Audio Watermarking Based on Compression-expansion Technique
A novel robust audio watermarking scheme is
proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, the host audio signals
are segmented into frames. Two consecutive frames are assessed if
they are suitable to represent a watermark bit. If so, frequency
transform is performed on these two frames. The compressionexpansion
technique is adopted to generate distortion over the two
frames. The distortion is used to represent one watermark bit.
Psychoacoustic model is applied to calculate local auditory mask to
ensure that the distortion is not audible. The watermarking schemes
using mono and stereo audio signals are designed differently. The
correlation-based detection method is used to detect the distortion
and extract embedded watermark bits. The experimental results show
that the quality degradation caused by the embedded watermarks is
perceptually transparent and the proposed schemes are very robust
against different types of attacks.
[1] S.W. Foo, H.S. Muh, and N.M. Mei "Audio watermarking using timefrequency
compression expansion" IEEE International Symposium on
Circuits and Systems, 2004, pp. 201-204.
[2] S.W. Foo, X. Feng, and M. Li "A blind audio watermarking scheme
using peak point extraction", IEEE International Symposium on Circuits
and Systems, 2005, pp. 4409-4412.
[3] M. Acevedo, "Audio watermarking: properties, techniques and
evaluation. Multimedia security: Steganography and Digital
Watermarking Techniques for Protection of Intellectual Property, Idea
Group Publishing. Pennsylvania, 2005.
[4] S.W. Foo, Y.T. Hee, and H.D. Yan, "An adaptive audio watermarking
system", IEEE Tencon 2005, pp. 509-513.
[5] N. Cvejic and T. Seppänen, "Audio watermarking: requirement,
algorithms, and benchmarking". Digital watermarking for digital media,
Information Science Publishing, Pennsylvania, 2005.
[6] J. Foote, J. Adco, and A. Girgensohn, "Time base modulation: a new
approach to watermarking audio" [Electronic Version], Palo Alto
Laboratory. California. 2003.
[7] M.A. Suhail, "Digital watermarking for protection of intellectual
property". Multimedia security: steganography and digital
watermarking techniques for protection of intellectual property, Idea
Group Publishing. Pennsylvania, 2006.
[8] P. Bassia, W.T. Pitas, "Robust Audio Watermarking In Time Domain",
EUSIPCO 1998, 8-11 Sept., Patras, Greece, pp. 25-28.
[9] D. Gruhl, A. Lu, and W. Bender, "Echo Hiding for Watermarking", in
Proc. Information Hiding Workshop, University of Cambridge, U.K.,
1999, pp. 295-315.
[10] K. Seits, and T. Jahnke, "Digital watermarking: an introduction". In
Seits, J, Digital watermarking for digital media, Information Science
Publishing. Pennsylvania, 2006.
[11] R. Garcia, "Digital Watermarking of Audio Signals Using a
Psychoacoustic Auditory Model and Spread Spectrum Theory", 107th
Convention, Audio Engineering Society, New York, 1999.
[12] H.J. Kim, Y.H. Choi & J.W. Seok and K.H. Hong. "Audio
Watermarking Techniques: Intelligent Watermarking Techniques".
Chapter 8, 185-218, 2005.
[13] J, Seitz, S.H. Michale, "Digital Watermarking for Digital Media,"
Information Science Publishing, 2005.
[14] N. Cvejic and T. Seppänen, "Increasing robustness of LSB audio
steganography by reduced distortion LSB coding," Journal of
University Computer Science, vol 11, p56, 2006.
[15] C. Hsieh. & P. Tsou. "Blind Cepstrum Domain Audio Watermarking
Based on Time Energy Features". 4th Int. Conf. on Digital Signal
Processing, 705-708, 2004.
[16] K.N. Garcia. "Digital Watermarking of Audio Signals Using a
Psychoacoustic Auditory Model and Spread Spectrum Theory". 107th
Convention, Audio Engineering Society, preprint 5073, 2006.
[17] L. Wu, P.C. Su and M. Kuo "Robust Audio Watermarking for Copyright
Protection". SPIE-s 44th Annual Meeting Advanced Signal Processing
Algorithms, Architectures, and Implementations IX. 2003.
[18] B. Vladimir, K.E. Rao. "An Efficient Implementation of the Forward
and Inverse MDCT in MPEG Audio Coding". IEEE Signal Processing
Letters, Vol.8, No.2, 2005.
[19] X. Zhang and Y. Li, "An SVD-Based Watermarking Scheme for
Protecting Rightful Ownership" in IEEE Transaction on
Multimedia.,Vol.7, No.2, April 2005.
[20] R. Liu and T. Tan, "An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting
rightful ownership", IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 121-128,
Mar.2003.
[21] H. zer, B.Sankur, and N.Memon, "An SVD-Based Audio Watermarking
Technique", in proceedings of the 7th workshop on Multimedia and
security -05, ACM Press, August 2006.
[1] S.W. Foo, H.S. Muh, and N.M. Mei "Audio watermarking using timefrequency
compression expansion" IEEE International Symposium on
Circuits and Systems, 2004, pp. 201-204.
[2] S.W. Foo, X. Feng, and M. Li "A blind audio watermarking scheme
using peak point extraction", IEEE International Symposium on Circuits
and Systems, 2005, pp. 4409-4412.
[3] M. Acevedo, "Audio watermarking: properties, techniques and
evaluation. Multimedia security: Steganography and Digital
Watermarking Techniques for Protection of Intellectual Property, Idea
Group Publishing. Pennsylvania, 2005.
[4] S.W. Foo, Y.T. Hee, and H.D. Yan, "An adaptive audio watermarking
system", IEEE Tencon 2005, pp. 509-513.
[5] N. Cvejic and T. Seppänen, "Audio watermarking: requirement,
algorithms, and benchmarking". Digital watermarking for digital media,
Information Science Publishing, Pennsylvania, 2005.
[6] J. Foote, J. Adco, and A. Girgensohn, "Time base modulation: a new
approach to watermarking audio" [Electronic Version], Palo Alto
Laboratory. California. 2003.
[7] M.A. Suhail, "Digital watermarking for protection of intellectual
property". Multimedia security: steganography and digital
watermarking techniques for protection of intellectual property, Idea
Group Publishing. Pennsylvania, 2006.
[8] P. Bassia, W.T. Pitas, "Robust Audio Watermarking In Time Domain",
EUSIPCO 1998, 8-11 Sept., Patras, Greece, pp. 25-28.
[9] D. Gruhl, A. Lu, and W. Bender, "Echo Hiding for Watermarking", in
Proc. Information Hiding Workshop, University of Cambridge, U.K.,
1999, pp. 295-315.
[10] K. Seits, and T. Jahnke, "Digital watermarking: an introduction". In
Seits, J, Digital watermarking for digital media, Information Science
Publishing. Pennsylvania, 2006.
[11] R. Garcia, "Digital Watermarking of Audio Signals Using a
Psychoacoustic Auditory Model and Spread Spectrum Theory", 107th
Convention, Audio Engineering Society, New York, 1999.
[12] H.J. Kim, Y.H. Choi & J.W. Seok and K.H. Hong. "Audio
Watermarking Techniques: Intelligent Watermarking Techniques".
Chapter 8, 185-218, 2005.
[13] J, Seitz, S.H. Michale, "Digital Watermarking for Digital Media,"
Information Science Publishing, 2005.
[14] N. Cvejic and T. Seppänen, "Increasing robustness of LSB audio
steganography by reduced distortion LSB coding," Journal of
University Computer Science, vol 11, p56, 2006.
[15] C. Hsieh. & P. Tsou. "Blind Cepstrum Domain Audio Watermarking
Based on Time Energy Features". 4th Int. Conf. on Digital Signal
Processing, 705-708, 2004.
[16] K.N. Garcia. "Digital Watermarking of Audio Signals Using a
Psychoacoustic Auditory Model and Spread Spectrum Theory". 107th
Convention, Audio Engineering Society, preprint 5073, 2006.
[17] L. Wu, P.C. Su and M. Kuo "Robust Audio Watermarking for Copyright
Protection". SPIE-s 44th Annual Meeting Advanced Signal Processing
Algorithms, Architectures, and Implementations IX. 2003.
[18] B. Vladimir, K.E. Rao. "An Efficient Implementation of the Forward
and Inverse MDCT in MPEG Audio Coding". IEEE Signal Processing
Letters, Vol.8, No.2, 2005.
[19] X. Zhang and Y. Li, "An SVD-Based Watermarking Scheme for
Protecting Rightful Ownership" in IEEE Transaction on
Multimedia.,Vol.7, No.2, April 2005.
[20] R. Liu and T. Tan, "An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting
rightful ownership", IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 121-128,
Mar.2003.
[21] H. zer, B.Sankur, and N.Memon, "An SVD-Based Audio Watermarking
Technique", in proceedings of the 7th workshop on Multimedia and
security -05, ACM Press, August 2006.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:59968", author = "Say Wei Foo and Qi Dong", title = "Audio Watermarking Based on Compression-expansion Technique", abstract = "A novel robust audio watermarking scheme is
proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, the host audio signals
are segmented into frames. Two consecutive frames are assessed if
they are suitable to represent a watermark bit. If so, frequency
transform is performed on these two frames. The compressionexpansion
technique is adopted to generate distortion over the two
frames. The distortion is used to represent one watermark bit.
Psychoacoustic model is applied to calculate local auditory mask to
ensure that the distortion is not audible. The watermarking schemes
using mono and stereo audio signals are designed differently. The
correlation-based detection method is used to detect the distortion
and extract embedded watermark bits. The experimental results show
that the quality degradation caused by the embedded watermarks is
perceptually transparent and the proposed schemes are very robust
against different types of attacks.", keywords = "Audio watermarking, Compression-expansion,Stereo signals, Robustness.", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "152-7", }
