Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Low Cost Adsorbents
This paper describes the use of by-products as
adsorbents for removing heavy metals from aqueous effluent
solutions. Products of almond skin, walnut shell, saw dust, rice bran
and egg shell were evaluated as metal ion adsorbents in aqueous
solutions. A comparative study was done with commercial adsorbents
like ion exchange resins and activated carbon too. Batch experiments
were investigated to determine the affinity of all of biomasses for,
Cd(ΙΙ), Cr(ΙΙΙ), Ni(ΙΙ), and Pb(ΙΙ) metal ions at pH 5. The rate of
metal ion removal in the synthetic wastewater by the biomass was
evaluated by measuring final concentration of synthetic wastewater.
At a concentration of metal ion (50 mg/L), egg shell adsorbed high
levels (98.6 – 99.7%) of Pb(ΙΙ) and Cr(ΙΙΙ) and walnut shell adsorbed
high levels (35.3 – 65.4%) of Ni(ΙΙ) and Cd(ΙΙ). In this study, it has
been shown that by-products were excellent adsorbents for removal
of toxic ions from wastewater with efficiency comparable to
commercially available adsorbents, but at a reduced cost. Also
statistical studies using Independent Sample t Test and ANOVA Oneway
for statistical comparison between various elements adsorption
showed that there isn’t a significant difference in some elements
adsorption percentage by by-products and commercial adsorbents.
[1] Addour L, Belhoucine D, Bouldries N, Comeau Y, Pauss A, Mameri N:
Zinc uptake by Streptomyces rimosus biomass using a packed bed
column. J. Chemistry. Technology. Biotechnology 1999, 74: 1089-1095.
[2] Ahluwalia S.S, Goyal D: Removal of Heavy Metals by Waste Tea
Leaves from Aqueous Solution. Engineer. Life Science 2005, 5: 158-
162.
[3] Akpor O. B, Muchie M: Remediation of heavy metals in drinking water
and wastewater treatment systems: Processes and applications.
International. J.Physical Science 2010, 5: 1807-1817
[4] Al Duri B: Introduction to adsorption, Use of adsorbents for the removal
of pollutants from wastewater. In proceeding of the Conference on
Hazarded Waste Research; 1999: 1-5.
[5] Al-Asheh S, Duvnjak Z: Sorption of heavy metals by Canola meal. J.
Water Air Soil Pollution 1999, 114: 251-276.
[6] Alluri HK, RondaSR, Settalluri VS, Bondili JS, Suryanarayana V,
Venkateshwar P: Biosorption: An eco-friendly alternative for heavy
metal removal. African J. Biotech 2007, 6 (25): 2924-2931.
[7] Antunes WM, Luna AS, Henriques CA, Da Costa ACA: An evaluation
of copper biosorption by a brown seaweed under optimized conditions.
Electronic J. Biotech 2003, 6: 174-184.
[8] Bailey S.E, Olin T.J, Bricka R.M, Adrian D.D: A review of potentially
low cost sorbents for heavy metals. J. Water Research 1999, 33: 2469-
2479.
[9] Benjamin M M, Sletten R S, Bailey R P, Bennett T: Sorption and
filtration of metals using iron-oxide-coated sand. J. Water Research
1996, 30: 2609-2620.
[10] Chubar N, Carvalho JR, Neiva CMJ: Cork Biomass as biosorbent for Cu
(II), Zn (II) and Ni (II). Colloids Surf. A: Physicochemical. Engineer.
Asp 2003, 230: 57-65.
[11] Cooney D. O: Adsorption design for wastewater treatment. Lewis Publ.
New York 1998: 1-4 and 27-37.
[12] Dakiky M, Khamis M, Manassra A, Mereb M: Selective adsorption of
chromium (VI) in industrial wastewater using low-cost abundantly
available adsorbents. Adv. Environ. Research 2002: 6: 533-540.
[13] Das Nilanjana, Karthika P, Vimala R, Vinodhini V: Use of natural
products as biosorbent of heavy metals, An overview. Natural Product
Radiance 2008, 7: 133-138
[14] Demirbas E: Adsorption of cobalt (II) Ions from aqueous solution onto
activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shells. J. Scencei. Technol
2003, 21: 951-963.
[15] Demirbas E, Kobya M, Senturk E, Ozkan T: Adsorption kinetics for the
removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions on the activated
carbons prepared from agricultural wastes. www.wrc.org.za. Water S
2004, 30: 533-539.
[16] Drake L. R, Lin S, Rayson G.D, Jackson P. J: Chemical modification
and metal binding studies of Datura innoxia. J. Environment.
Science.Technology 1996, 30: 110-114.
[17] Elaigwu S.E, Usman L.A, Awolola G.V, Adebayo G.B, Ajayi R.M.K:
Adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by activated carbon
prepared from Cow Dung. J. Environment. Research 2010, 4: 257-260.
[18] Elifantz H Tel-or E: Heavy metal biosorption by plant biomass of the
macrophyte Ludwigia stolonifera. J. Water Air Soil Pollution 2002, 141:
207- 218.
[19] Forstner U, Wittman CTW: Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment.
Springer, the University of Michigan; 1981.
[20] Garcia MA, Alonso J, Melgar MJ: Agaricus macrosporus as a potential
bioremediation agent for substrates contaminated with heavy metals. J.
Chemical. Technology. Biotechnology 2005, 80: 325-330.
[21] Igwe J.C, Abia A.A: Sorption kinetics and Intraparticulate diffusivities
of Cd, Pb and Zn ions on maize cob. African. J. Biotechnology 2005, 4:
509-512.
[22] Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H: Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC
Press Inc, Florida; 2001.
[23] Kaewsarn P, Yu Q: Cadmium (II) removal from aqueous solutions by
pre-treated biomass of marine algae (Padina sp).J. Environment.
Pollution 2001, 112: 209-213.
[24] Kalyani G, Rao H, Joga Kumar T, Anup Mariadas K, Vijetha P, Kumar
Y, Prasanna Kumaraswamy K, Pallavi P, Sumalatha B: Biosorption of
Lead from Aqueous Solutions using Egg Shell Powder as Biosorbent:
Equilibrium Modelling. International, J, Biotechnology, Biochemistry
2010, 6(6): 911-920
[25] Kanamadi RD, Ahalya N, Ramachandra TV: Biosorption of heavy
metals by low cost adsorbents. Technical Report 2006, No. 112
[26] Kar P, Misra M: Use of keratin fibre for separation of heavy metals from
water. J. Chemical. Technology. Biotechnology 2004, 79: 1313-1319.
[27] Katarzyna C: Biosorption of Cr(III) ions by eggshells. J. Haz. Mater
2005,121: 167-173
[28] Klimmek S, Stan HJ, Wilke A, Bunke G, Buchholz R: Comparative
analysis of the biosorption of cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc by Algae.
J. Environment. Science. Technology 2001, 35: 4283-4288.
[29] Lopez FA, Martin MI, Perez C, Lopez- Delgado A, Alguacil FJ:
Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by a steelmaking byproduct.
J. Water Research 1993, 37: 3883-3890.
[30] Lopez-Delgado A, Perez C, Lopez FA: Sorption of heavy metals on
blast furnace sludge. J. Water Research 1998, 32: 989–996.
[31] Lu W, Shi J, Wang C, Chang J: Biosorption of lead, copper and
cadmium by an indigenous isolate Enterobacter Sp. J1 possessing high
heavy-metal resistance. J. Haz. Mater 2006, B134: 80-86.
[32] Marshall Wayne E, Champagne Elaine T: Agricultural By-products as
Adsorbents for Metal Ions in Laboratory Prepared Solutions and in
Manufacturing Wastewater. J. Environment. Science. Health, Part A:
Environmental Science and Engineering 1995, 30: 241-261.
[33] Marshall WE, Johns MM: Agricultural by-products as metal adsorbents:
Sorption properties and resistance to mechanical abrasion. . J. Chemical.
Technology. Biotechnology 1996, 66: 192-198.
[34] Martın Isabel M, Lopez Felix A, Perez C, Lopez-Delgado A, Alguacil
Francisco J: Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions with
by-products of the steelmaking industry. . J. Chemical. Technology.
Biotechnology 2005, 80: 1223-1229.
[35] Melo, M.; D’Souza, SF: Removal of chromium by mucilaginous seeds
of Ocimum Basilicu. Bioresour. J. Technology 2004, 92: 151-155.
[36] Ogunsuyi HO, Ipinmoroti KO, Amoo IA, Ajayi OO: Adsorption of Cu
(II) ions from aqueous solution on thiolated and activated cellulose
adsorbents developed from agricultural wastes. J. Technoscience 2001,
5: 75-83.
[37] Okieimen FE, Ogbeifun DE, Nwala GN, Kumsah CA: Binding of
cadmium, copper and lead ions by modified cellulosic materials. Bull. J.
Environment. Contamination. Topical 1985, 34: 866-870.
[38] Okieimen FE, Okundaye JN: Removal of cadmium and copper ions
from aqueous solutions with thiolated maize (Zea mays) cob meal. J.
Biotechnology. Wastes 1989, 30: 225-230.
[39] Okiemen FE, Okundia EU, Ogbeifun DE: Sorption of cadmium and lead
ions on modified groundnut (Arachis hypogea) husk. J. Chemistry.
Technology. Biotechnology 1991, 51: 97-103.
[40] Opeolu B. O, Bamgbose O, Arowolo T.A, Adetunji M. T: Utilization of
biomaterials as adsorbents for heavy metals’ removal from aqueous
matrices. Scientific Research and Essays 2010, 5(14): 1780-1787.
[41] Orhan Y, Büyükgüngör H: The Removal of Heavy Metals by Using
Agricultural Wastes. J. Water Sci. Tech 1993, 28: 247–255.
[42] Periasamy K, Namasivayam C: Process development for removal and
recovery of cadmium from wastewater by a low-cost adsorbent:
Adsorption rates and equilibrium studies. J. Industrial. Engineer.
Chemistry. Research 1994, 33: 317-320.
[43] Rangsayatorn N, Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Lanza
GR: Phytoremediation potential of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis:
Biosorption and toxicity studies of Cadmium. J. Environment. Pollution
2002, 119: 45-53.
[44] Rios J.V, Bess-Oberto L, Tiemann K.J, Gardea-Torresdey J.L:
Investigation of metal ion binding by agricultural by-products. In
Proceeding of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research 1999.
[45] Saeed A, Iqbal M, Akhtar MW: Removal and recovery of lead (II) from
single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste
(Black gram husk). J. Hazardous. Material 2005, B117: 65-73.
[46] Saeed A, Iqbal M, Akhtar MW: Application of biowaste materials for
the sorption of heavy metals in contaminated aqueous medium. Pak. J.
Science. Industry. Research 2002, 45: 206-211.
[47] Schneegurt Mark A, Jain Jinesh C, Menicucci John A, Brown Sarah A,
Kemner Kenneth M, Garofalo David F, Quallick Matthew R, Neal C,
Kulpa Charles F: Biomass By-products for the Remediation of
Wastewaters Contaminated with Toxic Metals. J. Environment. Science.
Technology 2001, 35: 3786-3791.
[48] Shukla SR, Pai RS: Removal of Pb (II) from solution using cellulose
containing materials. J. Chemistry. Technology. Biotechnology 2005, 80:
176-183.
[49] Stirk WA, Staden JV: Removal of heavy metals from solution using
dried brown seaweed material. J. Botanical Marina 2000, 43: 467-473.
[50] Teixeria T, Cesar R, Zezzi A, Marco A: Biosorption of heavy metals
using rice milling by-products. Characterization and application for
removal of metals from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 2004, 54: 905-
915.
[51] Tokcaer E, Yetis U: Pb(II) biosorption using anaerobically digested
sludge. J. Hazardous. Material 2006, B137: 1674-1680.
[52] Ulmanu M, Maranon E, Fernandez Y, Castrillon L, Anger I, Dumitriu
D: Removal of copper and cadmium ions from diluted aqueous solutions
by low cost and waste material adsorbents. J. Water Air soil Pollution
2003, 142: 35-373.
[53] Vijayaraghavan K, Jegan J, Palanivelu K, Velan M: Removal and
recoveryof copper from aqueous solution by egg shell in a packed
column. J. Minerals Engineering 2005, 18: 545-547.
[1] Addour L, Belhoucine D, Bouldries N, Comeau Y, Pauss A, Mameri N:
Zinc uptake by Streptomyces rimosus biomass using a packed bed
column. J. Chemistry. Technology. Biotechnology 1999, 74: 1089-1095.
[2] Ahluwalia S.S, Goyal D: Removal of Heavy Metals by Waste Tea
Leaves from Aqueous Solution. Engineer. Life Science 2005, 5: 158-
162.
[3] Akpor O. B, Muchie M: Remediation of heavy metals in drinking water
and wastewater treatment systems: Processes and applications.
International. J.Physical Science 2010, 5: 1807-1817
[4] Al Duri B: Introduction to adsorption, Use of adsorbents for the removal
of pollutants from wastewater. In proceeding of the Conference on
Hazarded Waste Research; 1999: 1-5.
[5] Al-Asheh S, Duvnjak Z: Sorption of heavy metals by Canola meal. J.
Water Air Soil Pollution 1999, 114: 251-276.
[6] Alluri HK, RondaSR, Settalluri VS, Bondili JS, Suryanarayana V,
Venkateshwar P: Biosorption: An eco-friendly alternative for heavy
metal removal. African J. Biotech 2007, 6 (25): 2924-2931.
[7] Antunes WM, Luna AS, Henriques CA, Da Costa ACA: An evaluation
of copper biosorption by a brown seaweed under optimized conditions.
Electronic J. Biotech 2003, 6: 174-184.
[8] Bailey S.E, Olin T.J, Bricka R.M, Adrian D.D: A review of potentially
low cost sorbents for heavy metals. J. Water Research 1999, 33: 2469-
2479.
[9] Benjamin M M, Sletten R S, Bailey R P, Bennett T: Sorption and
filtration of metals using iron-oxide-coated sand. J. Water Research
1996, 30: 2609-2620.
[10] Chubar N, Carvalho JR, Neiva CMJ: Cork Biomass as biosorbent for Cu
(II), Zn (II) and Ni (II). Colloids Surf. A: Physicochemical. Engineer.
Asp 2003, 230: 57-65.
[11] Cooney D. O: Adsorption design for wastewater treatment. Lewis Publ.
New York 1998: 1-4 and 27-37.
[12] Dakiky M, Khamis M, Manassra A, Mereb M: Selective adsorption of
chromium (VI) in industrial wastewater using low-cost abundantly
available adsorbents. Adv. Environ. Research 2002: 6: 533-540.
[13] Das Nilanjana, Karthika P, Vimala R, Vinodhini V: Use of natural
products as biosorbent of heavy metals, An overview. Natural Product
Radiance 2008, 7: 133-138
[14] Demirbas E: Adsorption of cobalt (II) Ions from aqueous solution onto
activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shells. J. Scencei. Technol
2003, 21: 951-963.
[15] Demirbas E, Kobya M, Senturk E, Ozkan T: Adsorption kinetics for the
removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions on the activated
carbons prepared from agricultural wastes. www.wrc.org.za. Water S
2004, 30: 533-539.
[16] Drake L. R, Lin S, Rayson G.D, Jackson P. J: Chemical modification
and metal binding studies of Datura innoxia. J. Environment.
Science.Technology 1996, 30: 110-114.
[17] Elaigwu S.E, Usman L.A, Awolola G.V, Adebayo G.B, Ajayi R.M.K:
Adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by activated carbon
prepared from Cow Dung. J. Environment. Research 2010, 4: 257-260.
[18] Elifantz H Tel-or E: Heavy metal biosorption by plant biomass of the
macrophyte Ludwigia stolonifera. J. Water Air Soil Pollution 2002, 141:
207- 218.
[19] Forstner U, Wittman CTW: Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment.
Springer, the University of Michigan; 1981.
[20] Garcia MA, Alonso J, Melgar MJ: Agaricus macrosporus as a potential
bioremediation agent for substrates contaminated with heavy metals. J.
Chemical. Technology. Biotechnology 2005, 80: 325-330.
[21] Igwe J.C, Abia A.A: Sorption kinetics and Intraparticulate diffusivities
of Cd, Pb and Zn ions on maize cob. African. J. Biotechnology 2005, 4:
509-512.
[22] Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H: Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC
Press Inc, Florida; 2001.
[23] Kaewsarn P, Yu Q: Cadmium (II) removal from aqueous solutions by
pre-treated biomass of marine algae (Padina sp).J. Environment.
Pollution 2001, 112: 209-213.
[24] Kalyani G, Rao H, Joga Kumar T, Anup Mariadas K, Vijetha P, Kumar
Y, Prasanna Kumaraswamy K, Pallavi P, Sumalatha B: Biosorption of
Lead from Aqueous Solutions using Egg Shell Powder as Biosorbent:
Equilibrium Modelling. International, J, Biotechnology, Biochemistry
2010, 6(6): 911-920
[25] Kanamadi RD, Ahalya N, Ramachandra TV: Biosorption of heavy
metals by low cost adsorbents. Technical Report 2006, No. 112
[26] Kar P, Misra M: Use of keratin fibre for separation of heavy metals from
water. J. Chemical. Technology. Biotechnology 2004, 79: 1313-1319.
[27] Katarzyna C: Biosorption of Cr(III) ions by eggshells. J. Haz. Mater
2005,121: 167-173
[28] Klimmek S, Stan HJ, Wilke A, Bunke G, Buchholz R: Comparative
analysis of the biosorption of cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc by Algae.
J. Environment. Science. Technology 2001, 35: 4283-4288.
[29] Lopez FA, Martin MI, Perez C, Lopez- Delgado A, Alguacil FJ:
Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by a steelmaking byproduct.
J. Water Research 1993, 37: 3883-3890.
[30] Lopez-Delgado A, Perez C, Lopez FA: Sorption of heavy metals on
blast furnace sludge. J. Water Research 1998, 32: 989–996.
[31] Lu W, Shi J, Wang C, Chang J: Biosorption of lead, copper and
cadmium by an indigenous isolate Enterobacter Sp. J1 possessing high
heavy-metal resistance. J. Haz. Mater 2006, B134: 80-86.
[32] Marshall Wayne E, Champagne Elaine T: Agricultural By-products as
Adsorbents for Metal Ions in Laboratory Prepared Solutions and in
Manufacturing Wastewater. J. Environment. Science. Health, Part A:
Environmental Science and Engineering 1995, 30: 241-261.
[33] Marshall WE, Johns MM: Agricultural by-products as metal adsorbents:
Sorption properties and resistance to mechanical abrasion. . J. Chemical.
Technology. Biotechnology 1996, 66: 192-198.
[34] Martın Isabel M, Lopez Felix A, Perez C, Lopez-Delgado A, Alguacil
Francisco J: Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions with
by-products of the steelmaking industry. . J. Chemical. Technology.
Biotechnology 2005, 80: 1223-1229.
[35] Melo, M.; D’Souza, SF: Removal of chromium by mucilaginous seeds
of Ocimum Basilicu. Bioresour. J. Technology 2004, 92: 151-155.
[36] Ogunsuyi HO, Ipinmoroti KO, Amoo IA, Ajayi OO: Adsorption of Cu
(II) ions from aqueous solution on thiolated and activated cellulose
adsorbents developed from agricultural wastes. J. Technoscience 2001,
5: 75-83.
[37] Okieimen FE, Ogbeifun DE, Nwala GN, Kumsah CA: Binding of
cadmium, copper and lead ions by modified cellulosic materials. Bull. J.
Environment. Contamination. Topical 1985, 34: 866-870.
[38] Okieimen FE, Okundaye JN: Removal of cadmium and copper ions
from aqueous solutions with thiolated maize (Zea mays) cob meal. J.
Biotechnology. Wastes 1989, 30: 225-230.
[39] Okiemen FE, Okundia EU, Ogbeifun DE: Sorption of cadmium and lead
ions on modified groundnut (Arachis hypogea) husk. J. Chemistry.
Technology. Biotechnology 1991, 51: 97-103.
[40] Opeolu B. O, Bamgbose O, Arowolo T.A, Adetunji M. T: Utilization of
biomaterials as adsorbents for heavy metals’ removal from aqueous
matrices. Scientific Research and Essays 2010, 5(14): 1780-1787.
[41] Orhan Y, Büyükgüngör H: The Removal of Heavy Metals by Using
Agricultural Wastes. J. Water Sci. Tech 1993, 28: 247–255.
[42] Periasamy K, Namasivayam C: Process development for removal and
recovery of cadmium from wastewater by a low-cost adsorbent:
Adsorption rates and equilibrium studies. J. Industrial. Engineer.
Chemistry. Research 1994, 33: 317-320.
[43] Rangsayatorn N, Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Lanza
GR: Phytoremediation potential of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis:
Biosorption and toxicity studies of Cadmium. J. Environment. Pollution
2002, 119: 45-53.
[44] Rios J.V, Bess-Oberto L, Tiemann K.J, Gardea-Torresdey J.L:
Investigation of metal ion binding by agricultural by-products. In
Proceeding of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research 1999.
[45] Saeed A, Iqbal M, Akhtar MW: Removal and recovery of lead (II) from
single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste
(Black gram husk). J. Hazardous. Material 2005, B117: 65-73.
[46] Saeed A, Iqbal M, Akhtar MW: Application of biowaste materials for
the sorption of heavy metals in contaminated aqueous medium. Pak. J.
Science. Industry. Research 2002, 45: 206-211.
[47] Schneegurt Mark A, Jain Jinesh C, Menicucci John A, Brown Sarah A,
Kemner Kenneth M, Garofalo David F, Quallick Matthew R, Neal C,
Kulpa Charles F: Biomass By-products for the Remediation of
Wastewaters Contaminated with Toxic Metals. J. Environment. Science.
Technology 2001, 35: 3786-3791.
[48] Shukla SR, Pai RS: Removal of Pb (II) from solution using cellulose
containing materials. J. Chemistry. Technology. Biotechnology 2005, 80:
176-183.
[49] Stirk WA, Staden JV: Removal of heavy metals from solution using
dried brown seaweed material. J. Botanical Marina 2000, 43: 467-473.
[50] Teixeria T, Cesar R, Zezzi A, Marco A: Biosorption of heavy metals
using rice milling by-products. Characterization and application for
removal of metals from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 2004, 54: 905-
915.
[51] Tokcaer E, Yetis U: Pb(II) biosorption using anaerobically digested
sludge. J. Hazardous. Material 2006, B137: 1674-1680.
[52] Ulmanu M, Maranon E, Fernandez Y, Castrillon L, Anger I, Dumitriu
D: Removal of copper and cadmium ions from diluted aqueous solutions
by low cost and waste material adsorbents. J. Water Air soil Pollution
2003, 142: 35-373.
[53] Vijayaraghavan K, Jegan J, Palanivelu K, Velan M: Removal and
recoveryof copper from aqueous solution by egg shell in a packed
column. J. Minerals Engineering 2005, 18: 545-547.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:72426", author = "Azam Tabatabaee and Fereshteh Dastgoshadeh and Akram Tabatabaee", title = "Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Low Cost Adsorbents", abstract = "This paper describes the use of by-products as
adsorbents for removing heavy metals from aqueous effluent
solutions. Products of almond skin, walnut shell, saw dust, rice bran
and egg shell were evaluated as metal ion adsorbents in aqueous
solutions. A comparative study was done with commercial adsorbents
like ion exchange resins and activated carbon too. Batch experiments
were investigated to determine the affinity of all of biomasses for,
Cd(ΙΙ), Cr(ΙΙΙ), Ni(ΙΙ), and Pb(ΙΙ) metal ions at pH 5. The rate of
metal ion removal in the synthetic wastewater by the biomass was
evaluated by measuring final concentration of synthetic wastewater.
At a concentration of metal ion (50 mg/L), egg shell adsorbed high
levels (98.6 – 99.7%) of Pb(ΙΙ) and Cr(ΙΙΙ) and walnut shell adsorbed
high levels (35.3 – 65.4%) of Ni(ΙΙ) and Cd(ΙΙ). In this study, it has
been shown that by-products were excellent adsorbents for removal
of toxic ions from wastewater with efficiency comparable to
commercially available adsorbents, but at a reduced cost. Also
statistical studies using Independent Sample t Test and ANOVA Oneway
for statistical comparison between various elements adsorption
showed that there isn’t a significant difference in some elements
adsorption percentage by by-products and commercial adsorbents.", keywords = "Adsorbents, heavy metals, commercial adsorbents,
wastewater, by-products.", volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "699-6", }
