Abstract: Automotive engine air-ratio plays an important role of
emissions and fuel consumption reduction while maintains
satisfactory engine power among all of the engine control variables. In
order to effectively control the air-ratio, this paper presents a model
predictive fuzzy control algorithm based on online least-squares
support vector machines prediction model and fuzzy logic optimizer.
The proposed control algorithm was also implemented on a real car for
testing and the results are highly satisfactory. Experimental results
show that the proposed control algorithm can regulate the engine
air-ratio to the stoichiometric value, 1.0, under external disturbance
with less than 5% tolerance.
Abstract: How to efficiently assign system resource to route the
Client demand by Gateway servers is a tricky predicament. In this
paper, we tender an enhanced proposal for autonomous recital of
Gateway servers under highly vibrant traffic loads. We devise a
methodology to calculate Queue Length and Waiting Time utilizing
Gateway Server information to reduce response time variance in
presence of bursty traffic.
The most widespread contemplation is performance, because
Gateway Servers must offer cost-effective and high-availability
services in the elongated period, thus they have to be scaled to meet
the expected load. Performance measurements can be the base for
performance modeling and prediction. With the help of performance
models, the performance metrics (like buffer estimation, waiting
time) can be determined at the development process.
This paper describes the possible queue models those can be
applied in the estimation of queue length to estimate the final value
of the memory size. Both simulation and experimental studies using
synthesized workloads and analysis of real-world Gateway Servers
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Abstract: Most file systems overwrite modified file data and
metadata in their original locations, while the Log-structured File
System (LFS) dynamically relocates them to other locations. We
design and implement the Evergreen file system that can select
between overwriting or relocation for each block of a file or metadata.
Therefore, the Evergreen file system can achieve superior write
performance by sequentializing write requests (similar to LFS-style
relocation) when space utilization is low and overwriting when
utilization is high. Another challenging issue is identifying
performance benefits of LFS-style relocation over overwriting on a
newly introduced SSD (Solid State Drive) which has only
Flash-memory chips and control circuits without mechanical parts.
Our experimental results measured on a SSD show that relocation
outperforms overwriting when space utilization is below 80% and vice
versa.
Abstract: The objective of this research is parameters optimized
of the stair shape workpiece which is cut by CNC Wire-Cut EDM
(WEDW). The experiment material is SKD-11 steel of stair-shaped
with variable height workpiece 10, 20, 30 and 40 mm. with the same
10 mm. thickness are cut by Sodick's CNC Wire-Cut EDM model
AD325L.
The experiments are designed by 3k full factorial experimental
design at 3 level 2 factors and 9 experiments with 2 replicate. The
selected two factor are servo voltage (SV) and servo feed rate (SF)
and the response is cutting thickness error. The experiment is divided
in two experiments. The first experiment determines the significant
effective factor at confidential interval 95%. The SV factor is the
significant effective factor from first result. In order to result smallest
cutting thickness error of workpieces is 17 micron with the SV value
is 46 volt. Also show that the lower SV value, the smaller different
thickness error of workpiece. Then the second experiment is done to
reduce different cutting thickness error of workpiece as small as
possible by lower SV. The second experiment result show the
significant effective factor at confidential interval 95% is the SV
factor and the smallest cutting thickness error of workpieces reduce
to 11 micron with the experiment SV value is 36 volt.
Abstract: The estimation of overall on-site and off-site greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by wastewater treatment plants revealed that in anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems greater emissions result from off-site processes compared to on-site processes. However, in aerobic treatment systems, onsite processes make a higher contribution to the overall GHG emissions. The total GHG emissions were estimated to be 1.6, 3.3 and 3.8 kg CO2-e/kg BOD in the aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively. In the aerobic treatment system without the recovery and use of the generated biogas, the off-site GHG emissions were 0.65 kg CO2-e/kg BOD, accounting for 40.2% of the overall GHG emissions. This value changed to 2.3 and 2.6 kg CO2-e/kg BOD, and accounted for 69.9% and 68.1% of the overall GHG emissions in the anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively. The increased off-site GHG emissions in the anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems are mainly due to material usage and energy demand in these systems. The anaerobic digester can contribute up to 100%, 55% and 60% of the overall energy needs of plants in the aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively.
Abstract: A robust AUSM+ upwind discretisation scheme has been developed to simulate multiphase flow using consistent spatial discretisation schemes and a modified low-Mach number diffusion term. The impact of the selection of an interfacial pressure model has also been investigated. Three representative test cases have been simulated to evaluate the accuracy of the commonly-used stiffenedgas equation of state with respect to the IAPWS-IF97 equation of state for water. The algorithm demonstrates a combination of robustness and accuracy over a range of flow conditions, with the stiffened-gas equation tending to overestimate liquid temperature and density profiles.
Abstract: Raisin Concentrate (RC) are the most important
products obtained in the raisin processing industries. These RC
products are now used to make the syrups, drinks and confectionery
productions and introduced as natural substitute for sugar in food
applications. Iran is a one of the biggest raisin exporter in the world
but unfortunately despite a good raw material, no serious effort to
extract the RC has been taken in Iran. Therefore, in this paper, we
determined and analyzed affected parameters on extracting RC
process and then optimizing these parameters for design the
extracting RC process in two types of raisin (round and long)
produced in Khorasan region. Two levels of solvent (1:1 and 2:1),
three levels of extraction temperature (60°C, 70°C and 80°C), and
three levels of concentration temperature (50°C, 60°C and 70°C)
were the treatments. Finally physicochemical characteristics of the
obtained concentrate such as color, viscosity, percentage of reduction
sugar, acidity and the microbial tests (mould and yeast) were
counted. The analysis was performed on the basis of factorial in the
form of completely randomized design (CRD) and Duncan's multiple
range test (DMRT) was used for the comparison of the means.
Statistical analysis of results showed that optimal conditions for
production of concentrate is round raisins when the solvent ratio was
2:1 with extraction temperature of 60°C and then concentration
temperature of 50°C. Round raisin is cheaper than the long one, and
it is more economical to concentrate production. Furthermore, round
raisin has more aromas and the less color degree with increasing the
temperature of concentration and extraction. Finally, according to
mentioned factors the concentrate of round raisin is recommended.
Abstract: Reinforced concrete has good durability and excellent structural performance. But there are cases of early deterioration due to a number of factors, one prominent factor being corrosion of steel reinforcement. The process of corrosion sets in due to ingress of moisture, oxygen and other ingredients into the body of concrete, which is unsound, permeable and absorbent. Cracks due to structural and other causes such as creep, shrinkage, etc also allow ingress of moisture and other harmful ingredients and thus accelerate the rate of corrosion. There are several interactive factors both external and internal, which lead to corrosion of reinforcement and ultimately failure of structures. Suitable addition of mineral admixture like silica fume (SF) in concrete improves the strength and durability of concrete due to considerable improvement in the microstructure of concrete composites, especially at the transition zone. Secondary reinforcement in the form of fibre is added to concrete, which provides three dimensional random reinforcement in the entire mass of concrete. Reinforced concrete beams of size 0.1 m X 0.15 m and length 1m have been cast using M 35 grade of concrete. The beams after curing process were subjected to corrosion process by impressing an external Direct Current (Galvanostatic Method) for a period of 15 days under stressed and unstressed conditions. The corroded beams were tested by applying two point loads to determine the ultimate load carrying capacity and cracking pattern and the results of specimens were compared with that of the companion specimens. Gravimetric method is used to quantify corrosion that has occurred.
Abstract: In this article a bibliography research takes place to
track down and introduce the barriers and opportunities for the
adoption of e-Governance services mainly from the side of citizen,
that is to say, the demand side. Although governments invest
continuously in producing of e-Governance services, citizens face
difficulties to adopt these services. Barriers derive and prevent them
from using e-Governance services. Barrier is anything preventing
citizens from the adoption of e-Governance services. Barriers impede
or do not allow the adoption of e-Governance services by the
citizens. If the barriers are pinpointed, it will be possible to take them
into consideration while designing e-Governance services which the
citizens are likely to use, if the obstacles are raised. The barriers will
thus be converted in opportunities that will facilitate the adoption.
Abstract: A green design for assembly model is presented to
integrate design evaluation and assembly and disassembly sequence
planning by evaluating the three activities in one integrated model. For
an assembled product, an assembly sequence planning model is
required for assembling the product at the start of the product life cycle.
A disassembly sequence planning model is needed for disassembling
the product at the end. In a green product life cycle, it is important to
plan how a product can be disassembled, reused, or recycled, before
the product is actually assembled and produced. Given a product
requirement, there may be several design alternative cases to design
the same product. In the different design cases, the assembly and
disassembly sequences for producing the product can be different. In
this research, a new model is presented to concurrently evaluate the
design and plan the assembly and disassembly sequences. First, the
components are represented by using graph based models. Next, a
particle swarm optimization (PSO) method with a new encoding
scheme is developed. In the new PSO encoding scheme, a particle is
represented by a position matrix defining an assembly sequence and a
disassembly sequence. The assembly and disassembly sequences can
be simultaneously planned with an objective of minimizing the total of
assembly costs and disassembly costs. The test results show that the
presented method is feasible and efficient for solving the integrated
design evaluation and assembly and disassembly sequence planning
problem. An example product is implemented and illustrated in this
paper.
Abstract: Yogurts are prepared by fermenting milk with bacterial cultures consisting of a mixture of Streptococcus ssp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The main aim of this investigation was to develop a majority goat yogurt, with the addition of sheep milk in order to have a final product with good physicochemical quality properties and sensorial attributes. Four types of yogurts were prepared presenting the following proportion of goat and sheep milk respectively: C100 – 100%; C80 – 80%/20%; C60 – 60%/40%; C50 – 50%/50%. The goat milk was from the Serrana Jarmelista breed and the sheep milk from the Serra da Estrela breed. The inclusion of sheep milk improved attractiveness to consumers, and it also improved the nutritional value of the product, mainly the fatty acid and mineral contents. The C50 yogurt was preferred by 28% of the panellists, followed by the C100 with 16% and the commercial cow yogurt was 40% of preferences.
Abstract: A mathematical model for the hydrodynamics of a
surface water treatment pilot plant was developed and validated by
the determination of the residence time distribution (RTD) for the
main equipments of the unit. The well known models of ideal/real
mixing, ideal displacement (plug flow) and (one-dimensional axial)
dispersion model were combined in order to identify the structure
that gives the best fitting of the experimental data for each equipment
of the pilot plant. RTD experimental results have shown that pilot
plant hydrodynamics can be quite well approximated by a
combination of simple mathematical models, structure which is
suitable for engineering applications. Validated hydrodynamic
models will be further used in the evaluation and selection of the
most suitable coagulation-flocculation reagents, optimum operating
conditions (injection point, reaction times, etc.), in order to improve
the quality of the drinking water.
Abstract: In this study, oxidative steam reforming of methanol (OSRM) over a Au/CeO2–Fe2O3 catalyst prepared by a depositionprecipitation (DP) method was studied to produce hydrogen in order to feed a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). The support (CeO2, Fe2O3, and CeO2–Fe2O3) were prepared by precipitation and co-precipitation methods. The impact of the support composition on the catalytic performance was studied by varying the Ce/(Ce+Fe) atomic ratio, it was found that the 1%Au/CF(0.25) calcined at 300 °C exhibited the highest catalytic activity in the whole temperature studied. In addition, the effect of Au content was investigated and 3%Au/CF(0.25) exhibited the highest activity under the optimum condition in the temperature range of 200 °C to 400 °C. The catalysts were characterized by various techniques: XRD, TPR, XRF, and UV-vis.
Abstract: The study investigates the relationship between
education level, workplace learning behaviors, psychological
empowerment and burnout in a sample of 191 teachers. We
hypothesized that education level will positively affect psychological
state of increased empowerment and decreased burnout, and we
purposed that these effects will be mediated by workplace learning
behaviors. We used multiple regression analyses to test the model
that included also the 6 following control variables: The teachers'
age, gender, and teaching tenure; the schools' religious level, the
pupils' needs: regular/ special needs, and the class level: elementary/
high school. The results support the purposed mediating model.
Abstract: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a disorder
characterized by the progressive bone loss induced by estrogen
deficiency in postmenopausal women. This imbalance affects
calcium–phosphate metabolism and results in secondary
hyperparathyroidism. Purariae Radix (PR), the root of P. lobata
(Wild.) Ohwi, is one of the earliest medicinal herbs employed in
ancient China. PR contains a high quantity of isoflavones and their
glycosides, which are regarded as phytoestrogen. Few investigations
of PR are related to its osteoprotective effects. The present study is
designed to administer PR water extract to ovariectomized (OVX)
female rats, for the investigation of its possibly protective actions on
bone and to delineate the potential mechanisms involved. Our results
demonstrated that long-term treatment of PR could not significantly
improve bone properties, whereas it greatly ameliorated the condition
of secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by ovariectomy in those
animals. PR might be useful as alternative regimen for protecting
against postmenopausal bone loss.
Abstract: This is a genetic comparison study of Arabian Oryx
(Oryx leucoryx) population at two different locations (A &B) based
on nuclear microsatellite DNA markers. Arabian Oryx is listed as
vulnerable and endanger by the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
Thirty microsatellite markers from bovine family were applied to
investigate the genetic diversity of the Arabian Oryx and to set up a
molecular inventory. Among 30 microsatellite markers used, 13
markers were moderately polymorphic. Arabian Oryx at location A
has shown better gene diversity over location B. However, mean
number of alleles were less than location B. Data of within
population inbreeding coefficient indicates inbreeding at both
locations (A&B). Based on the analysis of polymorphic microsatellite
markers, the study revealed that Arabian Oryx need a genetically
designed breeding program.
Abstract: Recent medical studies have investigated the importance of enteral feeding and the use of feeding pumps for recovering patients unable to feed themselves or gain nourishment and nutrients by natural means. The most of enteral feeding system uses a peristaltic tube pump. A peristaltic pump is a form of positive displacement pump in which a flexible tube is progressively squeezed externally to allow the resulting enclosed pillow of fluid to progress along it. The squeezing of the tube requires a precise and robust controller of the geared motor to overcome parametric uncertainty of the pumping system which generates due to a wide variation of friction and slip between tube and roller. So, this paper proposes fuzzy adaptive controller for the robust control of the peristaltic tube pump. This new adaptive controller uses a fuzzy multi-layered architecture which has several independent fuzzy controllers in parallel, each with different robust stability area. Out of several independent fuzzy controllers, the most suited one is selected by a system identifier which observes variations in the controlled system parameter. This paper proposes a design procedure which can be carried out mathematically and systematically from the model of a controlled system. Finally, the good control performance, accurate dose rate and robust system stability, of the developed feeding pump is confirmed through experimental and clinic testing.
Abstract: A social network is a set of people or organization or other social entities connected by some form of relationships. Analysis of social network broadly elaborates visual and mathematical representation of that relationship. Web can also be considered as a social network. This paper presents an innovative approach to analyze a social network using a variant of existing ant colony optimization algorithm called as Clever Ant Colony Metaphor. Experiments are performed and interesting findings and observations have been inferred based on the proposed model.
Abstract: Reactive powder concretes (RPC) are characterized by
particle diameter not exceeding 600 μm and having very high
compressive and tensile strengths. This paper describes a new
generation of micro concrete, which has an initial, as well as a final,
high physicomechanical performance. To achieve this, we replaced
the Portland cement (15% by weight) by materials rich in Silica (Slag
and Dune Sand).
The results obtained from tests carried out on RPC show that
compressive and tensile strengths increase when adding the additions,
thus improving the compactness of mixtures via filler and pozzolanic
effect.
With a reduction of the aggregate phase in the RPC and the
abundance of dune sand (south Algeria) and slag (industrial byproduct
of blast furnace), the use of the RPC will allow Algeria to
fulfil economical as well as ecological requirements.
Abstract: By taking advantage of both k-NN which is highly
accurate and K-means cluster which is able to reduce the time of classification, we can introduce Cluster-k-Nearest Neighbor as "variable k"-NN dealing with the centroid or mean point of all subclasses generated by clustering algorithm. In general the algorithm of K-means cluster is not stable, in term of accuracy, for that reason we develop another algorithm for clustering our space which gives a higher accuracy than K-means cluster, less
subclass number, stability and bounded time of classification with respect to the variable data size. We find between 96% and 99.7 % of accuracy in the lassification of 6 different types of Time series by using K-means cluster algorithm and we find 99.7% by using the new clustering algorithm.