Autism Spectrum Disorder: Main Problem Waiting for Solution in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized
by abnormalities in social interaction and communication, as well as
repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Although various studies have
been conducted in ASDs etiology across the world, it seems that they
are still unknown in Middle East. Some scientific researches have
been conducted on ASDs in Middle East (ME) especially in
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
A systematic literature review was performed to identify the ASDs
studies in KSA. Accordingly, PubMed, ISI web of Science and
Google were searched to find KSA and ME studies in ASDs. The
main focus of this review work is to outline an improved
understanding of the underpinnings of ASD in order to achieve
therapeutic interventions and we will discuss the main problem we
waiting for solution with reference with role of Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to modulate cortical activity improve
understanding ASD.
[1] Howlin P. Autism and Asperger syndrome, 2 th ed. United States of
America: Routledge; 2005
[2] Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Etiology
and Pharmacotherapy. Curr Drug ther 2007; 2: 97-103
[3] Gomez SL, Torres RMR, Ares EMT. Reviews on Autism. Rev Latinoam
Psicol 2009; 41: 555-570
[4] Grafodatskaya D, Chung B, Szatmari P, Weksberg R. Autism spectrum
disorders and epigenetics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;
49: 794-809
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009. Prevalence of autism
spectrum disorders—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring
network, United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 58:1–20.
[6] World Health Organization (WHO), Fourth Conference, 2nd of October
2013.
[7] Matson JL, Worley JA, Fodstad JC, Chung KM, Suh D, Jhin HK, et al. A
multinational study examining the cross cultural differences in reported
symptoms of autism spectrum disorders: Israel, South Korea, the United
Kingdom, and the United States of America. Res Autism Spectr Disord
2011; 5: 1598-1604
[8] Zaroff CM, Uhm SY. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders and
influence of country of measurement and ethnicity. Soc Psychiatry
Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; published online
[9] Al Masoud Hanan. The Education of Children with autism in Saudi
Arabia: A Teaching Guide (2010). King Saud University Saudi Arabia
Riyadh.
[10] Williams JG, Higgins JP, Brayne CE. Systematic review of prevalence
studies of autism spectrum disorders. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 8-15
[11] Shamsi-pour M, Yonesian M, Mansouri A. Epidemiology of autism:
recent challenges in prevalence of autism and its risk factors. Journal of
health and knowledge 2010; 5: 133
[12] Al-Salehi SM, Al-Hifthy EH, Ghaziuddin M. Autism in Saudi Arabia:
presentation, clinical correlates and comorbidity. King Fahd Medical
City Hospital 2009, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
[13] Nickl-Jockschat T, Michel TM. Genetic and brain structure anomalies
in autism spectrum disorders. Towards an understanding of the
aetiopathogenesis?. Nervenarzt 2011; 82: 618-627
[14] Dodds L, Fell DB, Shea S, Armson BA, Allen AC, Bryson S. The role of
prenatal, obstetric and neonatal factors in the development of autism. J
Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41: 891-902
[15] Hussein H, Taha GR, Almanasef A . Characteristics of autism spectrum
disorders in a sample of egyptian and saudi patients: transcultural cross
sectional study. Okasha's Institute of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborative
Center for Training and Research 2011, Ain Shams University Hospitals,
Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
[16] Al-Eithan MH, Balkhi SH, Al-Bluwi AM. Autism and parents'
education. New data from the developing world. Psychology Department
& Research Center, Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City 2010,
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .
[17] Zachor DA, Ben-Itzchak E, Rabinovich AL, Lahat E. Change in autism
core symptoms with intervention. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2007; 1:
304-317
[18] Callahan K, Shukla-Mehta S, Magee S, Wie M. ABA versus TEACCH:
the case for defining and validating comprehensive treatment models in
autism. J Autism DevDisord 2010; 40: 74-88
[19] Gould E, Dixon DR, Najdowski AC, Smith MN, Tarbox J. A review of
assessments for determining the content of early intensive behavioral
intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr
Disord 2011; 5: 990-1002,
[20] Peters-Scheffer N, Didden R, Korzilius H, Sturmey P. A meta-analytic
study on the effectiveness of comprehensive ABA-based early
intervention programs for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res
Autism Spectr Disord 2011; 5: 60-69,
[21] Chimeh N, Pouretemad HR, Khoramabadi R. Need assessment of
mothers with autistic children. Journal of family research 2007; 3: 697-
707
[22] Mohammadi A, Pouretemad HR, Khosravi G. An initial examination of
the effect of guided imagery via music on reduction of stress, depression,
and anxiety of mothers with autistic children. Journal of family research
2005; 1: 289-303
[23] Al faisal fahda, The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral program to
reduce the degree of psychological stress among a sample of mothers of
children with autism. King Saud University Saudi Arabia Riyadh 2010.
[24] Bromley J, Hare DJ, Davison K, Emerson E. Mothers supporting
children with autistic spectrum disorders: social support, mental health
status and satisfaction with services. Central Manchester and
Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust 2004, UK.
[25] Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation
of human motor cortex. Lancet 1985; 1: 1106–07.
[26] Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Solé, J., Wassermann, E.M., Hallett, M.
Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human
motor cortex. Brain 1994, 117, 847-58.
[27] Oberman L, Ifert-Miller F, Najib U, Bashir S, Woollacott I, Gonzalez-
Heydrich J, Picker J, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial
magnetic stimulation provides means to assess cortical plasticity and
excitability in humans with fragile x syndrome and autism spectrum
disorder. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2010 2:26
[28] Frye, R.E., Rotenberg, A., Ousley, M., Pascual-Leone, A. Transcranial
magnetic stimulation in child neurology: current and future directions.
J. Child Neurol 2008., 23, 79–96.
[29] Johnson, C.P. Early Clinical Characteristics of Children with Autism.
In: Gupta, V.B. ed: Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Children. New York:
Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2004:85-123
[30] Ganz ML. The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of
autism. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(4):343–34
[1] Howlin P. Autism and Asperger syndrome, 2 th ed. United States of
America: Routledge; 2005
[2] Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Etiology
and Pharmacotherapy. Curr Drug ther 2007; 2: 97-103
[3] Gomez SL, Torres RMR, Ares EMT. Reviews on Autism. Rev Latinoam
Psicol 2009; 41: 555-570
[4] Grafodatskaya D, Chung B, Szatmari P, Weksberg R. Autism spectrum
disorders and epigenetics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;
49: 794-809
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009. Prevalence of autism
spectrum disorders—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring
network, United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 58:1–20.
[6] World Health Organization (WHO), Fourth Conference, 2nd of October
2013.
[7] Matson JL, Worley JA, Fodstad JC, Chung KM, Suh D, Jhin HK, et al. A
multinational study examining the cross cultural differences in reported
symptoms of autism spectrum disorders: Israel, South Korea, the United
Kingdom, and the United States of America. Res Autism Spectr Disord
2011; 5: 1598-1604
[8] Zaroff CM, Uhm SY. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders and
influence of country of measurement and ethnicity. Soc Psychiatry
Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; published online
[9] Al Masoud Hanan. The Education of Children with autism in Saudi
Arabia: A Teaching Guide (2010). King Saud University Saudi Arabia
Riyadh.
[10] Williams JG, Higgins JP, Brayne CE. Systematic review of prevalence
studies of autism spectrum disorders. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 8-15
[11] Shamsi-pour M, Yonesian M, Mansouri A. Epidemiology of autism:
recent challenges in prevalence of autism and its risk factors. Journal of
health and knowledge 2010; 5: 133
[12] Al-Salehi SM, Al-Hifthy EH, Ghaziuddin M. Autism in Saudi Arabia:
presentation, clinical correlates and comorbidity. King Fahd Medical
City Hospital 2009, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
[13] Nickl-Jockschat T, Michel TM. Genetic and brain structure anomalies
in autism spectrum disorders. Towards an understanding of the
aetiopathogenesis?. Nervenarzt 2011; 82: 618-627
[14] Dodds L, Fell DB, Shea S, Armson BA, Allen AC, Bryson S. The role of
prenatal, obstetric and neonatal factors in the development of autism. J
Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41: 891-902
[15] Hussein H, Taha GR, Almanasef A . Characteristics of autism spectrum
disorders in a sample of egyptian and saudi patients: transcultural cross
sectional study. Okasha's Institute of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborative
Center for Training and Research 2011, Ain Shams University Hospitals,
Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
[16] Al-Eithan MH, Balkhi SH, Al-Bluwi AM. Autism and parents'
education. New data from the developing world. Psychology Department
& Research Center, Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City 2010,
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .
[17] Zachor DA, Ben-Itzchak E, Rabinovich AL, Lahat E. Change in autism
core symptoms with intervention. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2007; 1:
304-317
[18] Callahan K, Shukla-Mehta S, Magee S, Wie M. ABA versus TEACCH:
the case for defining and validating comprehensive treatment models in
autism. J Autism DevDisord 2010; 40: 74-88
[19] Gould E, Dixon DR, Najdowski AC, Smith MN, Tarbox J. A review of
assessments for determining the content of early intensive behavioral
intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr
Disord 2011; 5: 990-1002,
[20] Peters-Scheffer N, Didden R, Korzilius H, Sturmey P. A meta-analytic
study on the effectiveness of comprehensive ABA-based early
intervention programs for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res
Autism Spectr Disord 2011; 5: 60-69,
[21] Chimeh N, Pouretemad HR, Khoramabadi R. Need assessment of
mothers with autistic children. Journal of family research 2007; 3: 697-
707
[22] Mohammadi A, Pouretemad HR, Khosravi G. An initial examination of
the effect of guided imagery via music on reduction of stress, depression,
and anxiety of mothers with autistic children. Journal of family research
2005; 1: 289-303
[23] Al faisal fahda, The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral program to
reduce the degree of psychological stress among a sample of mothers of
children with autism. King Saud University Saudi Arabia Riyadh 2010.
[24] Bromley J, Hare DJ, Davison K, Emerson E. Mothers supporting
children with autistic spectrum disorders: social support, mental health
status and satisfaction with services. Central Manchester and
Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust 2004, UK.
[25] Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation
of human motor cortex. Lancet 1985; 1: 1106–07.
[26] Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Solé, J., Wassermann, E.M., Hallett, M.
Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human
motor cortex. Brain 1994, 117, 847-58.
[27] Oberman L, Ifert-Miller F, Najib U, Bashir S, Woollacott I, Gonzalez-
Heydrich J, Picker J, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial
magnetic stimulation provides means to assess cortical plasticity and
excitability in humans with fragile x syndrome and autism spectrum
disorder. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2010 2:26
[28] Frye, R.E., Rotenberg, A., Ousley, M., Pascual-Leone, A. Transcranial
magnetic stimulation in child neurology: current and future directions.
J. Child Neurol 2008., 23, 79–96.
[29] Johnson, C.P. Early Clinical Characteristics of Children with Autism.
In: Gupta, V.B. ed: Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Children. New York:
Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2004:85-123
[30] Ganz ML. The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of
autism. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(4):343–34
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:64527", author = "Rana M. Zeina and Laila Al-Ayadhi and Shahid Bashir", title = "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Main Problem Waiting for Solution in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia", abstract = "Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized
by abnormalities in social interaction and communication, as well as
repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Although various studies have
been conducted in ASDs etiology across the world, it seems that they
are still unknown in Middle East. Some scientific researches have
been conducted on ASDs in Middle East (ME) especially in
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
A systematic literature review was performed to identify the ASDs
studies in KSA. Accordingly, PubMed, ISI web of Science and
Google were searched to find KSA and ME studies in ASDs. The
main focus of this review work is to outline an improved
understanding of the underpinnings of ASD in order to achieve
therapeutic interventions and we will discuss the main problem we
waiting for solution with reference with role of Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to modulate cortical activity improve
understanding ASD.
", keywords = "Autism, Neurodevelopmental disorder", volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "506-4", }
