Assessment of Health Risks to Ground Water Resources for the Emergency Supply of Population in Relation to the Content of Nitrates and Nitrites
The contents of nitrates and nitrites were monitored in
15 ground water resources of a selected region earmarked for the
emergency supply of population. The resources have been selected on
the basis of previous assessment of natural conditions and the
exploitation of territory in the infiltration area as well as the
surroundings of water resources. The health risk analysis carried out
in relation to nitrates and nitrites, which were found to be the most
serious water contaminants, proved, that 14 resources met the health
standards in relation to the assessed criterion and could be included in
crisis plans. Water quality of ground resources may be assessed in the
same way with regard to other contaminants.
<p>[1] S. Krocova, and M. Lindovsky, “Providing the Population and Entities
of Critical Infrastructure with Drinking Water in Emergency Situations
on the Territory of the Czech Republic (Published Conference
Proceedings style),” in The Proceedings of the XVIth International
Conference VODA ZLÍN, Zlín, Moravská vodárenská, 2012, pp. 21-30.
[2] E. Bakos, et al., “Emergency Water Supply II. Vulnerability
of Particular Selected Water Resource. (Published Conference
Proceedings style),” in V. Niola, K. Ng, (Eds.). Proceedings
of the 9th WSEAS International Conference on Environment, Ecosystems
and Development (EED´11). Montreux, WSEAS Press, 2011, pp. 17-21.
[3] F. Bozek, et al., “Classification of Ground Water Resources for
Emergency Supply,” World Academy of Science, Engineering
and Technology, vol. 71, pp. 1653-1656, 2012.
[4] J. O. Lundberg, E. Weitzberg, and M. T. Gladwin, “The Nitrate-Nitrite-
Nitric Oxide Pathway in Physiology and Therapeutics, “Nature Reviews
Drug Discover, vol. 7, pp. 156-157, 2008.
[5] Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (MoA CR),
“Methodological Instructions of the MoA CR to Ensure the Standard
Procedure to be followed by Regional and Municipal Authorities, the
Authority of the Capital of Prague and its City Parts, in Emergency
Water Supply provided by the Emergency Water Supply Service during
the Extraordinary Events, Emergency and Crisis Situations”,
Governmental Bulletin for Regional and Municipal Authorities, Article
3, pp. 42-46, 2011.
[6] Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (MoA CR), “MoA
Methodical Instructions for Selecting and Maintaining the Emergency
Water Supply Resources”, Bulletin of MoA CR, Article 3, pp. 1-10,
2002.
[7] Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (MoH CR), Decree
No. 252/2004 Coll. Laying Down Hygiene Requirements for Drinking
and Warm Water, Frequency and Scope of Drinking Water Checks as
Amended by the Decrees No 187/2005 Coll. and No 293/2006 Coll.,
Prague: MoH CR, 2004.
[8] National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Emergency Drinking Water
Supply. Methodical Recommendation of NIPH – National Referential
Centre for Drinking Water. Prague: NIPH, 2007, p. 5.
[9] US EPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Volume I:
Human Health Evaluation Manual. Washington, D.C.: US EPA,
1989-2004. Part A-F. (on line). (2013-01-17). URL:
<http://www.epa.gov/ oswer/riskassessment/ragsa-f/index.htm>.
[10] Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic (MoE CR), “Methodical
Instructions for the Risk Analysis of Contaminated Area”, MoE CR
Bulletin, vol. XXI, no. 3, article 3, pp. 1-52, 2011.
[11] M. Tichý, and M. Valjentová, Experts and Expertise. 1st Ed. Prague:
Linde, Ltd., 2011.
[12] US EPA, Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables.
Washington, D.C.: US EPA, 2011, p. 9. (on line). (2013-01-07). URL:
<http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ criteria/drinking/dwstandards.pdf>.
[13] J. Chylkova, et. al.,”The Issue of Nitrates in Drinking Water and their
Removal” WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development,
vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 114-123, 2011.
[14] A. Pawełczyk, “Assessment of Health Hazard Associated with Nitrogen
Compounds in Water”, Water Science & Technology, vol. 66, no. 4,
pp. 666-672, 2012.
[15] A. A. Avery, “Infantile Methemoglobinemia: Reexamining the Role
of Drinking Water Nitrate,“ Environmental Health Perspectives,
vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 583-586, 1999.
[16] H. Bartsch, and R. Montesano, “Relevance of Nitrosamines to Human
Cancer,” Carcinogenesis vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1381 -1393, 1984.
[17] F. Bozek, et al., “Risk Assessment of Selected Source for Emergency
Water Supply. (Published Conference Proceedings style),”
in S. Eslamian, (Ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Development, Energy, Environment, Economics (DEEE´12). Paris,
WSEAS Press, 2012, pp. 216-221.
[18] The Council of the European Union (CEU), Council Directive 98/83/EC
on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Brussels:
CEU, 1998.
[19] World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for Drinking-Water
Quality. 4th Ed. Geneva: WHO, 2011, p. 183.
[20] US EPA, Drinking Water Contaminants. Washington, D.C.:
US EPA, 2009. (on line). (2013-02-14). URL: <http://water.epa.gov/
drink /contaminants/index.cfm>.
[21] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN ISO 5667-3. Water Quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on
the Preservation and Handling of Samples. Prague: COSMT, 1996.
[22] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT), ČSN ISO
7890-3. Water Quality. Determination of Nitrate. Part 3: Spectrometric
Method Using Sulfosalicylic Acid. Prague: COSMT, 1995.
[23] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN 26777. Water Quality. Determination of Nitrite. Molecular
Absorption Spectrometric Method. Prague: COSMT, 1995.
[24] US EPA, Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (Final Report).
Washington: National Center of Environmental Assessment, 2007.
(on line). (2013-02-15). URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/
cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=199243.
[25] US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System. Nitrate
(CASRN 14797-55-8). (on line). (2013-02-15). URL: http://www.
epa.gov/ iris/subst/0076.htm.
[26] US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System. Nitrite (CASRN 14797-
65-0). (on line). (2013-02-15). URL: http://www.epa.gov/
iris/subst/0078.htm.</p>
<p>[1] S. Krocova, and M. Lindovsky, “Providing the Population and Entities
of Critical Infrastructure with Drinking Water in Emergency Situations
on the Territory of the Czech Republic (Published Conference
Proceedings style),” in The Proceedings of the XVIth International
Conference VODA ZLÍN, Zlín, Moravská vodárenská, 2012, pp. 21-30.
[2] E. Bakos, et al., “Emergency Water Supply II. Vulnerability
of Particular Selected Water Resource. (Published Conference
Proceedings style),” in V. Niola, K. Ng, (Eds.). Proceedings
of the 9th WSEAS International Conference on Environment, Ecosystems
and Development (EED´11). Montreux, WSEAS Press, 2011, pp. 17-21.
[3] F. Bozek, et al., “Classification of Ground Water Resources for
Emergency Supply,” World Academy of Science, Engineering
and Technology, vol. 71, pp. 1653-1656, 2012.
[4] J. O. Lundberg, E. Weitzberg, and M. T. Gladwin, “The Nitrate-Nitrite-
Nitric Oxide Pathway in Physiology and Therapeutics, “Nature Reviews
Drug Discover, vol. 7, pp. 156-157, 2008.
[5] Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (MoA CR),
“Methodological Instructions of the MoA CR to Ensure the Standard
Procedure to be followed by Regional and Municipal Authorities, the
Authority of the Capital of Prague and its City Parts, in Emergency
Water Supply provided by the Emergency Water Supply Service during
the Extraordinary Events, Emergency and Crisis Situations”,
Governmental Bulletin for Regional and Municipal Authorities, Article
3, pp. 42-46, 2011.
[6] Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (MoA CR), “MoA
Methodical Instructions for Selecting and Maintaining the Emergency
Water Supply Resources”, Bulletin of MoA CR, Article 3, pp. 1-10,
2002.
[7] Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (MoH CR), Decree
No. 252/2004 Coll. Laying Down Hygiene Requirements for Drinking
and Warm Water, Frequency and Scope of Drinking Water Checks as
Amended by the Decrees No 187/2005 Coll. and No 293/2006 Coll.,
Prague: MoH CR, 2004.
[8] National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Emergency Drinking Water
Supply. Methodical Recommendation of NIPH – National Referential
Centre for Drinking Water. Prague: NIPH, 2007, p. 5.
[9] US EPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Volume I:
Human Health Evaluation Manual. Washington, D.C.: US EPA,
1989-2004. Part A-F. (on line). (2013-01-17). URL:
<http://www.epa.gov/ oswer/riskassessment/ragsa-f/index.htm>.
[10] Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic (MoE CR), “Methodical
Instructions for the Risk Analysis of Contaminated Area”, MoE CR
Bulletin, vol. XXI, no. 3, article 3, pp. 1-52, 2011.
[11] M. Tichý, and M. Valjentová, Experts and Expertise. 1st Ed. Prague:
Linde, Ltd., 2011.
[12] US EPA, Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables.
Washington, D.C.: US EPA, 2011, p. 9. (on line). (2013-01-07). URL:
<http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ criteria/drinking/dwstandards.pdf>.
[13] J. Chylkova, et. al.,”The Issue of Nitrates in Drinking Water and their
Removal” WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development,
vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 114-123, 2011.
[14] A. Pawełczyk, “Assessment of Health Hazard Associated with Nitrogen
Compounds in Water”, Water Science & Technology, vol. 66, no. 4,
pp. 666-672, 2012.
[15] A. A. Avery, “Infantile Methemoglobinemia: Reexamining the Role
of Drinking Water Nitrate,“ Environmental Health Perspectives,
vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 583-586, 1999.
[16] H. Bartsch, and R. Montesano, “Relevance of Nitrosamines to Human
Cancer,” Carcinogenesis vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1381 -1393, 1984.
[17] F. Bozek, et al., “Risk Assessment of Selected Source for Emergency
Water Supply. (Published Conference Proceedings style),”
in S. Eslamian, (Ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Development, Energy, Environment, Economics (DEEE´12). Paris,
WSEAS Press, 2012, pp. 216-221.
[18] The Council of the European Union (CEU), Council Directive 98/83/EC
on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Brussels:
CEU, 1998.
[19] World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for Drinking-Water
Quality. 4th Ed. Geneva: WHO, 2011, p. 183.
[20] US EPA, Drinking Water Contaminants. Washington, D.C.:
US EPA, 2009. (on line). (2013-02-14). URL: <http://water.epa.gov/
drink /contaminants/index.cfm>.
[21] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN ISO 5667-3. Water Quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on
the Preservation and Handling of Samples. Prague: COSMT, 1996.
[22] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT), ČSN ISO
7890-3. Water Quality. Determination of Nitrate. Part 3: Spectrometric
Method Using Sulfosalicylic Acid. Prague: COSMT, 1995.
[23] Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing (COSMT),
ČSN EN 26777. Water Quality. Determination of Nitrite. Molecular
Absorption Spectrometric Method. Prague: COSMT, 1995.
[24] US EPA, Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (Final Report).
Washington: National Center of Environmental Assessment, 2007.
(on line). (2013-02-15). URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/
cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=199243.
[25] US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System. Nitrate
(CASRN 14797-55-8). (on line). (2013-02-15). URL: http://www.
epa.gov/ iris/subst/0076.htm.
[26] US EPA, Integrated Risk Information System. Nitrite (CASRN 14797-
65-0). (on line). (2013-02-15). URL: http://www.epa.gov/
iris/subst/0078.htm.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:49953", author = "Frantisek Bozek and Lenka Jesonkova and Jiri Dvorak and Milos Bozek and Eduard Bakos", title = "Assessment of Health Risks to Ground Water Resources for the Emergency Supply of Population in Relation to the Content of Nitrates and Nitrites", abstract = "The contents of nitrates and nitrites were monitored in
15 ground water resources of a selected region earmarked for the
emergency supply of population. The resources have been selected on
the basis of previous assessment of natural conditions and the
exploitation of territory in the infiltration area as well as the
surroundings of water resources. The health risk analysis carried out
in relation to nitrates and nitrites, which were found to be the most
serious water contaminants, proved, that 14 resources met the health
standards in relation to the assessed criterion and could be included in
crisis plans. Water quality of ground resources may be assessed in the
same way with regard to other contaminants.
", keywords = "Drinking water, health risks, methemoglobinemia,
nitrates, nitrites, water pollution.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "403-6", }
