Applications of Carbon Fibers Produced from Polyacrylonitrile Fibers
Carbon fibers have specific characteristics in
comparison with industrial and structural materials used in different
applications. Special properties of carbon fibers make them attractive
for reinforcing and fabrication of composites. These fibers have been
utilized for composites of metals, ceramics and plastics. However,
it-s mainly used in different forms to reinforce lightweight polymer
materials such as epoxy resin, polyesters or polyamides. The
composites of carbon fiber are stronger than steel, stiffer than
titanium, and lighter than aluminum and nowadays they are used in a
variety of applications. This study explains applications of carbon
fibers in different fields such as space, aviation, transportation,
medical, construction, energy, sporting goods, electronics, and the
other commercial/industrial applications. The last findings of
composites with polymer, metal and ceramic matrices containing
carbon fibers and their applications in the world investigated.
Researches show that carbon fibers-reinforced composites due to
unique properties (including high specific strength and specific
modulus, low thermal expansion coefficient, high fatigue strength,
and high thermal stability) can be replaced with common industrial
and structural materials.
[1] A. Kelly, et al., "Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials",
Pergamon Press, 1989.
[2] J. B. Donnet, "Carbon Fibers", Marcel & Dekker Inc., 1984.
[3] E. Fitzer, "PAN - Based Carbon Fibers- Present State and Trend of
Technology from the Viewpoint of Possibilities and Limits to Influence
and to Control the Fiber Properties by the Process Parameters", Carbon,
27, 1989, 621-645.
[4] V. I. Kostikov, "Fiber Science and Technology", Chapman & Hall,
1995, 231-240.
[5] E. Fitzer & M. Heym, "Carbon Fibers - The Outlook", Chemistry and
Industry, 1976, 16, 663-676.
[6] J. Delmonte, "Carbon and Graphite Fiber Composites", Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1981.
[7] S. M. Lee, "International Encyclopedia of Composites", VCH
Publishers Inc., 1990.
[8] R. C. Bansal & J. B. Donnet, "Pyrolytic Formation of High Performance
Carbon Fibers", Comprehensive Polymer Science, Polymer Reactions,
Pergamom Press, 1990, 501-520.
[9] S. Bahrami & P. Bajaj, "High - Performance Acrylic Fibers", J. of
Macromol. Sci. Marcromol. Chem. Phys., C36, 1996, 2-75.
[10] H. M. Ezekiel, "Formation of Very High Modulus Graphite Fibers from
a Commercial Polyacrylonitrile Yarn", Composite & Fibrous Materials
Branch, Nonmetallic Materials Divisions, Air Force Materials
Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 184-201.
[11] E. Fitzer, "Carbon Fibers and Their Composites", Springer - Verlag,
1986.
[12] B. W. Howlett, "The Fabrication & Properties of Carbon Fiber / Metal
Matrix Composites", Plastic Institute Conference on Carbon Fibers,
1991.
[13] G. Savage, "Carbon - Carbon Composite Materials", Metals and
Materials, Sept. 1988.
[14] W. C. Rice, "Economics of Solid Rocket Booster for Space Shuttle",
Acta Astronautica, 6, 12, 1979, 1685-1694.
[15] C. Hawthorne, "Carbon Fiber Future", Metropolis Magazine, Feb. 2003,
1-3.
[16] T. G. Reinhart, et al., "Engineered Materials Handbook", Composites,
Vol. 1, ASM International, 1988.
[17] A. P. Wrzesien, et al., "Carbon Fiber Composites", U.S. Pat. No.
3971669.
[18] B. E. Tonn, "An Assessment of Waste Issues Associated with the
Production of New, Lightweight, Fuel - Efficient Vehicles", J. of
Cleaner Production, 11, 7, 2003, 753-765.
[19] K. Shibata & H. Ushio, "Tribological Application of MMC for
Reducing Engine Weight", Tribology International, 27, 1, 1994, 39-44.
[20] J. G. Morley, "Advanced Fibre Composite Materials", Fibre Science and
Technology, 1, 3, 1969, 209-217.
[21] P. J. Walsh, "Carbon Fibers", ASM Handbook, Composites, Vol. 21,
ASM International, 2001, 35-40.
[22] R. eslami Farsani, A. Shokuhfar and A. Sedghi, "Carbon Fibers-Polymer
Composites in Human Body", E-MRS 2004, Fall Meeting, Warsaw,
Poland, 6-10 Sept. 2004, 76.
[23] M. N. Helmus, "Overview of Biomedical Materials", MRS Bulletin, 16,
9, 1991, 33-38.
[24] S. R. Pollack, "Biomedical Materials: An Overview- Encyclopedia of
Materials Science & Engineering", Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1986, 343-
349.
[25] S. Ramakrishna, et al., "Biomedical Application of Polymer -
Composite Materials", Composites Science and Technology, 61, 9,
2001, 1189-1224.
[26] U. Meier, "Carbon Fibre - Reinforced Polymers: Modern Materials in
Bridge Engineering", Struct. Eng. Int., 1, 1992.
[27] M. A. Ali, et al., "Carbon Fibre Reinforcement of Cement", Cement and
Concrete Research, 2, 1972, 201-212.
[28] D. D. L. Chung, "Cement Reinforced with Short Carbon Fibers: A
Multifunctional Material", Composites Part B: Engineering, 31, 2000,
511-526.
[29] K. Flaga, "Advances in Materials Applied in Civil Engineering", J. of
Materials Processing Technology, 106, 2000, 173-183.
[30] K. Flaga, "Advances in Materials Applied in Civil Engineering", J. of
Materials Processing Technology, 106, 2000, 173-183.
[31] "Test Success for Gas Drill Pipe", Reinforced Plastics, 47, 10, 2003.
[32] J. Alcaniz- Monge, et al., "Methane Storage in Activated Carbon
Fibers", Carbon, 35, 1997, 291-297.
[33] L. L. Vasiliev, et al., "Adsorbed Natural Gas Storage and Transportation
Vessels", International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 39, 2000, 1047-
1055.
[34] D. Scott & G. H. Mills, "Scanning Electron Microscopical Study of
Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Cage Materials for Rolling Bearings",
Polymer, 14, 4, 1973, 130-132.
[35] R. Naslain, "Design, Preparation and Properties of Non - Oxide CMCs
for Application in Engines and Nuclear Reactors: An Overview",
Composites Science and Technology, 64, 2, 2004, 155-170.
[36] J. S. Murday, "Assessment of Graphitized Carbon Fiber Use for
Electrical Power Transmission", Synthetic Metals, 9, Jun. 1984, 367-
424.
[1] A. Kelly, et al., "Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials",
Pergamon Press, 1989.
[2] J. B. Donnet, "Carbon Fibers", Marcel & Dekker Inc., 1984.
[3] E. Fitzer, "PAN - Based Carbon Fibers- Present State and Trend of
Technology from the Viewpoint of Possibilities and Limits to Influence
and to Control the Fiber Properties by the Process Parameters", Carbon,
27, 1989, 621-645.
[4] V. I. Kostikov, "Fiber Science and Technology", Chapman & Hall,
1995, 231-240.
[5] E. Fitzer & M. Heym, "Carbon Fibers - The Outlook", Chemistry and
Industry, 1976, 16, 663-676.
[6] J. Delmonte, "Carbon and Graphite Fiber Composites", Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1981.
[7] S. M. Lee, "International Encyclopedia of Composites", VCH
Publishers Inc., 1990.
[8] R. C. Bansal & J. B. Donnet, "Pyrolytic Formation of High Performance
Carbon Fibers", Comprehensive Polymer Science, Polymer Reactions,
Pergamom Press, 1990, 501-520.
[9] S. Bahrami & P. Bajaj, "High - Performance Acrylic Fibers", J. of
Macromol. Sci. Marcromol. Chem. Phys., C36, 1996, 2-75.
[10] H. M. Ezekiel, "Formation of Very High Modulus Graphite Fibers from
a Commercial Polyacrylonitrile Yarn", Composite & Fibrous Materials
Branch, Nonmetallic Materials Divisions, Air Force Materials
Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 184-201.
[11] E. Fitzer, "Carbon Fibers and Their Composites", Springer - Verlag,
1986.
[12] B. W. Howlett, "The Fabrication & Properties of Carbon Fiber / Metal
Matrix Composites", Plastic Institute Conference on Carbon Fibers,
1991.
[13] G. Savage, "Carbon - Carbon Composite Materials", Metals and
Materials, Sept. 1988.
[14] W. C. Rice, "Economics of Solid Rocket Booster for Space Shuttle",
Acta Astronautica, 6, 12, 1979, 1685-1694.
[15] C. Hawthorne, "Carbon Fiber Future", Metropolis Magazine, Feb. 2003,
1-3.
[16] T. G. Reinhart, et al., "Engineered Materials Handbook", Composites,
Vol. 1, ASM International, 1988.
[17] A. P. Wrzesien, et al., "Carbon Fiber Composites", U.S. Pat. No.
3971669.
[18] B. E. Tonn, "An Assessment of Waste Issues Associated with the
Production of New, Lightweight, Fuel - Efficient Vehicles", J. of
Cleaner Production, 11, 7, 2003, 753-765.
[19] K. Shibata & H. Ushio, "Tribological Application of MMC for
Reducing Engine Weight", Tribology International, 27, 1, 1994, 39-44.
[20] J. G. Morley, "Advanced Fibre Composite Materials", Fibre Science and
Technology, 1, 3, 1969, 209-217.
[21] P. J. Walsh, "Carbon Fibers", ASM Handbook, Composites, Vol. 21,
ASM International, 2001, 35-40.
[22] R. eslami Farsani, A. Shokuhfar and A. Sedghi, "Carbon Fibers-Polymer
Composites in Human Body", E-MRS 2004, Fall Meeting, Warsaw,
Poland, 6-10 Sept. 2004, 76.
[23] M. N. Helmus, "Overview of Biomedical Materials", MRS Bulletin, 16,
9, 1991, 33-38.
[24] S. R. Pollack, "Biomedical Materials: An Overview- Encyclopedia of
Materials Science & Engineering", Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1986, 343-
349.
[25] S. Ramakrishna, et al., "Biomedical Application of Polymer -
Composite Materials", Composites Science and Technology, 61, 9,
2001, 1189-1224.
[26] U. Meier, "Carbon Fibre - Reinforced Polymers: Modern Materials in
Bridge Engineering", Struct. Eng. Int., 1, 1992.
[27] M. A. Ali, et al., "Carbon Fibre Reinforcement of Cement", Cement and
Concrete Research, 2, 1972, 201-212.
[28] D. D. L. Chung, "Cement Reinforced with Short Carbon Fibers: A
Multifunctional Material", Composites Part B: Engineering, 31, 2000,
511-526.
[29] K. Flaga, "Advances in Materials Applied in Civil Engineering", J. of
Materials Processing Technology, 106, 2000, 173-183.
[30] K. Flaga, "Advances in Materials Applied in Civil Engineering", J. of
Materials Processing Technology, 106, 2000, 173-183.
[31] "Test Success for Gas Drill Pipe", Reinforced Plastics, 47, 10, 2003.
[32] J. Alcaniz- Monge, et al., "Methane Storage in Activated Carbon
Fibers", Carbon, 35, 1997, 291-297.
[33] L. L. Vasiliev, et al., "Adsorbed Natural Gas Storage and Transportation
Vessels", International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 39, 2000, 1047-
1055.
[34] D. Scott & G. H. Mills, "Scanning Electron Microscopical Study of
Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Cage Materials for Rolling Bearings",
Polymer, 14, 4, 1973, 130-132.
[35] R. Naslain, "Design, Preparation and Properties of Non - Oxide CMCs
for Application in Engines and Nuclear Reactors: An Overview",
Composites Science and Technology, 64, 2, 2004, 155-170.
[36] J. S. Murday, "Assessment of Graphitized Carbon Fiber Use for
Electrical Power Transmission", Synthetic Metals, 9, Jun. 1984, 367-
424.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:62736", author = "R. Eslami Farsani and R. Fazaeli", title = "Applications of Carbon Fibers Produced from Polyacrylonitrile Fibers", abstract = "Carbon fibers have specific characteristics in
comparison with industrial and structural materials used in different
applications. Special properties of carbon fibers make them attractive
for reinforcing and fabrication of composites. These fibers have been
utilized for composites of metals, ceramics and plastics. However,
it-s mainly used in different forms to reinforce lightweight polymer
materials such as epoxy resin, polyesters or polyamides. The
composites of carbon fiber are stronger than steel, stiffer than
titanium, and lighter than aluminum and nowadays they are used in a
variety of applications. This study explains applications of carbon
fibers in different fields such as space, aviation, transportation,
medical, construction, energy, sporting goods, electronics, and the
other commercial/industrial applications. The last findings of
composites with polymer, metal and ceramic matrices containing
carbon fibers and their applications in the world investigated.
Researches show that carbon fibers-reinforced composites due to
unique properties (including high specific strength and specific
modulus, low thermal expansion coefficient, high fatigue strength,
and high thermal stability) can be replaced with common industrial
and structural materials.", keywords = "Polyacrylonitrile Fibers, Carbon Fibers, Application", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "837-4", }
