Activation of Prophenoloxidase during Bacterial Injection into the Desert Locust, Schistocerca Gregaria
The present study has been conducted to characterize
the prophenoloxidase (PPO) system of the desert locust, Schistocerca
gregaria following injection of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bt).
The bulk of PPO system was associated with haemocytes and a little
amount was found in plasma. This system was activated by different
activators such as laminarin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trypsin
suggesting that the stimulatory mechanism may involve an enzyme
cascade of one or more associated molecules. These activators did
not activate all the molecules of the cascade. Presence of
phenoloxidase activity (PO) coincides with the appearance of protein
band with molecular weight (MW) 70.154 KD (Kilo Dalton).
[1] Meshrif, W.S. and Barakat, E.M.S. (2002). Cell mediated immunity in
the Locust, Shistocerca gregaria against the bacterium, Bacillus
thuringiensis. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc.Environ. Develop., 2(1): 117-130.
[2] Barakat, E.M.S.; Meshrif, W.S. and Shehata, M.G. (2002). Changes in
the haemolymph of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria after
injection Bacillus.
[3] Ratcliffe, N.A. and Rowley, A.F. (1979). Role of hemocytes in defense
against biological agents. In Insect Hemocytes: Development, Forms,
Functions and Techniques, ed. AP Gupta, pp. 331-414. London:
Cambridge Univ. Press (GR & PLS phagocytosis).
[4] Bodine, J.H. and Allen, T.H. (1937). Enzymes in ontogenesis
(Orthoptera): XV. Some properties of protyrosinase. J. Cell. Physiol.,
18, 151-160.
[5] Ratclifffe, N.A.; Leonard, C. and Rowley, A.F. (1984).
Prophenoloxidase Activation: Non-self recognition and cell cooperation
in insect immunity. Sci., 226(2): 557-559.
[6] Leonard, C.; Ratcliffe, N.A. and Rowley, A. F. (1985). The role of
prophenoloxidase activation in non-self recognition and phagocytosis by
insect blood cells. J. Insect Physiol., 31(2): 789-799.
[7] Brookman, J.L.; Ratcliffe, N.A. and Rowley, A.F. (1988). Optimization
of a monolayer phagocytosis assay and its application for studying the
role of the prophenoloxidase system in the wax moth, Galleria
mellonella. J. Insect Physiol., 34: 337-345.
[8] Anggraeni, T. and Ratcliffe, N. A. (1991). Studies on cell-cell
cooperation during phagocytosis by purified haemocyte populations of
the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. J. Insect Physiol. 37(6): 453-460.
[9] Söderh├ñll, K. and Aspan, A. (1993).Prophenoloxidase activating system
and its role in cellular communication. In: Insect Immunity
(Ed.J.P.N.Patak) pp.113-129.Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Ltd.
[10] Ashida, M., Dohke, K., 1980. Activation of prophenoloxidase by the
activating enzyme of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem. 10:
37-47.
[11] Dularay, B. and Lackie, A.M. (1985). Haemocytic encapsulation and the
prophenoloxidase-activation pathway in the locust Schistocerca gregaria
Forsk. Insect Biochem. 15: 827-834.
[12] Brehélin, M., Drif, L., Baud, L. and Boemare, N. (1989). Insect
haemolymph: Cooperation between humoral and cellular factors in
Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. 19(3): 301-307.
[13] Ashida, M. and Soderhall, K. (1984). The prophenoloxidase activating
system in crayfish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 77(B): 21-62.
[14] Preston, W. F. and Taylor, R. L. (1970). Observation on the
phenoloxidase system in the haemolymph of the cockroach Leucophaea
maderia. J. Insect Physiol., 16: 1729-1744.
[15] Ashida, M. and Yoshida, H. (1988). Limited proteolysis of
prophenoloxidase during activation by microbial products in insect
plasma and effect of phenoloxidase
[16] Huxham, I. M.; Samuel, K.D.Z.; Heale, J.B. and MacCorkindale, N.J.
(1989). In vivo and in vitro assays for pathogenicity of wild type and
mutant strains of Metharhizium anisopliae for three insect species. J.
Invertebr. Pathol. 53: 143 - 151.
[17] Aso, Y.; Karmer, K.; Hopkins, T. and Lookhart, G.L. (1985).
Characterization of haemolymph protyrosinase and cuticular activator
from Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem., 15: 9-17.
[18] Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the
quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of
protein-dye binding, Anal. Biochem., 72, 248-254.
[19] Laemmli, U.K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the
assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Natur., 227:680-68
[20] Söderhr├ñll, K. (1982). Prophenoloxidase activating system and
melanization - a recognition mechanism - of artropods ? A review. Dev.
Comp. Immunol., 6: 601-611.
[21] Brehélin, M. (1979). Haemolymph coagulation in Locusta migratoria:
Evidence for a functional equivalent of fibrinogen. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol., 62(B): 329-334.
[22] Evans, J. J. T. (1968). The distribution of prophenoloxidase and its
activator in pupa of the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi. J.
Insect Physiol., 14: 107-119.
[23] Sabbour, M. (2001). Biochemistry of haemolymph of Earias insulana
larvae treated with Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana. J.
Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool. 36(E): 19-27.
[24] Meshrif, W.S.(2008) Defense reactions and biochemical changes in the
haemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) following infection with entomopathogenic hyphomycete
fungi Ph.D Thesis, Sci. Fac., Tanta Univ..
[25] Hoffman, D.; Hultmark, D. and Boman, H.D. (1981). Insect immunity :
Galleria mellonella and other Lepidoptera have cercopin-p9- like factors
active against Gram negative bacteria. Insect Biochem., 11: 573-548.
[26] Zacharius, R.M.; Zell, T.E., Morrison, J.H. and Woodlock, J.J. (1969).
Glycoprotein staining following electrophoresis on acrylamide gels.
Anal. Biochem., 30: 148-152.
[27] Miranpuri, G.S., Bidochka, M.J. and Khachatourians, G.G. (1991).
Morphology and chemistry of haemocytes and analysis of haemolymph
from Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J. Econ.
Enotomol. 84(2): 371-378.
[28] Bread, R.L. (1945). Studies on the milky disease of Japanese beetle
larvae. Conn. Agn. Stn. Bull., 491: 505-583.
[29] Poonia, F. S. (1979). Haemolymph protein in 5th instar of eri silkworm,
Philosamia ricini after infection with a flacherie disease. Indian J. Seric.
18(1): 43-47.
[30] Rasmusom, T. and Boman, H. G. (1979). Insect immunity. V.
Purification and some properties of immune protein P4 and haemolymph
of Hyalophora cecropia pupae. Insect Biochem. 9: 259-264.
[31] Sun, S.-C. (1992) Ceoropia immunoresponsive factor, an insect
immunoresponsive factor with DNA-binding properties similar to
nuclear factor NF-kB Eur.J.Biochem., 204,885-892.
[32] Engström, Y. (1999). Induction and regulation of antimicrobial peptides
in Drosophila. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 23: 345-358.
[1] Meshrif, W.S. and Barakat, E.M.S. (2002). Cell mediated immunity in
the Locust, Shistocerca gregaria against the bacterium, Bacillus
thuringiensis. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc.Environ. Develop., 2(1): 117-130.
[2] Barakat, E.M.S.; Meshrif, W.S. and Shehata, M.G. (2002). Changes in
the haemolymph of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria after
injection Bacillus.
[3] Ratcliffe, N.A. and Rowley, A.F. (1979). Role of hemocytes in defense
against biological agents. In Insect Hemocytes: Development, Forms,
Functions and Techniques, ed. AP Gupta, pp. 331-414. London:
Cambridge Univ. Press (GR & PLS phagocytosis).
[4] Bodine, J.H. and Allen, T.H. (1937). Enzymes in ontogenesis
(Orthoptera): XV. Some properties of protyrosinase. J. Cell. Physiol.,
18, 151-160.
[5] Ratclifffe, N.A.; Leonard, C. and Rowley, A.F. (1984).
Prophenoloxidase Activation: Non-self recognition and cell cooperation
in insect immunity. Sci., 226(2): 557-559.
[6] Leonard, C.; Ratcliffe, N.A. and Rowley, A. F. (1985). The role of
prophenoloxidase activation in non-self recognition and phagocytosis by
insect blood cells. J. Insect Physiol., 31(2): 789-799.
[7] Brookman, J.L.; Ratcliffe, N.A. and Rowley, A.F. (1988). Optimization
of a monolayer phagocytosis assay and its application for studying the
role of the prophenoloxidase system in the wax moth, Galleria
mellonella. J. Insect Physiol., 34: 337-345.
[8] Anggraeni, T. and Ratcliffe, N. A. (1991). Studies on cell-cell
cooperation during phagocytosis by purified haemocyte populations of
the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. J. Insect Physiol. 37(6): 453-460.
[9] Söderh├ñll, K. and Aspan, A. (1993).Prophenoloxidase activating system
and its role in cellular communication. In: Insect Immunity
(Ed.J.P.N.Patak) pp.113-129.Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Ltd.
[10] Ashida, M., Dohke, K., 1980. Activation of prophenoloxidase by the
activating enzyme of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem. 10:
37-47.
[11] Dularay, B. and Lackie, A.M. (1985). Haemocytic encapsulation and the
prophenoloxidase-activation pathway in the locust Schistocerca gregaria
Forsk. Insect Biochem. 15: 827-834.
[12] Brehélin, M., Drif, L., Baud, L. and Boemare, N. (1989). Insect
haemolymph: Cooperation between humoral and cellular factors in
Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. 19(3): 301-307.
[13] Ashida, M. and Soderhall, K. (1984). The prophenoloxidase activating
system in crayfish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 77(B): 21-62.
[14] Preston, W. F. and Taylor, R. L. (1970). Observation on the
phenoloxidase system in the haemolymph of the cockroach Leucophaea
maderia. J. Insect Physiol., 16: 1729-1744.
[15] Ashida, M. and Yoshida, H. (1988). Limited proteolysis of
prophenoloxidase during activation by microbial products in insect
plasma and effect of phenoloxidase
[16] Huxham, I. M.; Samuel, K.D.Z.; Heale, J.B. and MacCorkindale, N.J.
(1989). In vivo and in vitro assays for pathogenicity of wild type and
mutant strains of Metharhizium anisopliae for three insect species. J.
Invertebr. Pathol. 53: 143 - 151.
[17] Aso, Y.; Karmer, K.; Hopkins, T. and Lookhart, G.L. (1985).
Characterization of haemolymph protyrosinase and cuticular activator
from Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem., 15: 9-17.
[18] Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the
quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of
protein-dye binding, Anal. Biochem., 72, 248-254.
[19] Laemmli, U.K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the
assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Natur., 227:680-68
[20] Söderhr├ñll, K. (1982). Prophenoloxidase activating system and
melanization - a recognition mechanism - of artropods ? A review. Dev.
Comp. Immunol., 6: 601-611.
[21] Brehélin, M. (1979). Haemolymph coagulation in Locusta migratoria:
Evidence for a functional equivalent of fibrinogen. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol., 62(B): 329-334.
[22] Evans, J. J. T. (1968). The distribution of prophenoloxidase and its
activator in pupa of the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi. J.
Insect Physiol., 14: 107-119.
[23] Sabbour, M. (2001). Biochemistry of haemolymph of Earias insulana
larvae treated with Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana. J.
Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool. 36(E): 19-27.
[24] Meshrif, W.S.(2008) Defense reactions and biochemical changes in the
haemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) following infection with entomopathogenic hyphomycete
fungi Ph.D Thesis, Sci. Fac., Tanta Univ..
[25] Hoffman, D.; Hultmark, D. and Boman, H.D. (1981). Insect immunity :
Galleria mellonella and other Lepidoptera have cercopin-p9- like factors
active against Gram negative bacteria. Insect Biochem., 11: 573-548.
[26] Zacharius, R.M.; Zell, T.E., Morrison, J.H. and Woodlock, J.J. (1969).
Glycoprotein staining following electrophoresis on acrylamide gels.
Anal. Biochem., 30: 148-152.
[27] Miranpuri, G.S., Bidochka, M.J. and Khachatourians, G.G. (1991).
Morphology and chemistry of haemocytes and analysis of haemolymph
from Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J. Econ.
Enotomol. 84(2): 371-378.
[28] Bread, R.L. (1945). Studies on the milky disease of Japanese beetle
larvae. Conn. Agn. Stn. Bull., 491: 505-583.
[29] Poonia, F. S. (1979). Haemolymph protein in 5th instar of eri silkworm,
Philosamia ricini after infection with a flacherie disease. Indian J. Seric.
18(1): 43-47.
[30] Rasmusom, T. and Boman, H. G. (1979). Insect immunity. V.
Purification and some properties of immune protein P4 and haemolymph
of Hyalophora cecropia pupae. Insect Biochem. 9: 259-264.
[31] Sun, S.-C. (1992) Ceoropia immunoresponsive factor, an insect
immunoresponsive factor with DNA-binding properties similar to
nuclear factor NF-kB Eur.J.Biochem., 204,885-892.
[32] Engström, Y. (1999). Induction and regulation of antimicrobial peptides
in Drosophila. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 23: 345-358.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:62598", author = "Shaiemaa and A. Momen and Dalia and A.M. Salem and Emad and M.S. Barakat and Mohamed and S. Salama", title = "Activation of Prophenoloxidase during Bacterial Injection into the Desert Locust, Schistocerca Gregaria", abstract = "The present study has been conducted to characterize
the prophenoloxidase (PPO) system of the desert locust, Schistocerca
gregaria following injection of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bt).
The bulk of PPO system was associated with haemocytes and a little
amount was found in plasma. This system was activated by different
activators such as laminarin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trypsin
suggesting that the stimulatory mechanism may involve an enzyme
cascade of one or more associated molecules. These activators did
not activate all the molecules of the cascade. Presence of
phenoloxidase activity (PO) coincides with the appearance of protein
band with molecular weight (MW) 70.154 KD (Kilo Dalton).", keywords = "Schistocerca gregaria, haemolymph, proteins,
prophenoloxidase system, phenoloxidase", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "621-10", }
