Analysis of Meteorological Drought in the Ruhr Basin by Using the Standardized Precipitation Index
Drought is one of the most damaging climate-related
hazards, it is generally considered as a prolonged absence of
precipitation. This normal and recurring climate phenomenon had
plagued civilization throughout history because of the negative
impacts on economical, environmental and social sectors. Drought
characteristics are thus recognized as important factors in water
resources planning and management. The purpose of this study is to
detect the changes in drought frequency, persistence and severity
in the Ruhr river basin. The frequency of drought events was
calculated using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Used
data are daily precipitation records from seven meteorological
stations covering the period 1961-2007. The main benefit of the
application of this index is its versatility, only rainfall data is required
to deliver five major dimensions of a drought : duration, intensity,
severity, magnitude, and frequency. Furthermore, drought can be
calculated in different time steps. In this study SPI was calculated for
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months. Several drought events were detected
in the covered period, these events contain mild, moderate and severe
droughts. Also positive and negative trends in the SPI values were
observed.
[1] Ed Drannbauer, Gary Knox, Carol Lehtola, and Charles Brown.
Introduction to drought, a drought/water conservation program for
homeowners, master gardeners, and extension agents.[online] available:
http://disaster.ifas.ufl.edu/wwefiles/wwe-wb-1-1-web.pdf
[2] Sina Samadi, Javad B.Jamali, and Soheila Javanmard. Drought Early
Warning System in I.R.of Iran ,Climatological research institute (CRI)
Mashhad, Balwois 2004 [Online] . available: http://balwois.com
[3] Donald A. Wilhite .Moving Toward Drought Risk Management: The
Need for a Global Strategy.[Online]. Available:
http://www.nahrim.gov.my/pdf/drought%20management.pdf
[4] C. Bhuiyan. Various Drought Indices for Monitoring Drought Condition
In Aravalli Terrain of India.[Online] Available:
http://www.isprs.org/new/congresses/istanbul2004/comm7/papers/243.pdf
[5] Lena M. Tallaksen, and Hennz A.J. Van Lanen, Hydrological droughtprocesses
and estimation methods for stream flow and ground water.
Elsevier ,2004, pp.5-8
[6] Benjamin Lloyd-Hughes, and Mark A. Saunders, "A drought
climatology for Europe," International Journal of Climatology,
Vol.22, 2002, p 1571-1592. Available:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/101020030/PDFSTART
[7] Martine Rebetez, et al.(2006). Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a
climate synthesis. [Online] available:
http://www.afs-journal.org/articles/forest/pdf/2006/06/f6064.pdf
[8] UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme.(2004,March). Impacts
of summer 2003 heat wave in Europe.[Online] available:
http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/download/ew_heat_wave.en.pdf
[9] Werner Lahmer. Multi-Disciplinary Approaches in River Basin
Management - An Example. [Online] available: Balwois 2004-
http://balwois.com,
http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/ppt/fp-004.ppt.
[10] Hege Hisdal,et, Kerstin Stahl, Lena M. Tallaksen, and Siegfried
Demuth,".Have Streamflow Droughts in Europe Become More Severe
or Frequent?," International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 21, 2001, pp.
317-333. Available:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/78504254/PDFSTART
[11] Richard R. Heim Jr. (2002, August). A Review of Twentieth-Century
Drought Indices Used in the United States. American Meteorological
Society. Vol.83 (issue 8), pp 1149-1165. [Online] Available:
http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/83/8/pdf/i1520-0477-83-8-1149.pdf
[12] Ramzi Touchan,Gary Funkhouser, Malcolmk. Hughes, and Nesat Erkan,
Standardized Precipitation Index Reconstructed from Turkish Tree-Ring
Widths. Netherlands: Springer-Verlag, 2005, Vol. 72 number 3, pp 339-
353. available:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b360485157857632
[13] Thomas B. McKee, Nolan J. Doesken and John Kleist, "The
relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration to Time Scales," in
Proc. 8th Conf. Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, 17-22
January 1993. available:
http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/relationshipofdroughtfrequency.pdf
[14] Morgenschweis, G., Brudy-Zippelius, T & Ihringer, J. Operational
water quantity management in a river basin. Water Science and
Technology Vol. 48, No. 10, 111-118, IWA 2003. available:
www.talsperrenleitzentrale-ruhr.de/Publikationen.pdf
[15] Antonino Cancelliere, and Brunella Bonaccorso.Uncertainty analysis of
the Standardized Precipitation Index in the presence of trend. [online]
Available:
http://hydrologydays.colostate.edu/Papers_2009/Cancelliere_paper.pdf
[16] Hong Wu, Michael J. Hayes, Albert Weiss, "and Qi Hu, An Evuluation
of the Standardized Precipitation Index, the China-Z Index and the Statistical Z-Score," International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 21 Issue
6, pp. 745 - 758 . Available :
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/81502569/references
[17] C. Cacciamani,A. Morgillo, S. Marchesi,and V. Pavan,Monitoring,
Forecasting Drought on a Redional Scale:Emilia- Romangna. Region.
Netherlands: Springer-Verlag,2007, Vol. 62 number 1, pp 29-48
[18] M.V.K. Sivakumar, and D.A. Wilhite.Drought Preparedness and
Drought Management. [Online] Available:
http://www.wg-crop.icidonline.org/2doc.pdf
[19] Dossou-Gbete, and Moussa Soumaila," Analysis of drought in Burkina
Faso by using Standardized Precipitation Index," The Pyrenees
International Workshop on Statistics, Probability and Operations
Research SPO 2007 Jaca,September12_15,2007.Available:
http://metodosestadisticos.unizar.es/~jaca2007/resumenes/dossougb.pdf
[20] Gerd Morgenschweis, Georg zur Strassen, Simone Patzke, and Dirk
Schwanenberg,"Estimation of the Impact of Possible Climate Change on
the Management of the Reservoirs in the Ruhr Catchement Basin,"
Report from the annual Report Ruhrwassermenge 2006, Ruhrverband
Essen 2007, pp 32-50
[21] F. Kemal Sönmez, Ali ├£mran Köm├╝scu, Ayhan Erkan, and Ertan
Turgu, An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Dimension of Drought
Vulnerability in Turkey Using the Standardized Precipitation Index.
Netherlands: Springer-Verlag,2005, Vol. 35, pp 243-264. [Online]
Available:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/h4l765240n460746/fulltext.pdf
[1] Ed Drannbauer, Gary Knox, Carol Lehtola, and Charles Brown.
Introduction to drought, a drought/water conservation program for
homeowners, master gardeners, and extension agents.[online] available:
http://disaster.ifas.ufl.edu/wwefiles/wwe-wb-1-1-web.pdf
[2] Sina Samadi, Javad B.Jamali, and Soheila Javanmard. Drought Early
Warning System in I.R.of Iran ,Climatological research institute (CRI)
Mashhad, Balwois 2004 [Online] . available: http://balwois.com
[3] Donald A. Wilhite .Moving Toward Drought Risk Management: The
Need for a Global Strategy.[Online]. Available:
http://www.nahrim.gov.my/pdf/drought%20management.pdf
[4] C. Bhuiyan. Various Drought Indices for Monitoring Drought Condition
In Aravalli Terrain of India.[Online] Available:
http://www.isprs.org/new/congresses/istanbul2004/comm7/papers/243.pdf
[5] Lena M. Tallaksen, and Hennz A.J. Van Lanen, Hydrological droughtprocesses
and estimation methods for stream flow and ground water.
Elsevier ,2004, pp.5-8
[6] Benjamin Lloyd-Hughes, and Mark A. Saunders, "A drought
climatology for Europe," International Journal of Climatology,
Vol.22, 2002, p 1571-1592. Available:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/101020030/PDFSTART
[7] Martine Rebetez, et al.(2006). Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a
climate synthesis. [Online] available:
http://www.afs-journal.org/articles/forest/pdf/2006/06/f6064.pdf
[8] UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme.(2004,March). Impacts
of summer 2003 heat wave in Europe.[Online] available:
http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/download/ew_heat_wave.en.pdf
[9] Werner Lahmer. Multi-Disciplinary Approaches in River Basin
Management - An Example. [Online] available: Balwois 2004-
http://balwois.com,
http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/ppt/fp-004.ppt.
[10] Hege Hisdal,et, Kerstin Stahl, Lena M. Tallaksen, and Siegfried
Demuth,".Have Streamflow Droughts in Europe Become More Severe
or Frequent?," International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 21, 2001, pp.
317-333. Available:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/78504254/PDFSTART
[11] Richard R. Heim Jr. (2002, August). A Review of Twentieth-Century
Drought Indices Used in the United States. American Meteorological
Society. Vol.83 (issue 8), pp 1149-1165. [Online] Available:
http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/83/8/pdf/i1520-0477-83-8-1149.pdf
[12] Ramzi Touchan,Gary Funkhouser, Malcolmk. Hughes, and Nesat Erkan,
Standardized Precipitation Index Reconstructed from Turkish Tree-Ring
Widths. Netherlands: Springer-Verlag, 2005, Vol. 72 number 3, pp 339-
353. available:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b360485157857632
[13] Thomas B. McKee, Nolan J. Doesken and John Kleist, "The
relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration to Time Scales," in
Proc. 8th Conf. Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, 17-22
January 1993. available:
http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/relationshipofdroughtfrequency.pdf
[14] Morgenschweis, G., Brudy-Zippelius, T & Ihringer, J. Operational
water quantity management in a river basin. Water Science and
Technology Vol. 48, No. 10, 111-118, IWA 2003. available:
www.talsperrenleitzentrale-ruhr.de/Publikationen.pdf
[15] Antonino Cancelliere, and Brunella Bonaccorso.Uncertainty analysis of
the Standardized Precipitation Index in the presence of trend. [online]
Available:
http://hydrologydays.colostate.edu/Papers_2009/Cancelliere_paper.pdf
[16] Hong Wu, Michael J. Hayes, Albert Weiss, "and Qi Hu, An Evuluation
of the Standardized Precipitation Index, the China-Z Index and the Statistical Z-Score," International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 21 Issue
6, pp. 745 - 758 . Available :
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/81502569/references
[17] C. Cacciamani,A. Morgillo, S. Marchesi,and V. Pavan,Monitoring,
Forecasting Drought on a Redional Scale:Emilia- Romangna. Region.
Netherlands: Springer-Verlag,2007, Vol. 62 number 1, pp 29-48
[18] M.V.K. Sivakumar, and D.A. Wilhite.Drought Preparedness and
Drought Management. [Online] Available:
http://www.wg-crop.icidonline.org/2doc.pdf
[19] Dossou-Gbete, and Moussa Soumaila," Analysis of drought in Burkina
Faso by using Standardized Precipitation Index," The Pyrenees
International Workshop on Statistics, Probability and Operations
Research SPO 2007 Jaca,September12_15,2007.Available:
http://metodosestadisticos.unizar.es/~jaca2007/resumenes/dossougb.pdf
[20] Gerd Morgenschweis, Georg zur Strassen, Simone Patzke, and Dirk
Schwanenberg,"Estimation of the Impact of Possible Climate Change on
the Management of the Reservoirs in the Ruhr Catchement Basin,"
Report from the annual Report Ruhrwassermenge 2006, Ruhrverband
Essen 2007, pp 32-50
[21] F. Kemal Sönmez, Ali ├£mran Köm├╝scu, Ayhan Erkan, and Ertan
Turgu, An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Dimension of Drought
Vulnerability in Turkey Using the Standardized Precipitation Index.
Netherlands: Springer-Verlag,2005, Vol. 35, pp 243-264. [Online]
Available:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/h4l765240n460746/fulltext.pdf
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:61809", author = "Mosaad Khadr and Gerd Morgenschweis and Andreas Schlenkhoff", title = "Analysis of Meteorological Drought in the Ruhr Basin by Using the Standardized Precipitation Index", abstract = "Drought is one of the most damaging climate-related
hazards, it is generally considered as a prolonged absence of
precipitation. This normal and recurring climate phenomenon had
plagued civilization throughout history because of the negative
impacts on economical, environmental and social sectors. Drought
characteristics are thus recognized as important factors in water
resources planning and management. The purpose of this study is to
detect the changes in drought frequency, persistence and severity
in the Ruhr river basin. The frequency of drought events was
calculated using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Used
data are daily precipitation records from seven meteorological
stations covering the period 1961-2007. The main benefit of the
application of this index is its versatility, only rainfall data is required
to deliver five major dimensions of a drought : duration, intensity,
severity, magnitude, and frequency. Furthermore, drought can be
calculated in different time steps. In this study SPI was calculated for
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months. Several drought events were detected
in the covered period, these events contain mild, moderate and severe
droughts. Also positive and negative trends in the SPI values were
observed.", keywords = "Drought, Germany, Precipitation, Ruhr River,Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Trend Test.", volume = "3", number = "9", pages = "279-10", }
