Assessment of Risk of Ground Water Resources for the Emergency Supply in Relation to Their Contamination by Metals
The contamination of 15 ground water resources
of a selected region earmarked for the emergency supply
of population has been monitored. The resources have been selected
on the basis of previous assessment of natural conditions
and the exploitation of territory in their surroundings and infiltration
area. Two resources out of 15 have been excluded from further
exploitation, because they have not met some of the 72 assessed
hygienic indicators of extended analysis. The remaining 13 resources
have been the subject of health risk analysis in relation
to the contamination by arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel and
manganese. The risk analysis proved that all 13 resources meet
health standards with regard to the above mentioned purposefully
selected elements and may thus be included into crisis plans. Water
quality of ground resources may be assessed in the same way
with regard to other contaminants.
<p>[1] F. Bozek, et al., “Classification of Ground Water Resources
for Emergency Supply”, World Academy of Science, Engineering
& Technology, vol. 71, pp. 1653-1656, 2012.
[2] J. Fawell,and M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen. “Contaminants in Drinking Water.
Environmental Pollution and Health”, British Medical Bulletin, vol.68,
no. 1, pp. 199-208, 2003.
[3] D. Briggs, “Environmental Pollution and the Global Burden of Disease”,
British Medical Bulletin, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2003.
[4] F. Bozek et al., “Risk Assessment of Selected Source for Emergency
Water Supply. Case Study I. (Published Conference Proceedings style)”,
in S. Eslamian (Ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Development, Energy, Environment, Economics (DEEE´12). Paris,
WSEAS, 2012, pp. 216-221.
[5] Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (MoA CR),
“Methodological Instructions of the MoA CR to Ensure the Standard
Procedure to be followed by Regional and Municipal Authorities,
the Authority of the Capital of Prague and its City Parts, in Emergency
Water Supply provided by the Emergency Water Supply Service during
the Extraordinary Events, Emergency and Crisis Situations”,
Governmental Bulletin for Regional and Municipal Authorities,
Article 3, pp. 42-46, 2011.
[6] Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (MoHCR), Decree
No. 252/2004 Coll., laying down hygiene requirements for drinking and
warm water, frequency and scope of drinking water checks as amended
by the Decrees No 187/2005 Coll. and No 293/2006 Coll., Prague:
MoHCR, 2004.
[7] National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Emergency Drinking Water
Supply. Methodical Recommendation of NIPH - National Referential
Centre for Drinking Water, Prague: NIPH, 2007, p. 5.
[8] US EPA. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables,
Washington, D.C.: US EPA, p. 9, 2011, (on line), (2013-01-07). URL:
<http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/dwstandards201
1.pdf >.
[9] US EPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS),
Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual. Washington, D.C.:
US EPA, Part A-F, 1989-2004. (on line). (2013-01-17). URL:
<http://www.epa.gov/ oswer/riskassessment/ragsa-f/index.htm>.
[10] Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic (MoE CR), “Methodical
Instructions for the Risk Analysis of Contaminated Area”, MoE CR
Bulletin, vol. XXI, no. 3, article 3, pp. 1-52, 2011.
[11] M. Tichý, and M. Valjentová, Experts and Expertise. 1st Ed.
Prague:,Linde, Ltd., 2011, pp. 66-72.
[12] S. Farid, M. K. Baloch, and S. A. Ahmad, “Water Pollution: Major Issue
in Urban Areas”, International Journal of Water Resources
and Environmental Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 55-65, 2012.
[13] A. F. Ato et al., “Mining and Heavy Metal Pollution: Assessment
of Aquatic Environments using Multivariate Statistical Analysis”,
Journal of Environmental Statistics, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1-13, 2010.
[14] US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). (on line).
(2013-03-16). URL: <http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/>.
[15] World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for Drinking-Water
Quality. 4th Ed. Geneva: WHO, 2011.
[16] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC),
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
(on line), (2013-03-17). URL:
<http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php>.
[17] R. N. Ratnaike, “Acute and Chronic Arsenic Toxicity”, Postgraduate
Medical Journal, vol. 79, pp. 391-396, 2003.
[18] N. C. Papanikolaou, et al., “Lead Toxicity Update. A Brief Review.”
Medical Science Monitor, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. RA329-RA336, 2005.
[19] D. F. Flick, H. F. Kraybill, and J. M. Dimitroff, “Toxic Effects
of Cadmium: Review.” Environmental Research, vol.4, no. 2, pp. 71-85,
1971.
[20] K. A. Winship, “Toxicity of Mercury and Its Inorganic Salts”, Adverse
Drug React and Acute Poisoning Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 129-160,
1985.
[21] V. Bencko. “Nickel: A Review of Its Occupational and Environmental
Toxicology”, Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology,
and Immunology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 237-247, 1983.
[22] G. Xenophon, et al., “Possible Health Effects of High Manganese
Concentration in Drinking Water”, Archives of Environmental
& Occupational Health, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 175-178, 1989.
[23] K. H. Choo, et al., “Use of Chelating Polymers to Enhance Manganese
Removal in Ultrafiltration for Drinking Water Treatment”, Journal
of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 163-169,
2007.
[24] The Council of the European Union (CEU), Council Directive 98/83/EC
on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Brussels:
CEU, 1998.
[25] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN ISO 5667-3. Water Quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance
on the Preservation and Handling of Samples. Prague: COSMT, 1996.
[26] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN ISO 11885. Water Quality - Determination of 33 Elements
by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Prague:
COSMT, 1996.
[27] U.S. EPA, Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (Final Report).
Chapter 3. Water Ingestion. Washington, D.C.: National Center
of Environmental Assessment, 2007. (on line). (2013-02-15). URL:
<http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=199243>.
[28] P. V. Hamill, et al., “Physical Growth: National Center for Health
Statistics Percentiles”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 32,
pp. 607–609, 1979.
[29] R. L. Canfield, et al., “Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood
Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter”, The New England
Journal of Medicine, vol. 348, pp. 1517-1526, 2003.</p>
<p>[1] F. Bozek, et al., “Classification of Ground Water Resources
for Emergency Supply”, World Academy of Science, Engineering
& Technology, vol. 71, pp. 1653-1656, 2012.
[2] J. Fawell,and M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen. “Contaminants in Drinking Water.
Environmental Pollution and Health”, British Medical Bulletin, vol.68,
no. 1, pp. 199-208, 2003.
[3] D. Briggs, “Environmental Pollution and the Global Burden of Disease”,
British Medical Bulletin, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2003.
[4] F. Bozek et al., “Risk Assessment of Selected Source for Emergency
Water Supply. Case Study I. (Published Conference Proceedings style)”,
in S. Eslamian (Ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Development, Energy, Environment, Economics (DEEE´12). Paris,
WSEAS, 2012, pp. 216-221.
[5] Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (MoA CR),
“Methodological Instructions of the MoA CR to Ensure the Standard
Procedure to be followed by Regional and Municipal Authorities,
the Authority of the Capital of Prague and its City Parts, in Emergency
Water Supply provided by the Emergency Water Supply Service during
the Extraordinary Events, Emergency and Crisis Situations”,
Governmental Bulletin for Regional and Municipal Authorities,
Article 3, pp. 42-46, 2011.
[6] Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (MoHCR), Decree
No. 252/2004 Coll., laying down hygiene requirements for drinking and
warm water, frequency and scope of drinking water checks as amended
by the Decrees No 187/2005 Coll. and No 293/2006 Coll., Prague:
MoHCR, 2004.
[7] National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Emergency Drinking Water
Supply. Methodical Recommendation of NIPH - National Referential
Centre for Drinking Water, Prague: NIPH, 2007, p. 5.
[8] US EPA. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables,
Washington, D.C.: US EPA, p. 9, 2011, (on line), (2013-01-07). URL:
<http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/dwstandards201
1.pdf >.
[9] US EPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS),
Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual. Washington, D.C.:
US EPA, Part A-F, 1989-2004. (on line). (2013-01-17). URL:
<http://www.epa.gov/ oswer/riskassessment/ragsa-f/index.htm>.
[10] Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic (MoE CR), “Methodical
Instructions for the Risk Analysis of Contaminated Area”, MoE CR
Bulletin, vol. XXI, no. 3, article 3, pp. 1-52, 2011.
[11] M. Tichý, and M. Valjentová, Experts and Expertise. 1st Ed.
Prague:,Linde, Ltd., 2011, pp. 66-72.
[12] S. Farid, M. K. Baloch, and S. A. Ahmad, “Water Pollution: Major Issue
in Urban Areas”, International Journal of Water Resources
and Environmental Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 55-65, 2012.
[13] A. F. Ato et al., “Mining and Heavy Metal Pollution: Assessment
of Aquatic Environments using Multivariate Statistical Analysis”,
Journal of Environmental Statistics, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1-13, 2010.
[14] US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). (on line).
(2013-03-16). URL: <http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/>.
[15] World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for Drinking-Water
Quality. 4th Ed. Geneva: WHO, 2011.
[16] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC),
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
(on line), (2013-03-17). URL:
<http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php>.
[17] R. N. Ratnaike, “Acute and Chronic Arsenic Toxicity”, Postgraduate
Medical Journal, vol. 79, pp. 391-396, 2003.
[18] N. C. Papanikolaou, et al., “Lead Toxicity Update. A Brief Review.”
Medical Science Monitor, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. RA329-RA336, 2005.
[19] D. F. Flick, H. F. Kraybill, and J. M. Dimitroff, “Toxic Effects
of Cadmium: Review.” Environmental Research, vol.4, no. 2, pp. 71-85,
1971.
[20] K. A. Winship, “Toxicity of Mercury and Its Inorganic Salts”, Adverse
Drug React and Acute Poisoning Reviews, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 129-160,
1985.
[21] V. Bencko. “Nickel: A Review of Its Occupational and Environmental
Toxicology”, Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology,
and Immunology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 237-247, 1983.
[22] G. Xenophon, et al., “Possible Health Effects of High Manganese
Concentration in Drinking Water”, Archives of Environmental
& Occupational Health, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 175-178, 1989.
[23] K. H. Choo, et al., “Use of Chelating Polymers to Enhance Manganese
Removal in Ultrafiltration for Drinking Water Treatment”, Journal
of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 163-169,
2007.
[24] The Council of the European Union (CEU), Council Directive 98/83/EC
on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Brussels:
CEU, 1998.
[25] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN ISO 5667-3. Water Quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance
on the Preservation and Handling of Samples. Prague: COSMT, 1996.
[26] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN ISO 11885. Water Quality - Determination of 33 Elements
by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Prague:
COSMT, 1996.
[27] U.S. EPA, Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (Final Report).
Chapter 3. Water Ingestion. Washington, D.C.: National Center
of Environmental Assessment, 2007. (on line). (2013-02-15). URL:
<http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=199243>.
[28] P. V. Hamill, et al., “Physical Growth: National Center for Health
Statistics Percentiles”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 32,
pp. 607–609, 1979.
[29] R. L. Canfield, et al., “Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood
Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter”, The New England
Journal of Medicine, vol. 348, pp. 1517-1526, 2003.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:51673", author = "Frantisek Bozek and Alexandr Bozek and Alena Bumbova and Jiri Dvorak and Lenka Jesonkova", title = "Assessment of Risk of Ground Water Resources for the Emergency Supply in Relation to Their Contamination by Metals", abstract = "The contamination of 15 ground water resources
of a selected region earmarked for the emergency supply
of population has been monitored. The resources have been selected
on the basis of previous assessment of natural conditions
and the exploitation of territory in their surroundings and infiltration
area. Two resources out of 15 have been excluded from further
exploitation, because they have not met some of the 72 assessed
hygienic indicators of extended analysis. The remaining 13 resources
have been the subject of health risk analysis in relation
to the contamination by arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel and
manganese. The risk analysis proved that all 13 resources meet
health standards with regard to the above mentioned purposefully
selected elements and may thus be included into crisis plans. Water
quality of ground resources may be assessed in the same way
with regard to other contaminants.
", keywords = "Contamination, drinking water, emergency supply,
health risk, hygienic limits, metals, risk assessment.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "413-6", }
