Association of Overweight and Obesity with Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is in the top rate of cancer. We analyzed
the prevalence of obesity and its association with breast cancer and
finally we reviewed 25 article that 320 patient and 320 control which
enrolled to our study. The distribution of breast cancer patients and
controls with respect to their anthropometric indices in patients with
higher weight, which was statistically significant (60.2 ± 10.2 kg)
compared with control group (56.1 ± 11.3 kg). The body mass index
of patients was (26.06+/-3.42) and significantly higher than the
control group (24.1+/-1.7). Obesity leads to increased levels of
adipose tissue in the body that can be stored toxins and carcinogens
to produce a continuous supply. Due to the high level of fat and the
role of estrogen in a woman which is endogenous estrogen of the
tumor and regulates the activities of growth steroids, obesity has
confirmed as a risk factor for breast cancer. Our study and other
studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer. And
it can be prevented with a weight loss intervention for breast cancer
in the future.
[1] American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer: Facts and Figures 2011–2012.
Available online: http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsfigures/
breastcancerfactsfigures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2011–2012
(accessed on 21 May 2014).
[2] Howlader, N.; Noone, A. M.; Krapcho, M.; Garshell, J.; Miller, D.;
Altekruse, S. F.; Kosary, C. L.; Yu, M.; Ruhl, J.; Tatalovich, Z.; et al.
SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2011. Available online:
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011 (accessed on 21 May 2014).
[3] National Cancer Institute. Cancer Trends Progress Report—2011–2012
Update. Available online: http://progressreport.cancer.gov (accessed on
21 May 2014).
[4] Lin TM, Chen KP, MacMohan B. Epidemiological characteristics of
cancer of the breast in Taiwan. Cancer. 1971; 27:1497–504. (PubMed).
[5] Li CI, Malone KE, White E, et al. Age when maximum height is reached
as a risk factor for breast cancer among young U.S. Epidemiology. 1997;
8:559–65. (PubMed).
[6] Matusitz, McCornick (2012). Sendentarism: the effect of Internet use on
human obesity in the United States. Soc Work Public Health, 27, 250-69.
[7] Calle EE, Kaaks R (2004). Overweight, obesity and cancer:
epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nature Reviews
Cancer, 4, 579-91.
[8] De Pergola G, Silvestris F (2013). Obesity as a major risk factor for
cancer. J Obes, 2013, 291546.
[9] Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M (2011).
Health and economic burden of the projected obesity.
[10] Bergström A, Pisani P, Tenet V, Wolk A, Adami H-O (2001).
Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer
2001 Jun 15; 92(6):927.
[11] Weir R, Day P, Ali W (2007). Risk factors for breast cancer in women.
New Zealand Health Technology Assessment. NZHTA Report, 10, 1-
361.
[12] Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M (2008). Bodymass
index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis
of prospective observational studies. Lancet, 371, 569-78.
[13] Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer: lessons learned from
nutritional epidemiology. Nutr Rev. 2001; 59:349–57. (PubMed)
[14] Graham S, Hellmann R, Marshall J, et al. Nutritional epidemiology of
postmenopausal breast cancer in western New York. Am J Epidemiol.
1991; 134:552–66. (PubMed).
[15] Stoll BA. Diet and exercise regimens to improve breast carcinoma
prognosis. Cancer. 1996; 78:2465–70. (PubMed).
[16] Key TJ, Pike MC. The role of estrogens and progestragens in the
epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol.
1988; 24:29–43. (PubMed).
[17] Schapira DV, Kumar NB, Lyman GH, et al. Abdominal obesity and
breast cancer risk. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 112:182–6. (PubMed).
[18] Bernstein L, Ross RK. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk.
Epidemiol Rev. 1993; 15:48–65. (PubMed).
[19] Ballard-Barbash R. Anthropometry and breast cancer: body size- a
moving target. Cancer. 1994; 74(3 Suppl):1090–100. (PubMed). [20] Del Giudice ME, Fantus IG, Ezzat S, et al. Insulin and related factors in
premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998;
47:111–20. (PubMed).
[21] Persson I. Estrogens in the causation of breast, endometrial and ovarian
cancers- evidence and hypothesis from epidemiological findings. J
Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000; 74:357–64. (PubMed).
[22] Verkasalo PK, Thomas HV, Appleby PN, et al. Circulating levels of sex
hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a crosssectional
study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United
Kingdom) Cancer Causes Control. 2001; 12:47–59. (PubMed).
[23] World Health Organisation Technical Report Series 854. Geneva: WHO;
1995. Physical status: The use and Interpretation of Anthropometry.
Report of a WHO Expert Committee; pp. 427–30.
[24] Byers T. Nutritional risk factors for breast cancer. Cancer. 1994; 74(1
Suppl):288–95. (PubMed).
[25] Michels KB. The contribution of the environment (especially diet) to
breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. 2002; 4:58–61. (PMC free article)
(PubMed).
[26] Lam PB, Vacek PM, Geller BM, et al. The association of increased
weight, Body mass index and tissue density with the risk of breast
carcinoma in Vermont. Cancer. 2000; 89:369–75. (PubMed).
[27] Strain JJ, Bokje E, van’t Veer P, et al. Thyroid hormones and selenium
status in breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1997; 27:48–52. (PubMed).
[28] Pathak DR, Whittemore AS. Combined effects of body size, parity, and
menstrual events on breast cancer incidence in seven countries. Am J
Epidemiol. 1992; 135:153–68. (PubMed).
[29] Tornberg SA, Carstensen JM. Relationship between Quetelet's index and
cancer of breast and female genital tract in 47,000 women followed for
25 years. Br J Cancer. 1994; 69:358–61. (PMC free article) (PubMed).
[30] Zhu Z, Parviainen M, Männistö S, et al. Vitamin E concentration in
breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients (Kuopio, Finland) Cancer
Causes Control. 1996; 7:591–5. (PubMed).
[31] Galanis DJ, Kolonel LN, Lee J, et al. Anthropometric predictors of
breast cancer incidence and survival in a multi-ethnic cohort of female
residents of Hawaii, United states. Cancer Causes Control. 1998; 9:217–
24. (PubMed).
[1] American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer: Facts and Figures 2011–2012.
Available online: http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsfigures/
breastcancerfactsfigures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2011–2012
(accessed on 21 May 2014).
[2] Howlader, N.; Noone, A. M.; Krapcho, M.; Garshell, J.; Miller, D.;
Altekruse, S. F.; Kosary, C. L.; Yu, M.; Ruhl, J.; Tatalovich, Z.; et al.
SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2011. Available online:
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011 (accessed on 21 May 2014).
[3] National Cancer Institute. Cancer Trends Progress Report—2011–2012
Update. Available online: http://progressreport.cancer.gov (accessed on
21 May 2014).
[4] Lin TM, Chen KP, MacMohan B. Epidemiological characteristics of
cancer of the breast in Taiwan. Cancer. 1971; 27:1497–504. (PubMed).
[5] Li CI, Malone KE, White E, et al. Age when maximum height is reached
as a risk factor for breast cancer among young U.S. Epidemiology. 1997;
8:559–65. (PubMed).
[6] Matusitz, McCornick (2012). Sendentarism: the effect of Internet use on
human obesity in the United States. Soc Work Public Health, 27, 250-69.
[7] Calle EE, Kaaks R (2004). Overweight, obesity and cancer:
epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nature Reviews
Cancer, 4, 579-91.
[8] De Pergola G, Silvestris F (2013). Obesity as a major risk factor for
cancer. J Obes, 2013, 291546.
[9] Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M (2011).
Health and economic burden of the projected obesity.
[10] Bergström A, Pisani P, Tenet V, Wolk A, Adami H-O (2001).
Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer
2001 Jun 15; 92(6):927.
[11] Weir R, Day P, Ali W (2007). Risk factors for breast cancer in women.
New Zealand Health Technology Assessment. NZHTA Report, 10, 1-
361.
[12] Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M (2008). Bodymass
index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis
of prospective observational studies. Lancet, 371, 569-78.
[13] Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer: lessons learned from
nutritional epidemiology. Nutr Rev. 2001; 59:349–57. (PubMed)
[14] Graham S, Hellmann R, Marshall J, et al. Nutritional epidemiology of
postmenopausal breast cancer in western New York. Am J Epidemiol.
1991; 134:552–66. (PubMed).
[15] Stoll BA. Diet and exercise regimens to improve breast carcinoma
prognosis. Cancer. 1996; 78:2465–70. (PubMed).
[16] Key TJ, Pike MC. The role of estrogens and progestragens in the
epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol.
1988; 24:29–43. (PubMed).
[17] Schapira DV, Kumar NB, Lyman GH, et al. Abdominal obesity and
breast cancer risk. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 112:182–6. (PubMed).
[18] Bernstein L, Ross RK. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk.
Epidemiol Rev. 1993; 15:48–65. (PubMed).
[19] Ballard-Barbash R. Anthropometry and breast cancer: body size- a
moving target. Cancer. 1994; 74(3 Suppl):1090–100. (PubMed). [20] Del Giudice ME, Fantus IG, Ezzat S, et al. Insulin and related factors in
premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998;
47:111–20. (PubMed).
[21] Persson I. Estrogens in the causation of breast, endometrial and ovarian
cancers- evidence and hypothesis from epidemiological findings. J
Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000; 74:357–64. (PubMed).
[22] Verkasalo PK, Thomas HV, Appleby PN, et al. Circulating levels of sex
hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a crosssectional
study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United
Kingdom) Cancer Causes Control. 2001; 12:47–59. (PubMed).
[23] World Health Organisation Technical Report Series 854. Geneva: WHO;
1995. Physical status: The use and Interpretation of Anthropometry.
Report of a WHO Expert Committee; pp. 427–30.
[24] Byers T. Nutritional risk factors for breast cancer. Cancer. 1994; 74(1
Suppl):288–95. (PubMed).
[25] Michels KB. The contribution of the environment (especially diet) to
breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. 2002; 4:58–61. (PMC free article)
(PubMed).
[26] Lam PB, Vacek PM, Geller BM, et al. The association of increased
weight, Body mass index and tissue density with the risk of breast
carcinoma in Vermont. Cancer. 2000; 89:369–75. (PubMed).
[27] Strain JJ, Bokje E, van’t Veer P, et al. Thyroid hormones and selenium
status in breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1997; 27:48–52. (PubMed).
[28] Pathak DR, Whittemore AS. Combined effects of body size, parity, and
menstrual events on breast cancer incidence in seven countries. Am J
Epidemiol. 1992; 135:153–68. (PubMed).
[29] Tornberg SA, Carstensen JM. Relationship between Quetelet's index and
cancer of breast and female genital tract in 47,000 women followed for
25 years. Br J Cancer. 1994; 69:358–61. (PMC free article) (PubMed).
[30] Zhu Z, Parviainen M, Männistö S, et al. Vitamin E concentration in
breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients (Kuopio, Finland) Cancer
Causes Control. 1996; 7:591–5. (PubMed).
[31] Galanis DJ, Kolonel LN, Lee J, et al. Anthropometric predictors of
breast cancer incidence and survival in a multi-ethnic cohort of female
residents of Hawaii, United states. Cancer Causes Control. 1998; 9:217–
24. (PubMed).
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:70477", author = "Amir Ghasemlouei and Alireza Khalaj", title = "Association of Overweight and Obesity with Breast Cancer", abstract = "Breast cancer is in the top rate of cancer. We analyzed
the prevalence of obesity and its association with breast cancer and
finally we reviewed 25 article that 320 patient and 320 control which
enrolled to our study. The distribution of breast cancer patients and
controls with respect to their anthropometric indices in patients with
higher weight, which was statistically significant (60.2 ± 10.2 kg)
compared with control group (56.1 ± 11.3 kg). The body mass index
of patients was (26.06+/-3.42) and significantly higher than the
control group (24.1+/-1.7). Obesity leads to increased levels of
adipose tissue in the body that can be stored toxins and carcinogens
to produce a continuous supply. Due to the high level of fat and the
role of estrogen in a woman which is endogenous estrogen of the
tumor and regulates the activities of growth steroids, obesity has
confirmed as a risk factor for breast cancer. Our study and other
studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer. And
it can be prevented with a weight loss intervention for breast cancer
in the future.", keywords = "Breast cancer, review study, obesity, overweight.", volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "467-4", }
