A Review on Application of Chitosan as a Natural Antimicrobial
In recent years application of natural antimicrobials
instead of conventional ones, due to their hazardous effects on health,
has got serious attentions. On the basis of the results of different
studies, chitosan, a natural bio-degradable and non-toxic
biopolysaccharide derived from chitin, has potential to be used as a
natural antimicrobial. Chitosan has exhibited high antimicrobial
activity against a wide variety of pathogenic and spoilage
microorganisms, including fungi, and Gram-positive and Gramnegative
bacteria. The antimicrobial action is influenced by intrinsic
factors such as the type of chitosan, the degree of chitosan
polymerization and extrinsic factors such as the microbial organism,
the environmental conditions and presence of the other components.
The use of chitosan in food systems should be based on sufficient
knowledge of the complex mechanisms of its antimicrobial mode of
action. In this article we review a number of studies on the
investigation of chitosan antimicrobial properties and application of
them in culture and food mediums.
[1] S. Arcidiacono, and D. L. Kaplan, "Molecular weight distribution of
chitosan isolated from Mucor rouxii under different culture and
processing conditions," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 39, pp.
281-286, 1992.
[2] S. Chatterjee, M. Adhya, A. K. Guha, and B. P. Chatterjee, "Chitosan
from Mucor rouxii: production and physico-chemical characterization,"
Process Biochemistry, vol. 40, pp. 395-400, 2005.
[3] P. C. Srinivasa, and R. N. Tharanathan, "Chitin/Chitosan ÔÇö Safe,
Ecofriendly Packaging Materials with Multiple Potential Uses," Food
Reviews International, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 53-72, 2007.
[4] M. N. V. Ravikumar, "A review of chitin and chitosan application.
Reactive Functional Polymer, vol. 46, pp. 1-27, 2000.
[5] N. Liu, X. G. Chen, H. J. Park, C. G. Liu, C. S. Liu, X. H. Meng, and L.
J. Yu, "Effect of MW and concentration of chitosan on antibacterial
activity of Escherichia coli," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 64, pp. 60-65,
2006.
[6] H. K. No, N. Y. Park, S. H. Lee, H. J. Hwang, and S. P. Meyers,
"Antibacterial activities of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with
different molecular weights on spoilage bacteria isolated from tofu,"
Journal of Food Science, vol. 67, no. 4, pp.1511-1514, 2002.
[7] H. Sashiwa and S. Aiba, "Chemically modified chitin and chitosan as
biomaterials," Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 29, pp. 887-908, 2004.
[8] C. Qin, H. Li, Q. Xiao, Y. Liu, J. Zhu and Y. Du, "Water-solubility of
chitosan and its antimicrobial activity," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 63,
no. 3, pp. 367-374, 2006.
[9] A. B. Martín-Diana, D. Rico, J. M. Barat, C. Barry-Ryan, "Orange juices
enriched with chitosan: Optimisation for extending the shelf-life,"
Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, vol. 10, pp. 590-
600, 2009.
[10] V. Coma, A. Deschamps, and A. Martial-Gros, "Bioactive packaging
materials from edible chitosan polymerÔÇöAntimicrobial activity
assessment on dairy-related contaminants, Journal of Food Science, vol.
68, no. 9, pp. 2788-2792, 2003.
[11] F. Devlieghere, A. Vermeulen, and J. Debevere, "Chitosan:
antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and
applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables," Food Microbiology,
vol. 21, pp. 703-714, 2004.
[12] Y. C. Chung, Y. P. Su, C. C. Chen, G. Jia, H. L. Wang, J. C. G. Wu, and
J. G. Lin, "Relationship between antibacterial activity of chitosan and
surface characteristics of cell wall," Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol.
25, no. 7, pp. 932-936, July 2004.
[13] D. Raafat, K. Bargen, A. Haas, and H. G. Sahl, "Insights into the mode
of action of chitosan as an antibacterial compound," Appied and
Environmental Microbiology, vol. 74, no. 12. pp. 3764-3773, June
2008.
[14] Y. J. Jeon, and S. K. Kim, "Production of chitooligosaccharides using an
ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 41, pp. 133-144, 2000.
[15] Y.Omura, M. Shigemoto, T. Akiyama, H. Saimoto, Y. Shigemasa, I.
Nakamura, T. Tsuchido, "Reexamination of antimicrobial activity of
chitosan having different degrees of acetylation and molecular weights,"
Advances in Chitin Science, vol. 6, pp. 273-274, 2002.
[16] L. Y. Zheng,. and J. F. Zhu, "Study on antimicrobial activity of chitosan
with different molecular weights," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 54, pp.
527-530, 2003.
[17] D. Raafat and H. G. Sahl, "Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential - a
critical literature survey," Microbial Biotechnology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.
186-201, 2009.
[18] R. C. Goy, D. Britto, O. B. G. Assis, "A review of the antimicrobial
activity of chitosan.," Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, vol. 19, no 3, pp.
241-247, 2009.
[19] T. C.Yang, C. C. Chou, and C. F. Li, "Preparation, water solubility and
rheological property of the N-alkylated mono or disaccharide chitosan
derivatives," Food Research International, vol. 35, pp. 707- 713, 2002.
[20] T. C. Yang, C. C. Chou, and C. F. Li, "Antibacterial activity of Nalkylated
disaccharide chitosan derivatives," International Journal of
Food Microbiology, vol. 97, pp. 237- 245, 2005.
[21] X. Li, X. Shi, M. Wang, and Y. Du, "Xylan chitosan conjugate - a
potential food preservative," Food Chemistry, vol. 126. no. 2, pp. 520-
525, May 2011.
[22] Ö. V. Rúnarsson, J. Holappa, T. Nevalainen, M. Hjálmarsdóttir, T.
Järvinen, T. Loftsson, J. M. Einarsson, S. Jónsdóttir, M. Valdimarsdóttir,
M. Másson, "Antibacterial activity of methylated chitosan and
chitooligomer derivatives: Synthesis and structure activity
relationships," European Polymer Journal, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2660-2671,
2007.
[23] N. Vallapa, O. Wiarachai, N. Thongchul, J. Pan, V. Tangpasuthadol, S.
Kiatkamjornwong and V. P. Hoven, "Enhancing antibacterial activity of
chitosan surface by heterogeneous quaternization," Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 868-875, 2011.
[24] X. F. Liu, Y. L. Guan, D. Z. Yang, Z. Li, and K. D. Yao, "Antibacterial
action of chitosan and carboxymethylated chitosan," Journal of Applied
Polymer Science, vol. 79, no. 7, pp. 1324-1335, 2000.
[25] G. He, X. Chen, Y. Yin, H. Zheng, X. Xiong and Y. Du, "Synthesis,
characterization and antibacterial activity of salicyloyl chitosan,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 1274-1278, Jan 2011.
[26] Y. Feng, and W. Xia, "Preparation, characterization and antibacterial
activity of water-soluble O-fumaryl-chitosan," Carbohydrate Polymers,
vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 1169-1173, Jan 2011.
[27] H. Tang, P. Zhang, T. L. Kieft, S. J. Ryan, S. M. Baker, W. P.
Wiesmann, and S. Rogelj, "Antibacterial action of a novel functionalized
chitosan-arginine against Gram-negative bacteria," Acta Biomaterialia,
vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 2562-2571, 2010.
[28] Y. Hu, Y. Du, J. Yang, J. F. Kennedy, X. Wang and L. Wang, "Synthesis,
characterization and antibacterial activity of guanidinylated chitosan,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 66-72, 2007.
[29] R. L. Beverlya, M. E. Janesa, W. Prinyawiwatkula, H. K. No, "Edible
chitosan films on ready-to-eat roast beef for the control of Listeria
monocytogenes," Food Microbiology, vol. 25, pp. 534-537, 2008.
[30] R. Cao, C. H. Xue, and Q. Liu, "Changes in microbial flora of Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea gigas) during refrigerated storage and its shelf-life
extension by chitosan" International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.
131, pp. 272-276, 2009.
[31] K. W. Kim, B. J. Min, Y. T. Kim, R. M. Kimmel, K. Cooksey, and S. I.
Park, "Antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens of chitosan
biopolymer films of different molecular weights" LWT - Food Science
and Technology, vol. 44, pp. 565-569, 2011.
[32] P. Chhabra, Y. W. Huang, J. F. Frank, R. Chmielewski, and K. Gates,
"Fate of staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica serovar
typhimurium, and vibiro vulnificus in raw oysters treated with chitosan,"
Journal of Food Protection, vol. 69, pp. 952-959, 2006.
[33] S. Chaiyakosa, W. Charernjiratragul, K. Umsakul and V. Vuddhakul,
"Comparing the efficiency of chitosan with chlorine for reducing Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in shrimp," Food Control, vol. 18, no. 9, pp.1031-
1035, 2007.
[34] S. M. A. Taha, and H. M. H. Swailam, "Antibacterial activity of chitosan
against Aeromonas hydrophila," Food / Nahrung, vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 337-
340, 2002.
[35] G. J. Tsai, M. T. Tsai, J. M. Lee, and M. Z. Zhong, "Effects of chitosan
and a low-molecular-weight chitosan an Bacillus cereus and application
in the preservation of cooked rice," Journal of Food Protection, vol. 69,
no. 9, pp. 2168-2175, 2006.
[36] P. Fernandez-Saiz, C. Soler, J. M. Lagaron and M. J.Ocio, "Effects of
chitosan films on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus and Salmonella spp. in laboratory media and in fish soup,"
International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 287-
294, 2010.
[37] M. Ye, H. Neetoo, H. Chen, "Control of Listeria monocytogenes on ham
steaks by antimicrobials incorporated into chitosan-coated plastic films,"
Food Microbiology, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 260-268, 2008.
[38] S. Roller, and N. Covill, "The antifungal properties of chitosan in
laboratory media and apple juice," International Journal of Food
Microbiology, vol. 47, pp. 67-77, Mar 1999.
[39] M. S. Rodríguez, V. Ramos, and E. Agulló, "Antimicrobial action of
chitosan against spoilage organisms in precooked pizza," Journal of
Food Science, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 271-274, 2006.
[40] S. I. Park, K. S. Marsh, and P. Dawson, "Application of chitosanincorporated
LDPE film to sliced fresh red meats for shelf life
extension," Meat Science, vol. 85, pp. 493-499, 2010.
[41] R. D. Joerger, S. Sabesan, D. Visioli, D. Urian, and M. C. Joerger,
"Antimicrobial activity of chitosan attached to ethylene copolymer
films," Packaging Technology and Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 125-138,
2008.
[42] P. Fernandez-Saiz, M. J. Ocio, and J. M. Lagaron, "Antibacterial
chitosan-based blends with ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 874-884, 2010.
[43] S. Tripathi, G. K. Mehrotra and P. K. Dutta, "Physicochemical and
bioactivity of cross-linked chitosan-PVA film for food packaging
applications," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol.
45, no. 4, pp. 372-376, 2009.
[44] F. Sebastien, G. Stephane, A. Copinet, and V. Coma, "Novel
biodegradable films made from chitosan and poly(lactic acid) with
antifungal properties against mycotoxinogen strains," Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 65, pp.185-193, 2006.
[45] F. Liu, B. Qin, L. He, and R. Song, "Novel starch/chitosan blending
membrane: Antibacterial, permeable and mechanical properties,"
Carbohydrate Polymers. vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 146-150, 2009.
[46] C. M. Shih, Y. T. Shieh and Y. K. Twu, "Preparation and
characterization of cellulose/chitosan blend films," Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 169-174, 2009.
[47] M. E. Lopez-Caballero, M. C. Gomez-Guillen, M. Perez-Mateos and P.
Montero, "A chitosan-gelatin blend as a coating for fish patties," Food
Hydrocolloids, vol. 19, pp. 303-311, 2005.
[48]L. Y. Sang, X. H. Zhou, F. Yun, and G. L. Zhang, "Enzymatic synthesis
of chitosan-gelatin antimicrobial copolymer and its characterization,"
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 90, pp. 58-64,
2010.
[1] S. Arcidiacono, and D. L. Kaplan, "Molecular weight distribution of
chitosan isolated from Mucor rouxii under different culture and
processing conditions," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 39, pp.
281-286, 1992.
[2] S. Chatterjee, M. Adhya, A. K. Guha, and B. P. Chatterjee, "Chitosan
from Mucor rouxii: production and physico-chemical characterization,"
Process Biochemistry, vol. 40, pp. 395-400, 2005.
[3] P. C. Srinivasa, and R. N. Tharanathan, "Chitin/Chitosan ÔÇö Safe,
Ecofriendly Packaging Materials with Multiple Potential Uses," Food
Reviews International, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 53-72, 2007.
[4] M. N. V. Ravikumar, "A review of chitin and chitosan application.
Reactive Functional Polymer, vol. 46, pp. 1-27, 2000.
[5] N. Liu, X. G. Chen, H. J. Park, C. G. Liu, C. S. Liu, X. H. Meng, and L.
J. Yu, "Effect of MW and concentration of chitosan on antibacterial
activity of Escherichia coli," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 64, pp. 60-65,
2006.
[6] H. K. No, N. Y. Park, S. H. Lee, H. J. Hwang, and S. P. Meyers,
"Antibacterial activities of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with
different molecular weights on spoilage bacteria isolated from tofu,"
Journal of Food Science, vol. 67, no. 4, pp.1511-1514, 2002.
[7] H. Sashiwa and S. Aiba, "Chemically modified chitin and chitosan as
biomaterials," Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 29, pp. 887-908, 2004.
[8] C. Qin, H. Li, Q. Xiao, Y. Liu, J. Zhu and Y. Du, "Water-solubility of
chitosan and its antimicrobial activity," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 63,
no. 3, pp. 367-374, 2006.
[9] A. B. Martín-Diana, D. Rico, J. M. Barat, C. Barry-Ryan, "Orange juices
enriched with chitosan: Optimisation for extending the shelf-life,"
Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, vol. 10, pp. 590-
600, 2009.
[10] V. Coma, A. Deschamps, and A. Martial-Gros, "Bioactive packaging
materials from edible chitosan polymerÔÇöAntimicrobial activity
assessment on dairy-related contaminants, Journal of Food Science, vol.
68, no. 9, pp. 2788-2792, 2003.
[11] F. Devlieghere, A. Vermeulen, and J. Debevere, "Chitosan:
antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and
applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables," Food Microbiology,
vol. 21, pp. 703-714, 2004.
[12] Y. C. Chung, Y. P. Su, C. C. Chen, G. Jia, H. L. Wang, J. C. G. Wu, and
J. G. Lin, "Relationship between antibacterial activity of chitosan and
surface characteristics of cell wall," Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol.
25, no. 7, pp. 932-936, July 2004.
[13] D. Raafat, K. Bargen, A. Haas, and H. G. Sahl, "Insights into the mode
of action of chitosan as an antibacterial compound," Appied and
Environmental Microbiology, vol. 74, no. 12. pp. 3764-3773, June
2008.
[14] Y. J. Jeon, and S. K. Kim, "Production of chitooligosaccharides using an
ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 41, pp. 133-144, 2000.
[15] Y.Omura, M. Shigemoto, T. Akiyama, H. Saimoto, Y. Shigemasa, I.
Nakamura, T. Tsuchido, "Reexamination of antimicrobial activity of
chitosan having different degrees of acetylation and molecular weights,"
Advances in Chitin Science, vol. 6, pp. 273-274, 2002.
[16] L. Y. Zheng,. and J. F. Zhu, "Study on antimicrobial activity of chitosan
with different molecular weights," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 54, pp.
527-530, 2003.
[17] D. Raafat and H. G. Sahl, "Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential - a
critical literature survey," Microbial Biotechnology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.
186-201, 2009.
[18] R. C. Goy, D. Britto, O. B. G. Assis, "A review of the antimicrobial
activity of chitosan.," Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, vol. 19, no 3, pp.
241-247, 2009.
[19] T. C.Yang, C. C. Chou, and C. F. Li, "Preparation, water solubility and
rheological property of the N-alkylated mono or disaccharide chitosan
derivatives," Food Research International, vol. 35, pp. 707- 713, 2002.
[20] T. C. Yang, C. C. Chou, and C. F. Li, "Antibacterial activity of Nalkylated
disaccharide chitosan derivatives," International Journal of
Food Microbiology, vol. 97, pp. 237- 245, 2005.
[21] X. Li, X. Shi, M. Wang, and Y. Du, "Xylan chitosan conjugate - a
potential food preservative," Food Chemistry, vol. 126. no. 2, pp. 520-
525, May 2011.
[22] Ö. V. Rúnarsson, J. Holappa, T. Nevalainen, M. Hjálmarsdóttir, T.
Järvinen, T. Loftsson, J. M. Einarsson, S. Jónsdóttir, M. Valdimarsdóttir,
M. Másson, "Antibacterial activity of methylated chitosan and
chitooligomer derivatives: Synthesis and structure activity
relationships," European Polymer Journal, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2660-2671,
2007.
[23] N. Vallapa, O. Wiarachai, N. Thongchul, J. Pan, V. Tangpasuthadol, S.
Kiatkamjornwong and V. P. Hoven, "Enhancing antibacterial activity of
chitosan surface by heterogeneous quaternization," Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 868-875, 2011.
[24] X. F. Liu, Y. L. Guan, D. Z. Yang, Z. Li, and K. D. Yao, "Antibacterial
action of chitosan and carboxymethylated chitosan," Journal of Applied
Polymer Science, vol. 79, no. 7, pp. 1324-1335, 2000.
[25] G. He, X. Chen, Y. Yin, H. Zheng, X. Xiong and Y. Du, "Synthesis,
characterization and antibacterial activity of salicyloyl chitosan,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 1274-1278, Jan 2011.
[26] Y. Feng, and W. Xia, "Preparation, characterization and antibacterial
activity of water-soluble O-fumaryl-chitosan," Carbohydrate Polymers,
vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 1169-1173, Jan 2011.
[27] H. Tang, P. Zhang, T. L. Kieft, S. J. Ryan, S. M. Baker, W. P.
Wiesmann, and S. Rogelj, "Antibacterial action of a novel functionalized
chitosan-arginine against Gram-negative bacteria," Acta Biomaterialia,
vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 2562-2571, 2010.
[28] Y. Hu, Y. Du, J. Yang, J. F. Kennedy, X. Wang and L. Wang, "Synthesis,
characterization and antibacterial activity of guanidinylated chitosan,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 66-72, 2007.
[29] R. L. Beverlya, M. E. Janesa, W. Prinyawiwatkula, H. K. No, "Edible
chitosan films on ready-to-eat roast beef for the control of Listeria
monocytogenes," Food Microbiology, vol. 25, pp. 534-537, 2008.
[30] R. Cao, C. H. Xue, and Q. Liu, "Changes in microbial flora of Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea gigas) during refrigerated storage and its shelf-life
extension by chitosan" International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.
131, pp. 272-276, 2009.
[31] K. W. Kim, B. J. Min, Y. T. Kim, R. M. Kimmel, K. Cooksey, and S. I.
Park, "Antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens of chitosan
biopolymer films of different molecular weights" LWT - Food Science
and Technology, vol. 44, pp. 565-569, 2011.
[32] P. Chhabra, Y. W. Huang, J. F. Frank, R. Chmielewski, and K. Gates,
"Fate of staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica serovar
typhimurium, and vibiro vulnificus in raw oysters treated with chitosan,"
Journal of Food Protection, vol. 69, pp. 952-959, 2006.
[33] S. Chaiyakosa, W. Charernjiratragul, K. Umsakul and V. Vuddhakul,
"Comparing the efficiency of chitosan with chlorine for reducing Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in shrimp," Food Control, vol. 18, no. 9, pp.1031-
1035, 2007.
[34] S. M. A. Taha, and H. M. H. Swailam, "Antibacterial activity of chitosan
against Aeromonas hydrophila," Food / Nahrung, vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 337-
340, 2002.
[35] G. J. Tsai, M. T. Tsai, J. M. Lee, and M. Z. Zhong, "Effects of chitosan
and a low-molecular-weight chitosan an Bacillus cereus and application
in the preservation of cooked rice," Journal of Food Protection, vol. 69,
no. 9, pp. 2168-2175, 2006.
[36] P. Fernandez-Saiz, C. Soler, J. M. Lagaron and M. J.Ocio, "Effects of
chitosan films on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus and Salmonella spp. in laboratory media and in fish soup,"
International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 287-
294, 2010.
[37] M. Ye, H. Neetoo, H. Chen, "Control of Listeria monocytogenes on ham
steaks by antimicrobials incorporated into chitosan-coated plastic films,"
Food Microbiology, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 260-268, 2008.
[38] S. Roller, and N. Covill, "The antifungal properties of chitosan in
laboratory media and apple juice," International Journal of Food
Microbiology, vol. 47, pp. 67-77, Mar 1999.
[39] M. S. Rodríguez, V. Ramos, and E. Agulló, "Antimicrobial action of
chitosan against spoilage organisms in precooked pizza," Journal of
Food Science, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 271-274, 2006.
[40] S. I. Park, K. S. Marsh, and P. Dawson, "Application of chitosanincorporated
LDPE film to sliced fresh red meats for shelf life
extension," Meat Science, vol. 85, pp. 493-499, 2010.
[41] R. D. Joerger, S. Sabesan, D. Visioli, D. Urian, and M. C. Joerger,
"Antimicrobial activity of chitosan attached to ethylene copolymer
films," Packaging Technology and Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 125-138,
2008.
[42] P. Fernandez-Saiz, M. J. Ocio, and J. M. Lagaron, "Antibacterial
chitosan-based blends with ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer,"
Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 874-884, 2010.
[43] S. Tripathi, G. K. Mehrotra and P. K. Dutta, "Physicochemical and
bioactivity of cross-linked chitosan-PVA film for food packaging
applications," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol.
45, no. 4, pp. 372-376, 2009.
[44] F. Sebastien, G. Stephane, A. Copinet, and V. Coma, "Novel
biodegradable films made from chitosan and poly(lactic acid) with
antifungal properties against mycotoxinogen strains," Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 65, pp.185-193, 2006.
[45] F. Liu, B. Qin, L. He, and R. Song, "Novel starch/chitosan blending
membrane: Antibacterial, permeable and mechanical properties,"
Carbohydrate Polymers. vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 146-150, 2009.
[46] C. M. Shih, Y. T. Shieh and Y. K. Twu, "Preparation and
characterization of cellulose/chitosan blend films," Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 169-174, 2009.
[47] M. E. Lopez-Caballero, M. C. Gomez-Guillen, M. Perez-Mateos and P.
Montero, "A chitosan-gelatin blend as a coating for fish patties," Food
Hydrocolloids, vol. 19, pp. 303-311, 2005.
[48]L. Y. Sang, X. H. Zhou, F. Yun, and G. L. Zhang, "Enzymatic synthesis
of chitosan-gelatin antimicrobial copolymer and its characterization,"
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 90, pp. 58-64,
2010.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:55403", author = "F. Nejati Hafdani and N. Sadeghinia", title = "A Review on Application of Chitosan as a Natural Antimicrobial", abstract = "In recent years application of natural antimicrobials
instead of conventional ones, due to their hazardous effects on health,
has got serious attentions. On the basis of the results of different
studies, chitosan, a natural bio-degradable and non-toxic
biopolysaccharide derived from chitin, has potential to be used as a
natural antimicrobial. Chitosan has exhibited high antimicrobial
activity against a wide variety of pathogenic and spoilage
microorganisms, including fungi, and Gram-positive and Gramnegative
bacteria. The antimicrobial action is influenced by intrinsic
factors such as the type of chitosan, the degree of chitosan
polymerization and extrinsic factors such as the microbial organism,
the environmental conditions and presence of the other components.
The use of chitosan in food systems should be based on sufficient
knowledge of the complex mechanisms of its antimicrobial mode of
action. In this article we review a number of studies on the
investigation of chitosan antimicrobial properties and application of
them in culture and food mediums.", keywords = "Antimicrobial, Chitosan, Preservative", volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "50-5", }
