A Feature-based Invariant Watermarking Scheme Using Zernike Moments
In this paper, a novel feature-based image
watermarking scheme is proposed. Zernike moments which have
invariance properties are adopted in the scheme. In the proposed
scheme, feature points are first extracted from host image and several
circular patches centered on these points are generated. The patches
are used as carriers of watermark information because they can be
regenerated to locate watermark embedding positions even when
watermarked images are severely distorted. Zernike transform is then
applied to the patches to calculate local Zernike moments. Dither
modulation is adopted to quantize the magnitudes of the Zernike
moments followed by false alarm analysis. Experimental results show
that quality degradation of watermarked image is visually
transparent. The proposed scheme is very robust against image
processing operations and geometric attacks.
[1] J. J. Ruanaidh, W. J. Dowling, and F. M. Boland, Watermarking digital
images for copyright protection, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., (1999), vol.
143, no. 4, pp. 250-256.
[2] M. Barni, I.J. Cox, T. Kalker, Digital watermarking, Fourth
International Workshop on Digital Watermarking, Siena, Italy, 2005.
[3] M. Swanson, B. Zhu, and A. Tewfik, Transparent Robust Image
Watermarking, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, (1998), vol.
III, pp. 211-214.
[4] J.F. Liu, D. Huang, and J.W. Huang, Survey on watermarking against
geometric attacks, J. Electron. Technol. (2004), 26 (9) 1495-1503.
[5] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, Techniques for data hiding, IBM
System Journal 25 (1999) 313-335.
[6] I.J. Cox, L.M. Matthew, A.B. Jeffrey, et al., Digital Watermarking and
Steganography, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (Elsevier)Burlington,
MA, 2007.
[7] C. Hsu and J. Wu, Hidden signatures in images, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
Image Processing, (1998), Vol. 3, pp. 223-226.
[8] X.Y. Wang, L.M. Hou, and J. Wu, A Feature-based robust digital image
watermarking against geometric attacks, Image & Computer Vision,
ScienceDirect, (2008), vol. 122, no. 10, pp. 350-356.
[9] Y. Xin, S. Liao, M.A. Pawlak Multibit, Geometrically robust image
watermark based on zernike moments, in: Proceedings of the 17th
International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR-2004), (2005),
pp. 861-864.
[10] Y. Xin, S. Liao, M. Pawlak, A multibit geometrically robust image
watermark based on Zernike moments, IEEE Int. Conf. Pattern
Recognit., (2004), vol. 4, pp. 861-864.
[11] H.S. Kim, H.K. Lee, Invariant image watermark using Zernike
moments, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 13 (2003), (8) 766-
775.
[12] L. Chang and L. Z. Yang, Desynchronization attacks on digital
watermarks and their countermeasures, J. Image Graphics 10 (2005)
403-409.
[13] V. Licks, R. Jordan, Geometric attacks on image watermarking system,
IEEE Trans on Multimedia 1 (2005) 68-78.
[14] A. S. Lewis and G. Knowles, Image Compression Using the 2-D
Wavelet Transform, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, (1998),
vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 244-250.
[15] B. Mathon, F Cayre and P. Bas, Practical performance analysis of secure
modulations for WOA spread-spectrum based image watermarking,
ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop 2007, Dallas , Texas, USA.
[16] N. Bi, Q. Sun, D. Huang, Z. Yang, J.W. Huang, Robust image
watermarking based on multiband wavelets and empirical mode
decomposition, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, (2007),
Volume 16, Issue 8.
[17] P. Dong, and N. P. Galatsanos, Affine transformation resistant
watermarking based on image normalization, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on
Image Processing, (2008), vol. I, Oct, pp. 451-4.
[18] C.H. Lai and J.L. Wu, Robust image watermarking against local
geometric attacks using multiscale block matching method, IEEE Int.
Conf. on Image Processing, (2000), vol. III, pp. 318-322.
[19] P. Bas, J.M. Chassery, and B. Macq, Geometrically invariant
watermarking using feature points, IEEE Trans Image Processing.
2002, 11(9):1014-28.
[20] B.S. Kim, J.G. Choi and K.H. Park, Image normalization using invariant
centroid for RST invariant digital image watermarking, Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, Springer Berlin, (2003), Volume 2613/2003.
[21] F. Gu, Z.M Lu, J.S. Pan, Multipurpose image watermarking in DCT
domain using subsampling, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits
and Systems, (2005), Vol. 5, Page(s):4417 - 4420.
[22] Z.M. Lu, D.G. Xu, S.H. Sun, Multipurpose image watermarking
algorithm based on multistage vector quantization, IEEE Transactions
on Image Processing, (2005), Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s):822 - 831.
[23] Z. M. Lu and S. H. Sun, Digital image watermarking technique based on
vector quantization, Electron. Lett., (2000), vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 303-305.
[24] A. Watson, G. Yang, J. Solomon, J. Villasenor, Visibility of wavelet
quantization noise, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, (1998),
vol. 6, no.8, pp. 1164-1175.
[1] J. J. Ruanaidh, W. J. Dowling, and F. M. Boland, Watermarking digital
images for copyright protection, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., (1999), vol.
143, no. 4, pp. 250-256.
[2] M. Barni, I.J. Cox, T. Kalker, Digital watermarking, Fourth
International Workshop on Digital Watermarking, Siena, Italy, 2005.
[3] M. Swanson, B. Zhu, and A. Tewfik, Transparent Robust Image
Watermarking, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, (1998), vol.
III, pp. 211-214.
[4] J.F. Liu, D. Huang, and J.W. Huang, Survey on watermarking against
geometric attacks, J. Electron. Technol. (2004), 26 (9) 1495-1503.
[5] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, Techniques for data hiding, IBM
System Journal 25 (1999) 313-335.
[6] I.J. Cox, L.M. Matthew, A.B. Jeffrey, et al., Digital Watermarking and
Steganography, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (Elsevier)Burlington,
MA, 2007.
[7] C. Hsu and J. Wu, Hidden signatures in images, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
Image Processing, (1998), Vol. 3, pp. 223-226.
[8] X.Y. Wang, L.M. Hou, and J. Wu, A Feature-based robust digital image
watermarking against geometric attacks, Image & Computer Vision,
ScienceDirect, (2008), vol. 122, no. 10, pp. 350-356.
[9] Y. Xin, S. Liao, M.A. Pawlak Multibit, Geometrically robust image
watermark based on zernike moments, in: Proceedings of the 17th
International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR-2004), (2005),
pp. 861-864.
[10] Y. Xin, S. Liao, M. Pawlak, A multibit geometrically robust image
watermark based on Zernike moments, IEEE Int. Conf. Pattern
Recognit., (2004), vol. 4, pp. 861-864.
[11] H.S. Kim, H.K. Lee, Invariant image watermark using Zernike
moments, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 13 (2003), (8) 766-
775.
[12] L. Chang and L. Z. Yang, Desynchronization attacks on digital
watermarks and their countermeasures, J. Image Graphics 10 (2005)
403-409.
[13] V. Licks, R. Jordan, Geometric attacks on image watermarking system,
IEEE Trans on Multimedia 1 (2005) 68-78.
[14] A. S. Lewis and G. Knowles, Image Compression Using the 2-D
Wavelet Transform, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, (1998),
vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 244-250.
[15] B. Mathon, F Cayre and P. Bas, Practical performance analysis of secure
modulations for WOA spread-spectrum based image watermarking,
ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop 2007, Dallas , Texas, USA.
[16] N. Bi, Q. Sun, D. Huang, Z. Yang, J.W. Huang, Robust image
watermarking based on multiband wavelets and empirical mode
decomposition, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, (2007),
Volume 16, Issue 8.
[17] P. Dong, and N. P. Galatsanos, Affine transformation resistant
watermarking based on image normalization, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on
Image Processing, (2008), vol. I, Oct, pp. 451-4.
[18] C.H. Lai and J.L. Wu, Robust image watermarking against local
geometric attacks using multiscale block matching method, IEEE Int.
Conf. on Image Processing, (2000), vol. III, pp. 318-322.
[19] P. Bas, J.M. Chassery, and B. Macq, Geometrically invariant
watermarking using feature points, IEEE Trans Image Processing.
2002, 11(9):1014-28.
[20] B.S. Kim, J.G. Choi and K.H. Park, Image normalization using invariant
centroid for RST invariant digital image watermarking, Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, Springer Berlin, (2003), Volume 2613/2003.
[21] F. Gu, Z.M Lu, J.S. Pan, Multipurpose image watermarking in DCT
domain using subsampling, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits
and Systems, (2005), Vol. 5, Page(s):4417 - 4420.
[22] Z.M. Lu, D.G. Xu, S.H. Sun, Multipurpose image watermarking
algorithm based on multistage vector quantization, IEEE Transactions
on Image Processing, (2005), Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s):822 - 831.
[23] Z. M. Lu and S. H. Sun, Digital image watermarking technique based on
vector quantization, Electron. Lett., (2000), vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 303-305.
[24] A. Watson, G. Yang, J. Solomon, J. Villasenor, Visibility of wavelet
quantization noise, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, (1998),
vol. 6, no.8, pp. 1164-1175.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:55034", author = "Say Wei Foo and Qi Dong", title = "A Feature-based Invariant Watermarking Scheme Using Zernike Moments", abstract = "In this paper, a novel feature-based image
watermarking scheme is proposed. Zernike moments which have
invariance properties are adopted in the scheme. In the proposed
scheme, feature points are first extracted from host image and several
circular patches centered on these points are generated. The patches
are used as carriers of watermark information because they can be
regenerated to locate watermark embedding positions even when
watermarked images are severely distorted. Zernike transform is then
applied to the patches to calculate local Zernike moments. Dither
modulation is adopted to quantize the magnitudes of the Zernike
moments followed by false alarm analysis. Experimental results show
that quality degradation of watermarked image is visually
transparent. The proposed scheme is very robust against image
processing operations and geometric attacks.", keywords = "Image watermarking, Zernike moments, Featurepoint, Invariance, Robustness.", volume = "4", number = "8", pages = "1150-7", }
