Patrick Neuhöfer, Liang Song, Björn Rabe, Marina Lesina,
Magdalena U. Kurkowski, Matthias Treiber, Thomas Wartmann, Sara
Regnér, Henrik Thorlacius, Dieter Saur, Gregor Weirich, Akihiko
Yoshimura, Walter Halangk, Joseph P. Mizgerd, Roland M. Schmid,
Stefan Rose-John, and Hana Algül (2013) IL-6 trans-signaling promotes
pancreatitis-associated lung injury and lethality The Journal of Clinical
Investigation 123:1019-1031 doi:10.1172/jci64931
[26] Korkmaz T, Kahramansoy N, Kilicgun A, Firat T (2014) The effect of
erythropoietin to pulmonary injury and mast cells secondary to acute
pancreatitis. BMC Research Notes 7:267 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-267
[27] Lee JS, Owshalimpur D, Schofield C (2012)
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole induced multiorgan dysfunction. BMJ
Case Reports 2012 doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007460
[28] Li Y, Fu J, Yuan X, Hu C (2014) Simvastatin inhibits the proliferation of
A549 lung cancer cells through oxidative stress and up-regulation of
SOD2. Die Pharmazie 69:610-614
[29] Aeschbach R, Löliger J, Scott B, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B,
Aruoma O (1994) Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol,
zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food and Chemical Toxicology 32:31-36
[30] Lee KG, Shibamoto T (2002) Determination of antioxidant potential of
volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:4947-4952
[31] Geyikoglu F, Turkez H (2008) Boron compounds reduce vanadium
tetraoxide genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Environmental
Toxicology and Pharmacology 26:342-347
[32] Geyikoglu F, Türkez H (2005) Protective effect of sodium selenite on
genotoxicity to human whole blood cultures induced by aflatoxin B1.
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48:905-910
[33] Sies H (2015) Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine.
Redox biology
[34] Türkez H, Toğar B (2010) The genotoxic and oxidative damage
potential of olanzapine in vitro. Toxicology and Industrial Health
26:583-588
[35] Mahtaj LG, Feizpour A, Kianmehr M, Soukhtanloo M, Boskabady MH
(2015) The effect of carvacrol on systemic inflammation in guinea pigs
model of COPD induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Pharmacological
Reports : PR 67:140-145 doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.08.017
[36] Weng TI, Wu HY, Chen BL, Jhuang JY, Huang KH, Chiang CK, Liu
SH (2013) C/EBP homologous protein deficiency aggravates acute
pancreatitis and associated lung injury. World Journal of
Gastroenterology : WJG 19:7097-7105 doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.70 97
[37] Zhou MT, Chen CS, Chen BC, Zhang QY, Andersson R (2010) Acute
lung injury and ARDS in acute pancreatitis: mechanisms and potential
intervention. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG 16:2094-2099
[38] Abdulla A, Awla D, Thorlacius H, Regner S (2011) Role of neutrophils
in the activation of trypsinogen in severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of
Leukocyte Biology 90:975-982 doi:10.1189/jlb.0411195
[39] Nakamura H, Honda H, Tashiro M, Taguchi M, Yoshikawa H, Otsuki M
(2003) Increased expression of 19-kD interacting protein-3-like protein
and the relationship to apoptosis in the lung of rats with severe acute
pancreatitis. Critical Care Medicine 31:2527-2534
[40] Yuan YZ, Gong ZH, Lou KX, Tu SP, Zhai ZK, Xu JY (2000)
Involvement of apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in acute
pancreatitis-associated lung injury World Journal of Gastroenterology
6:920-924
[41] Shields CJ, Winter DC, Redmond HP (2002) Lung injury in acute
pancreatitis: mechanisms, prevention and therapy. Current Opinion in
Critical Care 8:158-163
[42] Ozkan A, Erdogan A (2012) A comparative study of the
antioxidant/prooxidant effects of carvacrol and thymol at various
concentrations on membrane and DNA of parental and drug resistant
H1299 cells. Natural Product Communications 7:1557-1560
[43] Macit E et al. (2013) The protective effect of melatonin and Smethylisothiourea
treatments in nitrogen mustard induced lung toxicity
in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 36:1283-1290
[44] Edris AE (2007) Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential
oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytotherapy
Research 21:308-323
[45] Grewal K, Sandhu G, Kaur R, Brar R, Sandhu H (2010) Toxic impacts
of cypermethrin on behavior and histology of certain tissues of albino
rats. Toxicology international 17:94
[46] Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP (2014) The cytokines
of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine
[47] Molina-Molina M et al. (2006) Losartan attenuates bleomycin induced
lung fibrosis by increasing prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Thorax 61:604-
610
[48] Walter B, Bilkei G (2004) Immunostimulatory effect of dietary oregano
etheric oils on lymphocytes from growth-retarded, low-weight growingfinishing
pigs and productivity. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
129:178-181
[49] Karkabounasli S, Metsios A, Lekkas P, Kotsis N, Skoufos I (2006)
Anticarcinogenic and antiplatelet effects of carvacrol. Experimental
Oncology 28:000-000
[50] Stammati A, Bonsi P, Zucco F, Moezelaar R, Alakomi H-L, Von Wright
A (1999) Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and
mammalian short-term assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology 37:813-
823
[51] Azizan A, Blevins R (1995) Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing
of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices
as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:248-258
[52] Aydin S, Basaran AA, Basaran N (2005) Modulating effects of thyme
and its major ingredients on oxidative DNA damage in human
lymphocytes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53:1299-1305
[53] Aydın S, Başaran AA, Başaran N (2005) The effects of thyme volatiles
on the induction of DNA damage by the heterocyclic amine IQ and
mitomycin C Mutation Research/Genetic. Toxicology and
Environmental Mutagenesis 581:43-53
[54] Albertini RJ et al. (2000) IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of
genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans. Mutation Research/Reviews
in Mutation Research 463:111-172
[55] Slamenova D, Horvathova E, Sramkova M, Marsalkova L (2006) DNAprotective
effects of two components of essential plant oils carvacrol and
thymol on mammalian cells cultured in vitro. Neoplasma 54:108-112
[56] Undeger U, Basaran A, Degen GH, Basaran N (2009) Antioxidant
activities of major thyme ingredients and lack of (oxidative) DNA
damage in V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells at low levels of
carvacrol and thymol. Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International
Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research
Association 47:2037-2043 doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.020
[57] Domaracký M, Rehak P, Juhás Š, Koppel J (2007) Effects of selected
plant essential oils on the growth and development of mouse
preimplantation embryos in vivo. Physiol Res 56:97-104
[1] Zechner D, Spitzner M, Muller-Graff T, Vollmar B (2014)
Diabetesincreases pancreatitis induced systemic inflammation but has
little effect on inflammation and cell death in the lung. International
Journal of Experimental Pathology 95:411-417 doi:10.1111/iep.12103.
[2] Bhatia M (2002) Novel therapeutic targets for acute pancreatitis and
associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Current Drug Targets
Inflammation and Allergy 1:343-351.
[3] Closa D (2015) Commentary on "Pancreatic ascites hemoglobin
contributes to the systemic response in acute pancreatitis". Free Radical
Biology&Medicine81:156-
157doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.029.
[4] Wang G, Chen HL, Ren F, Li J, Li YQ (2010) Expression of Cav-1,
AQP1 and AQP5 in lung of acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury rats
and the therapeutic role of Qingyitang. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 90:2564-
2569.
[5] Brueckl C, Kaestle S, Kerem A, Habazettl H, Krombach F, Kuppe H,
Kuebler WM (2006) Hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species
formation in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells in situ. American
Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 34:453-463
doi:10.1165/rcmb.2005-0223OC.
[6] Aydın E, Türkez H (2013) In vitro cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and
antioxidant potentials of thymol on human blood cells. Journal of
Essential Oil Research 26:133-140 doi:10.1080/10412905.2013.860411.
[7] Türkez H, Toğar B, Çelik K (2014) In vitro study of human lymphocytes
cytological and biochemical effects by zingiberene. Journal of Essential
Oil Research 26:367-371.
[8] Aydın E, Türkez H, Keleş MS (2014) The effect of carvacrol on healthy
neurons and N2a cancer cells: some biochemical, anticancerogenicity
and genotoxicity studies. Cytotechnology 66:149-157.
[9] Sobral MV, Xavier AL, Lima TC, de Sousa DP (2014) Antitumor
activity of monoterpenes found in essential oils. The Scientific World
Journal 2014.
[10] Şen HS et al. (2014) Carvacrol and pomegranate extract in treating
methotrexate-induced lung oxidative injury in rats. Medical Science
Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical
Research 20:1983.
[11] Abdollahi A, Hassani A, Ghosta Y, Bernousi I, Meshkatalsadat MH,
Shabani R, Ziaee SM (2012) Evaluation of essential oils for maintaining
postharvest quality of Thompson seedless table grape. Natural Product
Research 26:77-83.
[12] Gilling D, Kitajima M, Torrey J, Bright K (2014) Antiviral efficacy and
mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component
carvacrol against murine norovirus. Journal of Applied Microbiology
116:1149-1163.
[13] Horvathova E et al. (2014) Assessment of antioxidative, chelating, and
DNA-protective effects of selected essential oil components (Eugenol,
Carvacrol, Thymol, Borneol, Eucalyptol) of Plants and Intact
Rosmarinus officinalis oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
62:6632-6639.
[14] Bhatia M, Wong FL, Fu D, Lau HY, Moochhala SM, Moore PK (2005)
Role of hydrogen sulfide in acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury.
The FASEB Journal 19:623-625.
[15] Hagiwara S, Iwasaka H, Uchida T, Hasegawa A, Asai N, Noguchi T
(2009) Danaparoid sodium prevents cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis
inrats.Shock(Augusta,Ga)32:94-99doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e31818ec2c2
[16] Hailong Yu, Zeng-Li Zhang, Jing Chen, Aijie Pei, Fang Hua, Xuanchen
Qian, Jinjiang He,Chun-Feng Liu,Xingshun Xu (2012) Carvacrol, a
food-additive, provides neuroprotection on focal cerebral
ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. PLoS One 7:e33584
[17] Flohe L (1984) [10] Superoxide dismutase assays Methods in
Enzymology 105:93-104
[18] Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121-126
[19] Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Beger HG (1994) Oxygen radicals in
experimental acute pancreatitis. Hepato-Gastroenterology 41:313-319
[20] Schoenberg MH et al. (1990) Oxygen free radicals in acute pancreatitis
of the rat. Gut 31:1138-1143
[21] Alkan M et al. (2015) The effect of levosimendan on lung damage after
myocardial ischemia reperfusion in rats in which experimental diabetes
was induced. The Journal of Surgical Research 193:920-925
doi:10.1016/j.jss.2014.08.038
[22] Ashcroft T, Simpson JM, Timbrell V (1988) Simple method of
estimating severity of pulmonary fibrosis on a numerical scale. Journal
of Clinical Pathology 41:467-470
[23] Qu Z, Jiang Y, Wu BQ, Duan YF, Sun ZD, Luo GH (2014)
Cystathionine-gamma-lyase inhibitor attenuates acute lung injury
induced by acute pancreatitis in rats. Archives of Medical Science :
AMS 10:825-829 doi:10.5114/aoms.2014.44873
[24] Luan ZG, Zhang J, Yin XH, Ma XC, Guo RX (2013) Ethyl pyruvate
significantly inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and
high mobility group box 1 releasing and attenuates sodium taurocholateinduced
severe acute pancreatitis associated with acute lung injury.
Clinicaland Experimental Immunology 172:417-426
doi:10.1111/cei.12062
[25] Hong Zhang, Patrick Neuhöfer, Liang Song, Björn Rabe, Marina Lesina,
Magdalena U. Kurkowski, Matthias Treiber, Thomas Wartmann, Sara
Regnér, Henrik Thorlacius, Dieter Saur, Gregor Weirich, Akihiko
Yoshimura, Walter Halangk, Joseph P. Mizgerd, Roland M. Schmid,
Stefan Rose-John, and Hana Algül (2013) IL-6 trans-signaling promotes
pancreatitis-associated lung injury and lethality The Journal of Clinical
Investigation 123:1019-1031 doi:10.1172/jci64931
[26] Korkmaz T, Kahramansoy N, Kilicgun A, Firat T (2014) The effect of
erythropoietin to pulmonary injury and mast cells secondary to acute
pancreatitis. BMC Research Notes 7:267 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-267
[27] Lee JS, Owshalimpur D, Schofield C (2012)
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole induced multiorgan dysfunction. BMJ
Case Reports 2012 doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007460
[28] Li Y, Fu J, Yuan X, Hu C (2014) Simvastatin inhibits the proliferation of
A549 lung cancer cells through oxidative stress and up-regulation of
SOD2. Die Pharmazie 69:610-614
[29] Aeschbach R, Löliger J, Scott B, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B,
Aruoma O (1994) Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol,
zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food and Chemical Toxicology 32:31-36
[30] Lee KG, Shibamoto T (2002) Determination of antioxidant potential of
volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:4947-4952
[31] Geyikoglu F, Turkez H (2008) Boron compounds reduce vanadium
tetraoxide genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Environmental
Toxicology and Pharmacology 26:342-347
[32] Geyikoglu F, Türkez H (2005) Protective effect of sodium selenite on
genotoxicity to human whole blood cultures induced by aflatoxin B1.
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48:905-910
[33] Sies H (2015) Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine.
Redox biology
[34] Türkez H, Toğar B (2010) The genotoxic and oxidative damage
potential of olanzapine in vitro. Toxicology and Industrial Health
26:583-588
[35] Mahtaj LG, Feizpour A, Kianmehr M, Soukhtanloo M, Boskabady MH
(2015) The effect of carvacrol on systemic inflammation in guinea pigs
model of COPD induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Pharmacological
Reports : PR 67:140-145 doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.08.017
[36] Weng TI, Wu HY, Chen BL, Jhuang JY, Huang KH, Chiang CK, Liu
SH (2013) C/EBP homologous protein deficiency aggravates acute
pancreatitis and associated lung injury. World Journal of
Gastroenterology : WJG 19:7097-7105 doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.70 97
[37] Zhou MT, Chen CS, Chen BC, Zhang QY, Andersson R (2010) Acute
lung injury and ARDS in acute pancreatitis: mechanisms and potential
intervention. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG 16:2094-2099
[38] Abdulla A, Awla D, Thorlacius H, Regner S (2011) Role of neutrophils
in the activation of trypsinogen in severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of
Leukocyte Biology 90:975-982 doi:10.1189/jlb.0411195
[39] Nakamura H, Honda H, Tashiro M, Taguchi M, Yoshikawa H, Otsuki M
(2003) Increased expression of 19-kD interacting protein-3-like protein
and the relationship to apoptosis in the lung of rats with severe acute
pancreatitis. Critical Care Medicine 31:2527-2534
[40] Yuan YZ, Gong ZH, Lou KX, Tu SP, Zhai ZK, Xu JY (2000)
Involvement of apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in acute
pancreatitis-associated lung injury World Journal of Gastroenterology
6:920-924
[41] Shields CJ, Winter DC, Redmond HP (2002) Lung injury in acute
pancreatitis: mechanisms, prevention and therapy. Current Opinion in
Critical Care 8:158-163
[42] Ozkan A, Erdogan A (2012) A comparative study of the
antioxidant/prooxidant effects of carvacrol and thymol at various
concentrations on membrane and DNA of parental and drug resistant
H1299 cells. Natural Product Communications 7:1557-1560
[43] Macit E et al. (2013) The protective effect of melatonin and Smethylisothiourea
treatments in nitrogen mustard induced lung toxicity
in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 36:1283-1290
[44] Edris AE (2007) Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential
oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytotherapy
Research 21:308-323
[45] Grewal K, Sandhu G, Kaur R, Brar R, Sandhu H (2010) Toxic impacts
of cypermethrin on behavior and histology of certain tissues of albino
rats. Toxicology international 17:94
[46] Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP (2014) The cytokines
of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine
[47] Molina-Molina M et al. (2006) Losartan attenuates bleomycin induced
lung fibrosis by increasing prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Thorax 61:604-
610
[48] Walter B, Bilkei G (2004) Immunostimulatory effect of dietary oregano
etheric oils on lymphocytes from growth-retarded, low-weight growingfinishing
pigs and productivity. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
129:178-181
[49] Karkabounasli S, Metsios A, Lekkas P, Kotsis N, Skoufos I (2006)
Anticarcinogenic and antiplatelet effects of carvacrol. Experimental
Oncology 28:000-000
[50] Stammati A, Bonsi P, Zucco F, Moezelaar R, Alakomi H-L, Von Wright
A (1999) Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and
mammalian short-term assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology 37:813-
823
[51] Azizan A, Blevins R (1995) Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing
of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices
as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:248-258
[52] Aydin S, Basaran AA, Basaran N (2005) Modulating effects of thyme
and its major ingredients on oxidative DNA damage in human
lymphocytes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53:1299-1305
[53] Aydın S, Başaran AA, Başaran N (2005) The effects of thyme volatiles
on the induction of DNA damage by the heterocyclic amine IQ and
mitomycin C Mutation Research/Genetic. Toxicology and
Environmental Mutagenesis 581:43-53
[54] Albertini RJ et al. (2000) IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of
genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans. Mutation Research/Reviews
in Mutation Research 463:111-172
[55] Slamenova D, Horvathova E, Sramkova M, Marsalkova L (2006) DNAprotective
effects of two components of essential plant oils carvacrol and
thymol on mammalian cells cultured in vitro. Neoplasma 54:108-112
[56] Undeger U, Basaran A, Degen GH, Basaran N (2009) Antioxidant
activities of major thyme ingredients and lack of (oxidative) DNA
damage in V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells at low levels of
carvacrol and thymol. Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International
Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research
Association 47:2037-2043 doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.020
[57] Domaracký M, Rehak P, Juhás Š, Koppel J (2007) Effects of selected
plant essential oils on the growth and development of mouse
preimplantation embryos in vivo. Physiol Res 56:97-104
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:73017", author = "Salim Cerig and Fatime Geyikoglu and Pınar Akpulat and Suat Colak and Hasan Turkez and Murat Bakir and Mirkhalil Hosseinigouzdagani and Kubra Koc", title = "Carvacrol Attenuates Lung Injury in Rats with Severe Acute Pancreatitis", abstract = "This study was designed to evaluate whether carvacrol
(CAR) could provide protection against lung injury by acute
pancreatitis development. The rats were randomized into groups to
receive (I) no therapy; (II) 50 μg/kg cerulein at 1h intervals by four
intraperitoneal injections (i.p.); (III) 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg CAR by
one i.p.; and (IV) cerulein+CAR after 2h of cerulein injection. 12h
later, serum samples were obtained to assess pancreatic function the
lipase and amylase values. The animals were euthanized and lung
samples were excised. The specimens were stained with
hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), periodic acid–Schif (PAS), Mallory's
trichrome and amyloid. Additionally, oxidative DNA damage was
determined by measuring as increases in 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
(8-OH-dG) adducts. The results showed that the serum activity of
lipase and amylase in AP rats were significantly reduced after the
therapy (p", keywords = "Antioxidant activity, carvacrol, experimental acute
pancreatitis, lung injury, oxidative DNA damage.", volume = "10", number = "5", pages = "294-8", }
