An Investigation into Ozone Concentration at Urban and Rural Monitoring Stations in Malaysia
This study investigated the relationship between urban
and rural ozone concentrations and quantified the extent to which
ambient rural conditions and the concentrations of other pollutants
can be used to predict urban ozone concentrations. The study
describes the variations of ozone in weekday and weekends as well as
the daily maximum recorded at selected monitoring stations. The
results showed that Putrajaya station had the highest concentrations
of O3 on weekend due the titration of NO during the weekday.
Additionally, Jerantut had the lowest average concentration with a
reading value high on Wednesdays. The comparisons of average and
maximum concentrations of ozone for the three stations showed that
the strongest significant correlation is recorded in Jerantut station
with the value R2= 0.769. Ozone concentrations originating from a
neighbouring urban site form a better predictor to the urban ozone
concentrations than widespread rural ozone at some levels of
temporal averaging. It is found that in urban and rural of Malaysian
peninsular, the concentration of ozone depends on the concentration
of NOx and seasonal meteorological factors. The HYSPLIT Model
(the northeast monsoon) showed that the wind direction can also
influence the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere in the studied
areas.
[1] Y.N. Ahammed, R.R. Reddy, K.R. Gopal, K. Narasimhulu, D.B. Basha,
L.S.S. Reddy, and T.V.R. Rao, "Seasonal variation of the surface ozone
and its precursor gases during 2001-2003 measured at Anantapur
(14.628N), a semi-arid site in India," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 80
pp.151-164, 2006.
[2] R. Atkinson,"Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx," Atmospheric
Environment, Vol. 34, pp. 2063-2101, 2000.
[3] G. Beaney, and W.A. Gough, "The influence of tropospheric ozone on
the air temperature of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada,"
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, pp. 2319-2325, 2002.
[4] G. Chand, and S. Lal, "High ozone at rural site in India," Atmos. Chem.
Phys, Vol. 4, pp. 3359-3380, 2004.
[5] J. Chen, W. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Liu, L. Ren, X. Liu, W. Zhang, and X.
Wang,"Characteristics of gaseous pollutants near a main traffic line in
Beijing and its influencing factors," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 94, pp.
470-480, 2009.
[6] S.B Debaje, and A.D. Kakade, "Surface ozone variability over western
Maharashtra, India," Hazardous Materials, Vol.161, pp. 686-700, 2009.
[7] S.B. Debaje, and A.D. Kakade, "Weekend effect over rural and urban
site in India," Aerosol Air Qual, Vol. 6, pp. 322-333, 2006.
[8] J. Fenger, "Urban air quality," Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 33, pp.
4877-4900, 1999.
[9] S. Han, H. Bian, Y. Feng, A. Liu, X. Li, F. Zeng, and X. Zhang,
"Analysis of the Relationship between O3, NO and NO2 in Tianjin,
China, "Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Vol. 11, pp. 128-139, 2011.
[10] Hollandsworth, S.M., McPeters, R.D., Flynn, L.E., Planet, W., Miller,
A.J., & Chandra, S. "Ozone trends deduced from combined Nimbus 7
SBUV and NOAA 11 SBUV/2 data," Geophys. Res, Vol. 8, pp. 905-
908, 1995.
[11] M.E. Jenkin, T.J. Davies, and J.R. Stedman, "The origin and day-ofweek
dependence of photochemical ozone episodes in the UK," Atmos
Environ, Vol. 36, pp. 999-1012, 2002.
[12] K. Jokela, K. Leszczynski, R. Visuir, and L. Ylianttlia, "Increased UV
exposure in Finland," Photochem. Photobiol, Vol. 62, pp. 101-107,
1995.
[13] P.D. Kalbokas, and C.C. Repapis, "A climatological study of rural
surface ozone in central Greece," Atmos. Chem. Phys, Vol. 4, pp. 1139-
1147, 2004.
[14] M. I. Khoder, "Diurnal, seasonal and weekdays-weekends variations of
ground level ozone concentrations in an urban area in greater Cairo,"
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol.149, pp. 349-362, 2009.
[15] S. Lal, M. Naja, and B.H. Subbaraya, "Seasonal variations in surface
ozone and its precursors over an urban site in India," Atmos. Environ,
Vol. 34, pp. 2713-2724, 2000.
[16] Y.C. Lee, M. Wenig, and X. Yang, "The emergence of urban ozone
episodes in autum and air temperature rise in Hong Kong," Air Quality.
Atmosphere Health, Vol. 2, pp. 111-121, 2009.
[17] L.C. Marr, and R.A. Harley, "Modeling the Effect of Weekday Weekend
Differences in Motor Vehicle Emissions on Photochemical Pollution in
Central California," Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 36, pp. 4099-4106,
2002a.
[18] L.C. Marr, and R.A. Harley, "Spectral Analysis of Weekday Weekend
Differences in Ambient Ozone, Nitrogen Oxide and Non-methane
Hydrocarbon Time Series in California," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 36, pp.
2327-2335, 2002b.
[19] H. Mayer, "Air pollution in cities," Atmospheric environment, Vol. 33,
pp. 4029-4037, 1999.
[20] M.F. Md Isa, 2006. Kualiti udara di Johor Bahru. Skudai: Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
[21] T. Moreno, J. Lavín, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, M. Viana, and W.
Gibbons, "Controls on hourly variations in urban background air
pollutant concentrations," Atmospheric environment, Vol. 43, pp. 4178-
4186, 2009.
[22] P.R. Nair, D. Chand, S. Lal, M. Naja, K. Parameswaran, S. Ravindran,
and S. Venkataramani, "Temporal variations in surface ozone at Thumba
(8.6┬░N, 77┬░E) - a tropical coastal site in India," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 36,
pp. 603-610, 2002.
[23] M. Naja, and S. Lal, "Surface ozone and precursor gases at Gadanki
(13.5┬░N, 79.2┬░E), a tropical rural site in India," Geophys. Res, Vol. 107,
pp. 13, 2002.
[24] E. Paoletti, "Impact of ozone on Mediterranean forests: a review,"
Environmental Pollution, Vol.144, pp. 463-474, 2006.
[25] V. Pont, and J. Fontan, "Comparison between weekend and weekday
ozone concentration in large cities in France," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 35,
pp. 1527-1535, 2001.
[26] PORG. 1993. "Ozone in the United Kingdom. Third Report of the UK
Photochemical Oxidants Review Group, Department of the
Environment, London. Published by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology,
Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH260QB, UK.
ISBN: 0705816834, www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/reports/home.html.
[27] D. Pudasainee, B. Sapkota, A. Bhatnagar, S.H. Kim, and Y.C. Seo,
"Influence of weekdays, weekends and bandhas on surface ozone in
Kathmandu valley," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 95, pp. 150-156, 2009.
[28] Y. Qin, G.S. Tonnesen, and Z. Wang, "Weekend/weekday differences of
ozone, NOx, CO, VOCs, PM10 and the light scatter during ozone season
in southern California," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 38, pp. 3069-3087, 2004.
[29] R.R. Reddy, K.R. Gopal, L.S. Reddy, K. Narasimhulu, K.R. Kumar,
Y.N. Ahammed, and C.V.K. Reddy, "Measurements of surface ozone at
semi-arid site Anantapur (14.62┬░N, 77.65┬░E, 331 masl) in India, "
Atmospheric Chemistry, Vol. 59, pp. 47-59, 2008.
[30] G. Seckmeyer, B. Mayer, R. Erb, and G. Bernhard, "UV-B in Germany
higher in 1993 than in 1992," Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 21,
pp. 577-580, 1994.
[31] W. Shan, Y. Yin, H. Lu, and S, Liang, "A meteorological analysis of
ozone episodes using HYSPLIT model and surface data," Atmospheric
Research, Vol. 93, pp. 767-776, 2009.
[32] W.P. Shan, Y.Q. Yin, J.D. Zhang, and Y.P. Ding, "Observational study
of surface ozone at an urban site in East China," Atmospheric Research,
Vol. 89, pp. 252-261, 2008.
[33] A. Sorg, 1996. Stratospheric Ozone, 1996. United Kingdom
Stratospheric Ozone Review Group, Depatmant of the Environment
Sixth Report, HMSO, London.
[34] M. Trainer, D. Parrish, P. Goldan, J. Roberts, and F. Fehsenfeld,
"Review of observation-based analysis of the regional factors
influencing ozone concentrations," Atmos Environ, Vol. 34, pp. 2045-
2061, 2000.
[35] J. Tu, Z.G. Xia, H.S.Wang, and W.Q. Li, "Temporal variations in
surface ozone and its precursors and meteorological effects at an urban
site in China," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 85, pp. 310-37, 2007.
[36] C. Varotsos, K. Kondratyev, and M. Efstathiou, "On the seasonal
variation of the surface ozone in Athens, Greece," Atmos. Environ, Vol.
35, pp. 315-320, 2001.
[37] Vingarzan, R. "A review of surface ozone background levels and
trends," Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 3431-42, 2004.
[38] A. Volz, and D. Kley, "Evolution of the Montsouris series of ozone
measurements made in the nineteenth century," Nature, Vol. 332, pp.
240-242, 1988.
[39] j. Zheng, L. Zhong, T. Wang, P K. K. Louie, and Z. Li, "Ground level
ozone in the Pearl River delta region: Analysis of data from a recently
establish regional air quality monitoring network," Athmospheric
environment, Vol. 44, pp. 814-823, 2009.
[1] Y.N. Ahammed, R.R. Reddy, K.R. Gopal, K. Narasimhulu, D.B. Basha,
L.S.S. Reddy, and T.V.R. Rao, "Seasonal variation of the surface ozone
and its precursor gases during 2001-2003 measured at Anantapur
(14.628N), a semi-arid site in India," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 80
pp.151-164, 2006.
[2] R. Atkinson,"Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx," Atmospheric
Environment, Vol. 34, pp. 2063-2101, 2000.
[3] G. Beaney, and W.A. Gough, "The influence of tropospheric ozone on
the air temperature of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada,"
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, pp. 2319-2325, 2002.
[4] G. Chand, and S. Lal, "High ozone at rural site in India," Atmos. Chem.
Phys, Vol. 4, pp. 3359-3380, 2004.
[5] J. Chen, W. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Liu, L. Ren, X. Liu, W. Zhang, and X.
Wang,"Characteristics of gaseous pollutants near a main traffic line in
Beijing and its influencing factors," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 94, pp.
470-480, 2009.
[6] S.B Debaje, and A.D. Kakade, "Surface ozone variability over western
Maharashtra, India," Hazardous Materials, Vol.161, pp. 686-700, 2009.
[7] S.B. Debaje, and A.D. Kakade, "Weekend effect over rural and urban
site in India," Aerosol Air Qual, Vol. 6, pp. 322-333, 2006.
[8] J. Fenger, "Urban air quality," Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 33, pp.
4877-4900, 1999.
[9] S. Han, H. Bian, Y. Feng, A. Liu, X. Li, F. Zeng, and X. Zhang,
"Analysis of the Relationship between O3, NO and NO2 in Tianjin,
China, "Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Vol. 11, pp. 128-139, 2011.
[10] Hollandsworth, S.M., McPeters, R.D., Flynn, L.E., Planet, W., Miller,
A.J., & Chandra, S. "Ozone trends deduced from combined Nimbus 7
SBUV and NOAA 11 SBUV/2 data," Geophys. Res, Vol. 8, pp. 905-
908, 1995.
[11] M.E. Jenkin, T.J. Davies, and J.R. Stedman, "The origin and day-ofweek
dependence of photochemical ozone episodes in the UK," Atmos
Environ, Vol. 36, pp. 999-1012, 2002.
[12] K. Jokela, K. Leszczynski, R. Visuir, and L. Ylianttlia, "Increased UV
exposure in Finland," Photochem. Photobiol, Vol. 62, pp. 101-107,
1995.
[13] P.D. Kalbokas, and C.C. Repapis, "A climatological study of rural
surface ozone in central Greece," Atmos. Chem. Phys, Vol. 4, pp. 1139-
1147, 2004.
[14] M. I. Khoder, "Diurnal, seasonal and weekdays-weekends variations of
ground level ozone concentrations in an urban area in greater Cairo,"
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol.149, pp. 349-362, 2009.
[15] S. Lal, M. Naja, and B.H. Subbaraya, "Seasonal variations in surface
ozone and its precursors over an urban site in India," Atmos. Environ,
Vol. 34, pp. 2713-2724, 2000.
[16] Y.C. Lee, M. Wenig, and X. Yang, "The emergence of urban ozone
episodes in autum and air temperature rise in Hong Kong," Air Quality.
Atmosphere Health, Vol. 2, pp. 111-121, 2009.
[17] L.C. Marr, and R.A. Harley, "Modeling the Effect of Weekday Weekend
Differences in Motor Vehicle Emissions on Photochemical Pollution in
Central California," Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 36, pp. 4099-4106,
2002a.
[18] L.C. Marr, and R.A. Harley, "Spectral Analysis of Weekday Weekend
Differences in Ambient Ozone, Nitrogen Oxide and Non-methane
Hydrocarbon Time Series in California," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 36, pp.
2327-2335, 2002b.
[19] H. Mayer, "Air pollution in cities," Atmospheric environment, Vol. 33,
pp. 4029-4037, 1999.
[20] M.F. Md Isa, 2006. Kualiti udara di Johor Bahru. Skudai: Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
[21] T. Moreno, J. Lavín, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, M. Viana, and W.
Gibbons, "Controls on hourly variations in urban background air
pollutant concentrations," Atmospheric environment, Vol. 43, pp. 4178-
4186, 2009.
[22] P.R. Nair, D. Chand, S. Lal, M. Naja, K. Parameswaran, S. Ravindran,
and S. Venkataramani, "Temporal variations in surface ozone at Thumba
(8.6┬░N, 77┬░E) - a tropical coastal site in India," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 36,
pp. 603-610, 2002.
[23] M. Naja, and S. Lal, "Surface ozone and precursor gases at Gadanki
(13.5┬░N, 79.2┬░E), a tropical rural site in India," Geophys. Res, Vol. 107,
pp. 13, 2002.
[24] E. Paoletti, "Impact of ozone on Mediterranean forests: a review,"
Environmental Pollution, Vol.144, pp. 463-474, 2006.
[25] V. Pont, and J. Fontan, "Comparison between weekend and weekday
ozone concentration in large cities in France," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 35,
pp. 1527-1535, 2001.
[26] PORG. 1993. "Ozone in the United Kingdom. Third Report of the UK
Photochemical Oxidants Review Group, Department of the
Environment, London. Published by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology,
Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH260QB, UK.
ISBN: 0705816834, www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/reports/home.html.
[27] D. Pudasainee, B. Sapkota, A. Bhatnagar, S.H. Kim, and Y.C. Seo,
"Influence of weekdays, weekends and bandhas on surface ozone in
Kathmandu valley," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 95, pp. 150-156, 2009.
[28] Y. Qin, G.S. Tonnesen, and Z. Wang, "Weekend/weekday differences of
ozone, NOx, CO, VOCs, PM10 and the light scatter during ozone season
in southern California," Atmos. Environ, Vol. 38, pp. 3069-3087, 2004.
[29] R.R. Reddy, K.R. Gopal, L.S. Reddy, K. Narasimhulu, K.R. Kumar,
Y.N. Ahammed, and C.V.K. Reddy, "Measurements of surface ozone at
semi-arid site Anantapur (14.62┬░N, 77.65┬░E, 331 masl) in India, "
Atmospheric Chemistry, Vol. 59, pp. 47-59, 2008.
[30] G. Seckmeyer, B. Mayer, R. Erb, and G. Bernhard, "UV-B in Germany
higher in 1993 than in 1992," Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 21,
pp. 577-580, 1994.
[31] W. Shan, Y. Yin, H. Lu, and S, Liang, "A meteorological analysis of
ozone episodes using HYSPLIT model and surface data," Atmospheric
Research, Vol. 93, pp. 767-776, 2009.
[32] W.P. Shan, Y.Q. Yin, J.D. Zhang, and Y.P. Ding, "Observational study
of surface ozone at an urban site in East China," Atmospheric Research,
Vol. 89, pp. 252-261, 2008.
[33] A. Sorg, 1996. Stratospheric Ozone, 1996. United Kingdom
Stratospheric Ozone Review Group, Depatmant of the Environment
Sixth Report, HMSO, London.
[34] M. Trainer, D. Parrish, P. Goldan, J. Roberts, and F. Fehsenfeld,
"Review of observation-based analysis of the regional factors
influencing ozone concentrations," Atmos Environ, Vol. 34, pp. 2045-
2061, 2000.
[35] J. Tu, Z.G. Xia, H.S.Wang, and W.Q. Li, "Temporal variations in
surface ozone and its precursors and meteorological effects at an urban
site in China," Atmospheric Research, Vol. 85, pp. 310-37, 2007.
[36] C. Varotsos, K. Kondratyev, and M. Efstathiou, "On the seasonal
variation of the surface ozone in Athens, Greece," Atmos. Environ, Vol.
35, pp. 315-320, 2001.
[37] Vingarzan, R. "A review of surface ozone background levels and
trends," Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 3431-42, 2004.
[38] A. Volz, and D. Kley, "Evolution of the Montsouris series of ozone
measurements made in the nineteenth century," Nature, Vol. 332, pp.
240-242, 1988.
[39] j. Zheng, L. Zhong, T. Wang, P K. K. Louie, and Z. Li, "Ground level
ozone in the Pearl River delta region: Analysis of data from a recently
establish regional air quality monitoring network," Athmospheric
environment, Vol. 44, pp. 814-823, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:62780", author = "Negar Banan and Mohd Talib Latif", title = "An Investigation into Ozone Concentration at Urban and Rural Monitoring Stations in Malaysia", abstract = "This study investigated the relationship between urban
and rural ozone concentrations and quantified the extent to which
ambient rural conditions and the concentrations of other pollutants
can be used to predict urban ozone concentrations. The study
describes the variations of ozone in weekday and weekends as well as
the daily maximum recorded at selected monitoring stations. The
results showed that Putrajaya station had the highest concentrations
of O3 on weekend due the titration of NO during the weekday.
Additionally, Jerantut had the lowest average concentration with a
reading value high on Wednesdays. The comparisons of average and
maximum concentrations of ozone for the three stations showed that
the strongest significant correlation is recorded in Jerantut station
with the value R2= 0.769. Ozone concentrations originating from a
neighbouring urban site form a better predictor to the urban ozone
concentrations than widespread rural ozone at some levels of
temporal averaging. It is found that in urban and rural of Malaysian
peninsular, the concentration of ozone depends on the concentration
of NOx and seasonal meteorological factors. The HYSPLIT Model
(the northeast monsoon) showed that the wind direction can also
influence the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere in the studied
areas.", keywords = "Ozone, Hysplit model, Weekend effect, Daily
Average and Daily maximum, Malaysia", volume = "5", number = "5", pages = "321-5", }
