Application of Ti/RuO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anode for Degradation of Reactive Black-5 Dye
Electrochemical-oxidation of Reactive Black-5 (RB- 5) was conducted for degradation using DSA type Ti/RuO2-SnO2- Sb2O5 electrode. In the study, for electro-oxidation, electrode was indigenously fabricated in laboratory using titanium as substrate. This substrate was coated using different metal oxides RuO2, Sb2O5 and SnO2 by thermal decomposition method. Laboratory scale batch reactor was used for degradation and decolorization studies at pH 2, 7 and 11. Current density (50mA/cm2) and distance between electrodes (8mm) were kept constant for all experiments. Under identical conditions, removal of color, COD and TOC at initial pH 2 was 99.40%, 55% and 37% respectively for initial concentration of 100 mg/L RB-5. Surface morphology and composition of the fabricated electrode coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) respectively. Coating microstructure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results of this study further revealed that almost 90% of oxidation occurred within 5-10 minutes.
[1] M O Azzam, Y Tahboub, M Al-Tarazi, "Effects of counter electrode material on the anodic destruction of 4-cl phenol solution", Institution of
Chemical Engineers Trans, Part B, Vol-77, pp.219-226 1999.
[2] S Kim, T H Kim, C Park, E B Shin, "Electrochemical oxidation of
polyvinyal alcohol using a RuO2/Ti anode" Desalination, Vol- 155, pp.
49-57, 2003.
[3] N Mohan, N Balasubramanian, C Ahmed Basha, "Electrochemical
oxidation of textile wastewater and its reuse", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol 147, pp. 644-651, 2007.
[4] D Rajkumar, B J Song, J G Kim, "Electrochemical degradation of
Reactive Blue 19 in chloride medium for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater with identification of intermediate compounds" Dyes and
Pigments, Vol-72, pp. 1-7, 2007.
[5] E Chatzisymeon, N P Xekoukoulotakis, A Coz, N Kalogerakis, D
Mantzavinos, "Electrochemical treatment of textile dyes and dyehouse
effluents" Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol- 137, pp. 998-1007,
2006.
[6] B Wang, W Kong, H Ma, "Electrochemical treatment of paper mill
wastewater using three-dimensional electrodes with Ti/Co/SnO2-Sb2O5
anode" Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-146, pp. 295-301,2007.
[7] A M Carlos, B Enric ," Decontamination of wastewaters containing
synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: A general review",
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol-87(3-4), pp. 105-145, 2009.
[8] M Z Adriana , A M Carlos, R S Djalma ,"Application of electrochemical
technology for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from produced water
using a DSA type anode at different flow rates" ,Fuel, Vol-89(2),
pp.531-534, 2010.
[9] D Rajkumar , K Palanivelu , "Electrochemical treatment of industrial
wastewater", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-113(1-3), pp.123-
129, 2004.
[10] Yi Fenyun, S Chen, Y Chan, "Effect of activated carbon fiber anode
structure and electrolysis conditions on electrochemical degradation of
dye wastewater" , Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-157(1), pp.79-
87, 2008.
[11] R Kotz, S Stucki, B Carcer, "Electrochemical waste water treatment
using high overvoltage anodes, Part I: Physical and electrochemical
properties of SnO2 anodes, Journal of applied electrochemistry Vol-21,
pp.14-20,1991.
[12] G Chen, "Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment,
Separation and Purification Technology", Vol-38(1), pp.11-41, 2004.
[13] C.Comninellis, G Chen, "Electrochemistry for the Environment", New
York Springer Science Business Media, LLC, 2010.
[14] Y-Y Hou, J-M Hu, L Liu, J-Q Zhang, C-N Cao, “Effect of calcination
temperature on electro catalytic activities of Ti/IrO2 electrodes in
methanol aqueous solutions”, Electrochimica Acta, Vol-51(28), pp.
6258-6267, 2006.
[15] H A Moreno, C David, L Cocke, A Jewel, G Gomes, P Morkovsky, J.
R. Parga, E Peterson, C Garcia, “Electrochemical Reactions for Electrocoagulation
Using Iron Electrodes”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol-48,
pp.2275–2282, 2009.
[16] I Zongo ,J Leclerc ,M H Amadou ,W Joseph, F Lapicque , “Removal
of hexavalent chromium from industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation”,
Separation and Purification Technology, Vol-66 (1-
7),pp.159-166, 2009.
[17] A M Hector, L David, J Cocke , A G Gomes, “Electro- coagulation
mechanism for COD removal”, Separation and purification
Technology,Vol- 56, pp.204-211, 2007.
[18] C L P S Zanta, A R de Andrade, J F C Boodts, “Hernandez L I, Carlos
D B, Morales R G, “Influence of the anodic material on electro
coagulation performance”, chemical Engineering Journal, Vol-
148,pp.97-105,2009.
[19] C L P S Zanta, A R de Andrade, J F C Boodts , “Solvent and support
electrolyte effects on the catalytic activity of Ti/RuO2 and Ti/IrO2
electrodes: oxidation of isosafrole as a probe model”, Electrochimica
Acta, Vol 44(19), pp.3333-3340,1999.
[20] C .C Hu, C -H. Lee, T–C Wen, “Oxygen evolution and hypochlorite
production on Ru-Pt binary oxides”,Journal of Applied
Electrochemistry”, Vol-26, pp.72- 82,1996.
[21] A M Polcaro ,S Palmas ,F Remold, M Mascia , “On the performance of
Ti/SnO2 and Ti/PbO2 anodes in electrochemical degradation of 2-
chlorophenol for wastewater treatment”,Journal of Applied.
Electrochem.Vol-29, pp.147–151, 1999.
[22] C Comninellis , Vercesi G P, Characterization of DSA-type oxygen
evolving electrodes: choice of a coating, Journal of Applied
Electrochem, Vol-21, pp.335–345, 1991.
[23] M. Ceron-Rivera, M M Davila-Jimenez, M P Elizalde-gonzalez,
“Degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5
using diamond and metal alloys electrodes”, Chemosphere, Vol- 55(1)
pp. 1-10, 2004.
[24] J Young, Y-J Lee, J Shin, J-W Yang, “Anodic oxidation of 1,4-dioxane
on boron-doped diamond electrodes for wastewater treatment” Journal
of Hazardous Materials, Vol-179( 1-3),pp. 762-768,2010.
[25] X Zhu, J Ni, J Wei, X Xing, H Li, Y Jiang, “Scale-up of BDD anode
system for electrochemical oxidation of phenol simulated wastewater in
continuous mode” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-184(1-3),
pp.493-498,2010
[26] L S Andrade, T T Tasso, D L Silva, R C R Filho , N Bocchi, S R
Biaggio, “On the performances of lead dioxide and boron-doped
diamond electrodes in the anodic oxidation of simulated wastewater
containing the Reactive Orange 16 dye”, Electrochimica Acta Vol-54
pp. 2024–2030,2009.
[27] X Chen, G Chen, “Stable Ti/RuO2–Sb2O5–SnO2 electrodes for O2
evolution”, Electrochimica Acta, Vol-50, pp. 4155–4159, 2005.
[28] A de Oliveira-Sousa, M.A.S da Silva, S.A.S Machado, L.A Avaca, P de
Lima-Neto, “Influence of the preparation method on the morphological
and electrochemical properties of Ti/IrO2-coated electrodes”,
Electrochimica Acta, Vol-45(27), pp.4467-4473,2000.
[29] American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works
Association (AWWA) & Water Environment Federation (WEF):
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st
Edition, 2005.
[30] BD Soni, J P Ruparelia “Studies on effects of electrodes for
decontamination of dyes from wastewater”, Journal of Environmental
Research And Development, Vol-6 ,pp- 973-980, 2012
[31] M Panizza, P A Michaud,G Cerisola , C Comninellis “Electrochemical
treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants on boron –doped
diamond electrodes: prediction of specific energy consumption and
required electrode area”, Electrochemistry Communication, Vol- 3,pp.
336-339, 2001.
[32] Y Liu, L Li, R Goel, “Kinetic study of electrolytic ammonia removal
using Ti/IrO2 as anode under different experimental conditions”, Journal
of Hazardous Materials, Vol- 167( 1-3), pp. 959-965,2009.
[33] Z Donald, “Chemical Etching, Quality Matters Newsletter, PACE
Technologies,Vol- 2(5),2003.
[34] J L Fernandez, M R G Chialvo, A C Chialvo, “kinetic study of the
chlorine electrode reaction on Ti/RuO2 through the polarization
resistance, Part-1 experimental results and analysis of the pH effects”,
Electrochemica Acta, Vol-47, pp.1129-1136, 2002.
[35] Y Takasu, K. Oohori, N Yoshinaga, W Sugimoto, “An examination
of the oxygen reduction reaction on RuO2-based oxide coatings formed
on titanium substrates” Catalysis Today, Vol- 146( 1-2), pp. 248-
252,2009.
[36] A J Méndez-Martínez, M Martin, D Jiménez, O Ornelas-Dávila, P
María E González, U Arroyo-Abad, I Sirés, E Brillas, “Electrochemical
reduction and oxidation pathways for Reactive Black 5 dye using nickel
electrodes in divided and undivided cells” Electrochimica Acta, Vol-
59,pp.140-149,2012.
[37] X Chen, G Chen, L P Yue , Stable Ti/IrOx–Sb2O5–SnO2 anode for O2
evolution with low Ir content, Journal of physical chemistry B, Vol-
105,pp. 4623-4628, 2001.
[38] S Chen, Y Zheng, S Wang, X Chen, Ti/RuO2–Sb2O5–SnO2 electrodes
for chlorine evolution from seawater, Chemical Engineering Journal,
Vol-172( 1), pp. 47-51, 2011.
[1] M O Azzam, Y Tahboub, M Al-Tarazi, "Effects of counter electrode material on the anodic destruction of 4-cl phenol solution", Institution of
Chemical Engineers Trans, Part B, Vol-77, pp.219-226 1999.
[2] S Kim, T H Kim, C Park, E B Shin, "Electrochemical oxidation of
polyvinyal alcohol using a RuO2/Ti anode" Desalination, Vol- 155, pp.
49-57, 2003.
[3] N Mohan, N Balasubramanian, C Ahmed Basha, "Electrochemical
oxidation of textile wastewater and its reuse", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol 147, pp. 644-651, 2007.
[4] D Rajkumar, B J Song, J G Kim, "Electrochemical degradation of
Reactive Blue 19 in chloride medium for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater with identification of intermediate compounds" Dyes and
Pigments, Vol-72, pp. 1-7, 2007.
[5] E Chatzisymeon, N P Xekoukoulotakis, A Coz, N Kalogerakis, D
Mantzavinos, "Electrochemical treatment of textile dyes and dyehouse
effluents" Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol- 137, pp. 998-1007,
2006.
[6] B Wang, W Kong, H Ma, "Electrochemical treatment of paper mill
wastewater using three-dimensional electrodes with Ti/Co/SnO2-Sb2O5
anode" Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-146, pp. 295-301,2007.
[7] A M Carlos, B Enric ," Decontamination of wastewaters containing
synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: A general review",
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol-87(3-4), pp. 105-145, 2009.
[8] M Z Adriana , A M Carlos, R S Djalma ,"Application of electrochemical
technology for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from produced water
using a DSA type anode at different flow rates" ,Fuel, Vol-89(2),
pp.531-534, 2010.
[9] D Rajkumar , K Palanivelu , "Electrochemical treatment of industrial
wastewater", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-113(1-3), pp.123-
129, 2004.
[10] Yi Fenyun, S Chen, Y Chan, "Effect of activated carbon fiber anode
structure and electrolysis conditions on electrochemical degradation of
dye wastewater" , Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-157(1), pp.79-
87, 2008.
[11] R Kotz, S Stucki, B Carcer, "Electrochemical waste water treatment
using high overvoltage anodes, Part I: Physical and electrochemical
properties of SnO2 anodes, Journal of applied electrochemistry Vol-21,
pp.14-20,1991.
[12] G Chen, "Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment,
Separation and Purification Technology", Vol-38(1), pp.11-41, 2004.
[13] C.Comninellis, G Chen, "Electrochemistry for the Environment", New
York Springer Science Business Media, LLC, 2010.
[14] Y-Y Hou, J-M Hu, L Liu, J-Q Zhang, C-N Cao, “Effect of calcination
temperature on electro catalytic activities of Ti/IrO2 electrodes in
methanol aqueous solutions”, Electrochimica Acta, Vol-51(28), pp.
6258-6267, 2006.
[15] H A Moreno, C David, L Cocke, A Jewel, G Gomes, P Morkovsky, J.
R. Parga, E Peterson, C Garcia, “Electrochemical Reactions for Electrocoagulation
Using Iron Electrodes”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol-48,
pp.2275–2282, 2009.
[16] I Zongo ,J Leclerc ,M H Amadou ,W Joseph, F Lapicque , “Removal
of hexavalent chromium from industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation”,
Separation and Purification Technology, Vol-66 (1-
7),pp.159-166, 2009.
[17] A M Hector, L David, J Cocke , A G Gomes, “Electro- coagulation
mechanism for COD removal”, Separation and purification
Technology,Vol- 56, pp.204-211, 2007.
[18] C L P S Zanta, A R de Andrade, J F C Boodts, “Hernandez L I, Carlos
D B, Morales R G, “Influence of the anodic material on electro
coagulation performance”, chemical Engineering Journal, Vol-
148,pp.97-105,2009.
[19] C L P S Zanta, A R de Andrade, J F C Boodts , “Solvent and support
electrolyte effects on the catalytic activity of Ti/RuO2 and Ti/IrO2
electrodes: oxidation of isosafrole as a probe model”, Electrochimica
Acta, Vol 44(19), pp.3333-3340,1999.
[20] C .C Hu, C -H. Lee, T–C Wen, “Oxygen evolution and hypochlorite
production on Ru-Pt binary oxides”,Journal of Applied
Electrochemistry”, Vol-26, pp.72- 82,1996.
[21] A M Polcaro ,S Palmas ,F Remold, M Mascia , “On the performance of
Ti/SnO2 and Ti/PbO2 anodes in electrochemical degradation of 2-
chlorophenol for wastewater treatment”,Journal of Applied.
Electrochem.Vol-29, pp.147–151, 1999.
[22] C Comninellis , Vercesi G P, Characterization of DSA-type oxygen
evolving electrodes: choice of a coating, Journal of Applied
Electrochem, Vol-21, pp.335–345, 1991.
[23] M. Ceron-Rivera, M M Davila-Jimenez, M P Elizalde-gonzalez,
“Degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5
using diamond and metal alloys electrodes”, Chemosphere, Vol- 55(1)
pp. 1-10, 2004.
[24] J Young, Y-J Lee, J Shin, J-W Yang, “Anodic oxidation of 1,4-dioxane
on boron-doped diamond electrodes for wastewater treatment” Journal
of Hazardous Materials, Vol-179( 1-3),pp. 762-768,2010.
[25] X Zhu, J Ni, J Wei, X Xing, H Li, Y Jiang, “Scale-up of BDD anode
system for electrochemical oxidation of phenol simulated wastewater in
continuous mode” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol-184(1-3),
pp.493-498,2010
[26] L S Andrade, T T Tasso, D L Silva, R C R Filho , N Bocchi, S R
Biaggio, “On the performances of lead dioxide and boron-doped
diamond electrodes in the anodic oxidation of simulated wastewater
containing the Reactive Orange 16 dye”, Electrochimica Acta Vol-54
pp. 2024–2030,2009.
[27] X Chen, G Chen, “Stable Ti/RuO2–Sb2O5–SnO2 electrodes for O2
evolution”, Electrochimica Acta, Vol-50, pp. 4155–4159, 2005.
[28] A de Oliveira-Sousa, M.A.S da Silva, S.A.S Machado, L.A Avaca, P de
Lima-Neto, “Influence of the preparation method on the morphological
and electrochemical properties of Ti/IrO2-coated electrodes”,
Electrochimica Acta, Vol-45(27), pp.4467-4473,2000.
[29] American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works
Association (AWWA) & Water Environment Federation (WEF):
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st
Edition, 2005.
[30] BD Soni, J P Ruparelia “Studies on effects of electrodes for
decontamination of dyes from wastewater”, Journal of Environmental
Research And Development, Vol-6 ,pp- 973-980, 2012
[31] M Panizza, P A Michaud,G Cerisola , C Comninellis “Electrochemical
treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants on boron –doped
diamond electrodes: prediction of specific energy consumption and
required electrode area”, Electrochemistry Communication, Vol- 3,pp.
336-339, 2001.
[32] Y Liu, L Li, R Goel, “Kinetic study of electrolytic ammonia removal
using Ti/IrO2 as anode under different experimental conditions”, Journal
of Hazardous Materials, Vol- 167( 1-3), pp. 959-965,2009.
[33] Z Donald, “Chemical Etching, Quality Matters Newsletter, PACE
Technologies,Vol- 2(5),2003.
[34] J L Fernandez, M R G Chialvo, A C Chialvo, “kinetic study of the
chlorine electrode reaction on Ti/RuO2 through the polarization
resistance, Part-1 experimental results and analysis of the pH effects”,
Electrochemica Acta, Vol-47, pp.1129-1136, 2002.
[35] Y Takasu, K. Oohori, N Yoshinaga, W Sugimoto, “An examination
of the oxygen reduction reaction on RuO2-based oxide coatings formed
on titanium substrates” Catalysis Today, Vol- 146( 1-2), pp. 248-
252,2009.
[36] A J Méndez-Martínez, M Martin, D Jiménez, O Ornelas-Dávila, P
María E González, U Arroyo-Abad, I Sirés, E Brillas, “Electrochemical
reduction and oxidation pathways for Reactive Black 5 dye using nickel
electrodes in divided and undivided cells” Electrochimica Acta, Vol-
59,pp.140-149,2012.
[37] X Chen, G Chen, L P Yue , Stable Ti/IrOx–Sb2O5–SnO2 anode for O2
evolution with low Ir content, Journal of physical chemistry B, Vol-
105,pp. 4623-4628, 2001.
[38] S Chen, Y Zheng, S Wang, X Chen, Ti/RuO2–Sb2O5–SnO2 electrodes
for chlorine evolution from seawater, Chemical Engineering Journal,
Vol-172( 1), pp. 47-51, 2011.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:57365", author = "Jayesh P. Ruparelia and Bhavna D. Soni", title = "Application of Ti/RuO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anode for Degradation of Reactive Black-5 Dye", abstract = "Electrochemical-oxidation of Reactive Black-5 (RB- 5) was conducted for degradation using DSA type Ti/RuO2-SnO2- Sb2O5 electrode. In the study, for electro-oxidation, electrode was indigenously fabricated in laboratory using titanium as substrate. This substrate was coated using different metal oxides RuO2, Sb2O5 and SnO2 by thermal decomposition method. Laboratory scale batch reactor was used for degradation and decolorization studies at pH 2, 7 and 11. Current density (50mA/cm2) and distance between electrodes (8mm) were kept constant for all experiments. Under identical conditions, removal of color, COD and TOC at initial pH 2 was 99.40%, 55% and 37% respectively for initial concentration of 100 mg/L RB-5. Surface morphology and composition of the fabricated electrode coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) respectively. Coating microstructure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results of this study further revealed that almost 90% of oxidation occurred within 5-10 minutes.
", keywords = "Electrochemical-oxidation, RB- dye, Decolorization.", volume = "6", number = "11", pages = "709-7", }
