Alleviation of Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Soybean (Glycine max. L.) by Using Osmoprotectants and Organic Nutrients
Salinity is one of the major factors limiting crop
production in an arid environment. Despite its global importance
soybean production suffer the problems of salinity stress causing
damages at plant development. So it is implacable to either search for
salinity enhancement of soybean plants. Therefore, in the current
study we try to clarify the mechanism that might be involved in the
ameliorating effects of osmo-protectants such as proline and glycine
betaine as well as, compost application on soybean plants grown
under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted under
greenhouse conditions at the Graduate School of Biosphere Science
Laboratory of Hiroshima University, Japan in 2011. The experiment
was designed as a spilt-split plot based on randomized complete
block design with four replications. The treatments could be
summarized as follows; (i) salinity concentrations (0 and 15 mM), (ii)
compost treatments (0 and 24 t ha-1) and (iii) the exogenous, proline
and glycine betaine concentrations (0 mM and 25 mM) for each.
Results indicated that salinity stress induced reduction in growth and
physiological aspects (dry weight per plant, chlorophyll content, N
and K+ content) of soybean plant compared with those of the
unstressed plants. On the other hand, salinity stress led to increases in
the electrolyte leakage ratio, Na and proline contents. Special
attention was paid to, the tolerance against salt stress was observed,
the improvement of salt tolerance resulted from proline, glycine
betaine and compost were accompanied with improved K+, and
proline accumulation. While, significantly decreased electrolyte
leakage ratio and Na+ content. These results clearly demonstrate that
harmful effect of salinity could reduce on growth aspects of soybean.
Consequently, exogenous osmoprotectants combine with compost
will effectively solve seasonal salinity stress problem and are a good
strategy to increase salinity resistance of soybean in the drylands.
1] F. Ghassemi, A. J. Jakeman, H.A. Nix, “Salinization of land and water
resources”. University of New South Wales Press Ltd, Canberra,
Australia, 1995.
[2] D. A. Mc Williams, D. R. Berglund, G. J. Endres, “Soybean growth and
management”. North Dakota State University. University of Minnesota,
2004.
[3] FAO, “State of food insecurity in the world. High food prices and food
security-threats and opportunities”. 2008.
[4] G. K. Ghassemi, N. M. Taifeh, S. Oustan, M. Moghaddam, “Response
of soybean cultivars to salinity stress”. Journal of Food Agriculture and
Environment, 7: 401-404, 2009.
[5] M. Ashraf, M.R. Foolad, “Roles of glycine betaine and proline in
improving plant abiotic stress resistance”. Environmental and
Experimental Botany, 59: 207-216, 2007.
[6] Z. Q. Wang, Y.Z. Yuan, J. Q. Ou, Q. H. Lin, C. F. Zhang, “Glutamine
synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to
proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticuma estivum L.) seedlings
exposed to different salinity”. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164: 695-
701, 2007.
[7] M. Hossain, M. Fujita, “Evidence for a role of exogenous glycinebetaine
and proline in antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification
systems in mungbean seedlings under salt stress”. Physiology and
Molecular Biology of Plants, 16:19–29, 2010.
[8] A. Lakhdar, C. Hafsi, M. Rabhi, A. Debez, F. Montemurro, C. Abdelly,
N. Jedidi, Z. Ouerghi, “Application of municipal solid waste compost reduces the negative effects of saline water in (Hordeum maritimum L)”.
Bioresource Technology, 99(15): 7160-7167, 2008.
[9] H. Aviva, L. Kautsky, R. Portnoy, “Mineralization of composted manure
and microbial dynamics in soil as affected by long-term nitrogen
management”. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28, 733-738, 1996.
[10] S. Lutts, J.M. Kinet, J. Bouharmont, “NaCl-induced senescence in
leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars differing in salinity resistance”.
Annals of Botany, 78: 389-398, 1996.
[11] M. Kushizaki, “An extraction procedure of plant materials for the rapid
determination of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mg by the atomic absorption
analysis”. J. Sci. Soil Manure Jpn., 39, 489e490. 1968.
[12] L.S. Bates, R.P. Waldren, I.D. Teare, “Rapid determination of free
proline for water stress studies”. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207. 1973.
[13] K.A. Gomez, A.A. Gomez, Statistical procedures for Agricultural
Research”. 2nd Ed. Johwiley and sons, Inc. New York. 1984.
[14] B.D. Duncan, “Multiple ranges and multiple F. Test”. Biometrics II: 1-
42. 1955.
[15] M. Hussain, M.A. Malik, M. Farooq, M.B. Khan, Akram M, Saleem
MF. “Exogenous glycinebetaine and salicylic acid application improves
water relations, allometry and quality of hybrid sunflower under water
deficit conditions”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195(2): 98–
109. 2009.
[16] M.A. Hoque, E. Okuma, M.N.A. Banau, Y. Nakamura, Y. Shimoishi, N.
Murata, “Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt
stress more thanexogenous betaine by increasing antioxidants enzyme
activity”. Journal of Plant Physiology, 64: 553-561. 2007.
[17] M.M. Posmyk, K.M. Janas, “Effects of seed hydropriming in presence
of exogenous proline on chilling injury limitation in (Vigna radiate L.)
Seedlings”. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29(6): 509-517, 2007.
[18] V.N.L. Wong, R.C. Dalal, R.S.B. Greene, “Carbon dynamics of sodic
and saline soil following gypsum and organic material additions:
laboratory incubation”. Applied Soil Ecology, 41: 29-40. 2009.
[19] E. H. Hansen, D.N. Munns, “Effects of CaSO4 and NaCl on growth and
nitrogen fixation of (Leucaena leucocephala L)”. Plant and Soil, 107:
94–99, 1988.
[20] H.E. Wahba, H.M. Motawe, A.Y. “Ibrahim, A.H. Mohamed, The
Influence of amino acids on productivity of Urtica pilulifera plant.” 3rd
International Conference of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries
Division, National Research Council, Cairo, 2007.
[21] D. Meloni, M. Gulotta, C. Martinez, M. Oliva, “The effects of salt stress
on growth, nitrate reduction and proline and glycine betaine
accumulation in prosopis Alba”. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology,
16:39–46, 2004.
[22] H. Kirnak, I. Tas, C. Kaya, D. Higgs, “Effects of deficit irrigation on
growth, yield and fruit quality of eggplant under semi-arid conditions”.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, (53)1367-1373, 2002.
[23] S.P. Singh, B.B. Singh, M.R. Singh, M .Singh, “Effect of kinetin on
chlorophyll, nitrogen and proline in mugbean (Vigna radiata) under
saline conditions”. Indian Jornal of Plant Physiology, 37 (1): 37-39,
1994.
[24] N. Ahmad, R.G. Wyn Jones, W. D. Jeschke, “Effect of exogenous
glycine betaine on Na+ transport in barley roots”. Journal of
Experimental Botany, 38: 913-921, 1987.
[25] A.M. Helmy, M.F. Ramadan, “Agronomic performance and chemical
response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to some organic nitrogen
sources and conventional nitrogen fertilizers under sandy soil
conditions”. Grasas Y Aceites, 60: 55-67, 2009.
[26] S.N. Shabala, L. Shabala, E. Volkenburgh, “Effect of calcium on root
development and root ion fluxes in salinised barley seedlings”.
Functional plant biology, 30:507–514, 2003.
[27] B. Heuer, “Influence of exogenous application of proline and glycine
betaine on growth of salt stressed tomato plants”. Plant Science,165:
693–699, 2003.
[28] M.A. Sobahan, C.R. Arias, E. Okuma , Y. Shimoishi, Y. Nakamura , Y.
Hirai, I.C. Mori, Y. Murata, “Exogenous proline and glycine betaine
suppress apoplastic flow to reduce Na+ uptake in rice seedlings”.
Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 73:2037–2042, 2009.
[29] M.M. Abou El-Magd, M.F. Zaki, S.D. Abou-Hussein, “Effect of
organic manure and different levels of saline irrigation water on growth,
green yield and chemical content of Sweet Fennel”. Australian Journal
of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2008, 2(1): 90-98.
[30] C.V. Santos-dos, G. Caldeira, C.L.V. Dos-Santos, “Comparative
responses of (Helianthus annuus. L) plants and calli exposed to NaCl: I.
growth rate and osmotic regulation in intact plants and calli”. Journal of
Plant Physiology, 155: 769-77, 1999.
[31] D.B. Roy, N.A. Bhunia, S.K. Banerjee, “Counteraction of exogenous Lproline
with NaCl in salt-sensitive cultivar of rice”. Biologia Plantarum,
35:69–72, 1993.
[32] W.M.T. Eletr, F.M. Ghazal, A.A. Mahmoud, G.H. Yossef, “Responses
of wheat – rice cropping system to cyanobacteria inoculation and
different soil conditioners sources under saline soil”. Nature and
Science, 11(10):118-129, 2013.
[33] K. Poustini, A. Siosemardeh, M.Ranjbar, “Proline accumulation as a
response to salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing
in salt tolerance”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54: 925-934,
2007.
[34] K.R. Chandrasekhar, S. Sandhyarani “Salinity induced chemical changes
in Crotalaria striata DC plants”. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology,
1:44–48, 1996.
[35] P.S. Low, “Molucular basis of the biological compatibility of nature’s
osmolytes. In: Gilles R and Gilles-Baillien M (eds). Transport processes,
iono- and osmoregulation”. Berlin: Springer-verlag, pp: 469-477, 1985.
[36] T.N. Singh, D. Dspinall, L.G. Raleg, “Proline accumulation and varietal
adaptability to drought in barley: a potential metabolic measure of
drought resistance”. Nature New Biology, 236: 188-192, 1972.
1] F. Ghassemi, A. J. Jakeman, H.A. Nix, “Salinization of land and water
resources”. University of New South Wales Press Ltd, Canberra,
Australia, 1995.
[2] D. A. Mc Williams, D. R. Berglund, G. J. Endres, “Soybean growth and
management”. North Dakota State University. University of Minnesota,
2004.
[3] FAO, “State of food insecurity in the world. High food prices and food
security-threats and opportunities”. 2008.
[4] G. K. Ghassemi, N. M. Taifeh, S. Oustan, M. Moghaddam, “Response
of soybean cultivars to salinity stress”. Journal of Food Agriculture and
Environment, 7: 401-404, 2009.
[5] M. Ashraf, M.R. Foolad, “Roles of glycine betaine and proline in
improving plant abiotic stress resistance”. Environmental and
Experimental Botany, 59: 207-216, 2007.
[6] Z. Q. Wang, Y.Z. Yuan, J. Q. Ou, Q. H. Lin, C. F. Zhang, “Glutamine
synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to
proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticuma estivum L.) seedlings
exposed to different salinity”. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164: 695-
701, 2007.
[7] M. Hossain, M. Fujita, “Evidence for a role of exogenous glycinebetaine
and proline in antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification
systems in mungbean seedlings under salt stress”. Physiology and
Molecular Biology of Plants, 16:19–29, 2010.
[8] A. Lakhdar, C. Hafsi, M. Rabhi, A. Debez, F. Montemurro, C. Abdelly,
N. Jedidi, Z. Ouerghi, “Application of municipal solid waste compost reduces the negative effects of saline water in (Hordeum maritimum L)”.
Bioresource Technology, 99(15): 7160-7167, 2008.
[9] H. Aviva, L. Kautsky, R. Portnoy, “Mineralization of composted manure
and microbial dynamics in soil as affected by long-term nitrogen
management”. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28, 733-738, 1996.
[10] S. Lutts, J.M. Kinet, J. Bouharmont, “NaCl-induced senescence in
leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars differing in salinity resistance”.
Annals of Botany, 78: 389-398, 1996.
[11] M. Kushizaki, “An extraction procedure of plant materials for the rapid
determination of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mg by the atomic absorption
analysis”. J. Sci. Soil Manure Jpn., 39, 489e490. 1968.
[12] L.S. Bates, R.P. Waldren, I.D. Teare, “Rapid determination of free
proline for water stress studies”. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207. 1973.
[13] K.A. Gomez, A.A. Gomez, Statistical procedures for Agricultural
Research”. 2nd Ed. Johwiley and sons, Inc. New York. 1984.
[14] B.D. Duncan, “Multiple ranges and multiple F. Test”. Biometrics II: 1-
42. 1955.
[15] M. Hussain, M.A. Malik, M. Farooq, M.B. Khan, Akram M, Saleem
MF. “Exogenous glycinebetaine and salicylic acid application improves
water relations, allometry and quality of hybrid sunflower under water
deficit conditions”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195(2): 98–
109. 2009.
[16] M.A. Hoque, E. Okuma, M.N.A. Banau, Y. Nakamura, Y. Shimoishi, N.
Murata, “Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt
stress more thanexogenous betaine by increasing antioxidants enzyme
activity”. Journal of Plant Physiology, 64: 553-561. 2007.
[17] M.M. Posmyk, K.M. Janas, “Effects of seed hydropriming in presence
of exogenous proline on chilling injury limitation in (Vigna radiate L.)
Seedlings”. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29(6): 509-517, 2007.
[18] V.N.L. Wong, R.C. Dalal, R.S.B. Greene, “Carbon dynamics of sodic
and saline soil following gypsum and organic material additions:
laboratory incubation”. Applied Soil Ecology, 41: 29-40. 2009.
[19] E. H. Hansen, D.N. Munns, “Effects of CaSO4 and NaCl on growth and
nitrogen fixation of (Leucaena leucocephala L)”. Plant and Soil, 107:
94–99, 1988.
[20] H.E. Wahba, H.M. Motawe, A.Y. “Ibrahim, A.H. Mohamed, The
Influence of amino acids on productivity of Urtica pilulifera plant.” 3rd
International Conference of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries
Division, National Research Council, Cairo, 2007.
[21] D. Meloni, M. Gulotta, C. Martinez, M. Oliva, “The effects of salt stress
on growth, nitrate reduction and proline and glycine betaine
accumulation in prosopis Alba”. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology,
16:39–46, 2004.
[22] H. Kirnak, I. Tas, C. Kaya, D. Higgs, “Effects of deficit irrigation on
growth, yield and fruit quality of eggplant under semi-arid conditions”.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, (53)1367-1373, 2002.
[23] S.P. Singh, B.B. Singh, M.R. Singh, M .Singh, “Effect of kinetin on
chlorophyll, nitrogen and proline in mugbean (Vigna radiata) under
saline conditions”. Indian Jornal of Plant Physiology, 37 (1): 37-39,
1994.
[24] N. Ahmad, R.G. Wyn Jones, W. D. Jeschke, “Effect of exogenous
glycine betaine on Na+ transport in barley roots”. Journal of
Experimental Botany, 38: 913-921, 1987.
[25] A.M. Helmy, M.F. Ramadan, “Agronomic performance and chemical
response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to some organic nitrogen
sources and conventional nitrogen fertilizers under sandy soil
conditions”. Grasas Y Aceites, 60: 55-67, 2009.
[26] S.N. Shabala, L. Shabala, E. Volkenburgh, “Effect of calcium on root
development and root ion fluxes in salinised barley seedlings”.
Functional plant biology, 30:507–514, 2003.
[27] B. Heuer, “Influence of exogenous application of proline and glycine
betaine on growth of salt stressed tomato plants”. Plant Science,165:
693–699, 2003.
[28] M.A. Sobahan, C.R. Arias, E. Okuma , Y. Shimoishi, Y. Nakamura , Y.
Hirai, I.C. Mori, Y. Murata, “Exogenous proline and glycine betaine
suppress apoplastic flow to reduce Na+ uptake in rice seedlings”.
Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 73:2037–2042, 2009.
[29] M.M. Abou El-Magd, M.F. Zaki, S.D. Abou-Hussein, “Effect of
organic manure and different levels of saline irrigation water on growth,
green yield and chemical content of Sweet Fennel”. Australian Journal
of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2008, 2(1): 90-98.
[30] C.V. Santos-dos, G. Caldeira, C.L.V. Dos-Santos, “Comparative
responses of (Helianthus annuus. L) plants and calli exposed to NaCl: I.
growth rate and osmotic regulation in intact plants and calli”. Journal of
Plant Physiology, 155: 769-77, 1999.
[31] D.B. Roy, N.A. Bhunia, S.K. Banerjee, “Counteraction of exogenous Lproline
with NaCl in salt-sensitive cultivar of rice”. Biologia Plantarum,
35:69–72, 1993.
[32] W.M.T. Eletr, F.M. Ghazal, A.A. Mahmoud, G.H. Yossef, “Responses
of wheat – rice cropping system to cyanobacteria inoculation and
different soil conditioners sources under saline soil”. Nature and
Science, 11(10):118-129, 2013.
[33] K. Poustini, A. Siosemardeh, M.Ranjbar, “Proline accumulation as a
response to salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing
in salt tolerance”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54: 925-934,
2007.
[34] K.R. Chandrasekhar, S. Sandhyarani “Salinity induced chemical changes
in Crotalaria striata DC plants”. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology,
1:44–48, 1996.
[35] P.S. Low, “Molucular basis of the biological compatibility of nature’s
osmolytes. In: Gilles R and Gilles-Baillien M (eds). Transport processes,
iono- and osmoregulation”. Berlin: Springer-verlag, pp: 469-477, 1985.
[36] T.N. Singh, D. Dspinall, L.G. Raleg, “Proline accumulation and varietal
adaptability to drought in barley: a potential metabolic measure of
drought resistance”. Nature New Biology, 236: 188-192, 1972.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:70966", author = "Ayman El Sabagh and Sobhy Sorour and Abd Elhamid Omar and Adel Ragab and Mohammad Sohidul Islam and Celaleddin Barutçular and Akihiro Ueda and Hirofumi Saneoka", title = "Alleviation of Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Soybean (Glycine max. L.) by Using Osmoprotectants and Organic Nutrients", abstract = "Salinity is one of the major factors limiting crop
production in an arid environment. Despite its global importance
soybean production suffer the problems of salinity stress causing
damages at plant development. So it is implacable to either search for
salinity enhancement of soybean plants. Therefore, in the current
study we try to clarify the mechanism that might be involved in the
ameliorating effects of osmo-protectants such as proline and glycine
betaine as well as, compost application on soybean plants grown
under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted under
greenhouse conditions at the Graduate School of Biosphere Science
Laboratory of Hiroshima University, Japan in 2011. The experiment
was designed as a spilt-split plot based on randomized complete
block design with four replications. The treatments could be
summarized as follows; (i) salinity concentrations (0 and 15 mM), (ii)
compost treatments (0 and 24 t ha-1) and (iii) the exogenous, proline
and glycine betaine concentrations (0 mM and 25 mM) for each.
Results indicated that salinity stress induced reduction in growth and
physiological aspects (dry weight per plant, chlorophyll content, N
and K+ content) of soybean plant compared with those of the
unstressed plants. On the other hand, salinity stress led to increases in
the electrolyte leakage ratio, Na and proline contents. Special
attention was paid to, the tolerance against salt stress was observed,
the improvement of salt tolerance resulted from proline, glycine
betaine and compost were accompanied with improved K+, and
proline accumulation. While, significantly decreased electrolyte
leakage ratio and Na+ content. These results clearly demonstrate that
harmful effect of salinity could reduce on growth aspects of soybean.
Consequently, exogenous osmoprotectants combine with compost
will effectively solve seasonal salinity stress problem and are a good
strategy to increase salinity resistance of soybean in the drylands.", keywords = "Compost, glycine betaine, growth, proline, salinity
tolerance, soybean.", volume = "9", number = "9", pages = "1014-5", }