Abstract: Flight management system (FMS) is a specialized
computer system that automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks,
reducing the workload on the flight crew to the point that modern
aircraft no longer carry flight engineers or navigators. The primary
function of FMS is to perform the in-flight management of the flight
plan using various sensors (such as GPS and INS often backed up by
radio navigation) to determine the aircraft's position. From the
cockpit FMS is normally controlled through a Control Display Unit
(CDU) which incorporates a small screen and keyboard or touch
screen. This paper investigates the performance of GPS/ INS
integration techniques in which the data fusion process is done using
Kalman filtering. This will include the importance of sensors
calibration as well as the alignment of the strap down inertial
navigation system. The limitations of the inertial navigation systems
are investigated in order to understand why INS sometimes is
integrated with other navigation aids and not just operating in standalone
mode. Finally, both the loosely coupled and tightly coupled
configurations are analyzed for several types of situations and
operational conditions.
Abstract: An artificial neural network (ANN) model is
presented for the prediction of kinematic viscosity of binary mixtures
of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) in water as a function of temperature,
number-average molecular weight and mass fraction. Kinematic
viscosities data of aqueous solutions for PEG (0.55419×10-6 –
9.875×10-6 m2/s) were obtained from the literature for a wide range
of temperatures (277.15 - 338.15 K), number-average molecular
weight (200 -10000), and mass fraction (0.0 – 1.0). A three layer
feed-forward artificial neural network was employed. This model
predicts the kinematic viscosity with a mean square error (MSE) of
0.281 and the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.983. The results
show that the kinematic viscosity of binary mixture of PEG in water
could be successfully predicted using an artificial neural network
model.
Abstract: Solid dispersions (SD) of curcuminpolyvinylpyrrolidone
in the ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, and 1:8 were
prepared in an attempt to increase the solubility and dissolution.
Solubility, dissolution, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) of solid dispersions, physical mixtures (PM)
and curcumin were evaluated. Both solubility and dissolution of
curcumin solid dispersions were significantly greater than those
observed for physical mixtures and intact curcumin. The powder
X-ray diffractograms indicated that the amorphous curcumin was
obtained from all solid dispersions. It was found that the optimum
weight ratio for curcumin:PVP K-30 is 1:6. The 1:6 solid dispersion
still in the amorphous from after storage at ambient temperature for 2
years and the dissolution profile did not significantly different from
freshly prepared.
Abstract: A kinetic model for propane dehydrogenation in an
industrial moving bed reactor is developed based on the reported
reaction scheme. The kinetic parameters and activity constant are
fine tuned with several sets of balanced plant data. Plant data at
different operating conditions is applied to validate the model and
the results show a good agreement between the model
predictions and plant observations in terms of the amount of main
product, propylene produced. The simulation analysis of key
variables such as inlet temperature of each reactor (Tinrx) and
hydrogen to total hydrocarbon ratio (H2/THC) affecting process
performance is performed to identify the operating condition to
maximize the production of propylene. Within the range of operating
conditions applied in the present studies, the operating condition to
maximize the propylene production at the same weighted average
inlet temperature (WAIT) is ΔTinrx1= -2, ΔTinrx2= +1, ΔTinrx3= +1 ,
ΔTinrx4= +2 and ΔH2/THC= -0.02. Under this condition, the surplus
propylene produced is 7.07 tons/day as compared with base case.
Abstract: Insufficient Quality of Service (QoS) of Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a growing concern that has lead the need
for research and study. In this paper we investigate the performance
of VoIP and the impact of resource limitations on the performance of
Access Networks. The impact of VoIP performance in Access
Networks is particularly important in regions where Internet
resources are limited and the cost of improving these resources is
prohibitive. It is clear that perceived VoIP performance, as measured
by mean opinion score [2] in experiments, where subjects are asked
to rate communication quality, is determined by end-to-end delay on
the communication path, delay variation, packet loss, echo, the
coding algorithm in use and noise. These performance indicators can
be measured and the affect in the Access Network can be estimated.
This paper investigates the congestion in the Access Network to the
overall performance of VoIP services with the presence of other
substantial uses of internet and ways in which Access Networks can
be designed to improve VoIP performance. Methods for analyzing
the impact of the Access Network on VoIP performance will be
surveyed and reviewed. This paper also considers some approaches
for improving performance of VoIP by carrying out experiments
using Network Simulator version 2 (NS2) software with a view to
gaining a better understanding of the design of Access Networks.
Abstract: Current spectrums of a high power induction machine was calculated for the cases of full symmetry, static and dynamic eccentricity. The calculations involve integration of 93 electrical plus four mechanical ordinary differential equations. Electrical equations account for variable inductances affected by slotting and eccentricities. The calculations were followed by Fourier analysis of the stator currents in steady state operation. The paper presents the stator current spectrums in full symmetry, static and dynamic eccentricity cases, and demonstrates the harmonics present in each case. The effect of dynamic eccentricity is demonstrating via comparing the current spectrums related to dynamic eccentricity cases with the full symmetry one. The paper includes one case study, refers to dynamic eccentricity, to present the spectrum of the measured current and demonstrate the existence of the harmonics related to dynamic eccentricity. The zooms of current spectrums around the main slot harmonic zone are included to simplify the comparison and prove the existence of the dynamic eccentricity harmonics in both calculated and measured current spectrums.
Abstract: Panoramic view generation has always offered
novel and distinct challenges in the field of image processing.
Panoramic view generation is nothing but construction of bigger
view mosaic image from set of partial images of the desired view.
The paper presents a solution to one of the problems of image
seascape formation where some of the partial images are color and
others are grayscale. The simplest solution could be to convert all
image parts into grayscale images and fusing them to get grayscale
image panorama. But in the multihued world, obtaining the colored
seascape will always be preferred. This could be achieved by picking
colors from the color parts and squirting them in grayscale parts of
the seascape. So firstly the grayscale image parts should be colored
with help of color image parts and then these parts should be fused to
construct the seascape image.
The problem of coloring grayscale images has no exact solution.
In the proposed technique of panoramic view generation, the job of
transferring color traits from reference color image to grayscale
image is done by palette based method. In this technique, the color
palette is prepared using pixel windows of some degrees taken from
color image parts. Then the grayscale image part is divided into pixel
windows with same degrees. For every window of grayscale image
part the palette is searched and equivalent color values are found,
which could be used to color grayscale window. For palette
preparation we have used RGB color space and Kekre-s LUV color
space. Kekre-s LUV color space gives better quality of coloring. The
searching time through color palette is improved over the exhaustive
search using Kekre-s fast search technique.
After coloring the grayscale image pieces the next job is fusion of
all these pieces to obtain panoramic view. For similarity estimation
between partial images correlation coefficient is used.
Abstract: Studies regarding the determination of population
trend of Lipaphis erysimi (kalt.) and its associated natural enemies in
different Brassica lines along with the effect of gamma radiation on
their population were conducted at Agricultural Research Farm,
Malakandher, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University
Peshawar during spring 2006. Three different Brassica lines F6B3,
F6B6 and F6B7 were used, which were replicated four times in
Randomized Complete Block Design. The data revealed that aphid
infestation invariably stated in all three varieties during last week of
February 2006 (1st observation). The peak population of 4.39 aphids
leaf-1 was s recorded during 2nd week of March and lowest population
of 1.02 aphids leaf-1 was recorded during 5th week of March. The
species of lady bird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) and Syrphid
fly (Syrphus balteatus) first appeared on 24th February with a mean
number of 0.40 lady bird beetle leaf-1 and 0.87 Syrphid fly leaf-1,
respectively. At the time when aphid population started to increase
the peak population of C. septempunctata (0.70 lady bird beetle leaf-
1) and S. balteatus (1.04 syrphid fly leaf-1) was recorded on the 2nd
week of March. Chrysoperla carnea appeared in the 1st week of
March and their peak population was recorded during the 3rd week of
March with mean population of 1.46 C. carnea leaf-1. Among all the
Brassica lines, F6B7 showed comparatively more resistance as
compared to F6B3 F6B6. F6B3 showed least resistance against L.
erysimi, which was found to be the most susceptible cultivar. F6B7
was also found superior in terms of natural enemies. Maximum
number of all natural enemies was recorded on this variety followed
by F6B6. Lowest number of natural enemies was recorded in F6B3.
No significant effect was recorded for the effect of gamma radiation
on the population of aphids, natural enemies and on the varieties.
Abstract: Timing driven physical design, synthesis, and
optimization tools need efficient closed-form delay models for
estimating the delay associated with each net in an integrated circuit
(IC) design. The total number of nets in a modern IC design has
increased dramatically and exceeded millions. Therefore efficient
modeling of interconnection is needed for high speed IC-s. This
paper presents closed–form expressions for RC and RLC
interconnection trees in current mode signaling, which can be
implemented in VLSI design tool. These analytical model
expressions can be used for accurate calculation of delay after the
design clock tree has been laid out and the design is fully routed.
Evaluation of these analytical models is several orders of magnitude
faster than simulation using SPICE.
Abstract: Resistance spot welding process comprises of electric,
thermal and mechanical phenomenon, which makes this process
complex and highly non-linear and thus, it becomes difficult to model
it. In order to obtain good weld nugget during spot welding, hit and
trial welds are usually done which is very costly. Therefore the
numerical simulation research has been conducted to understand the
whole process. In this paper three different cases were analyzed by
varying the tip contact area and it was observed that, with the
variation of tip contact area the nugget formation at the faying
surface is affected. The tip contact area of the welding electrode
becomes large with long welding cycles. Therefore in order to
maintain consistency of nugget formation during the welding process,
the current compensation in control feedback is required. If the
contact area of the welding electrode tip is reduced, a large amount of
current flows through the faying surface, as a result of which
sputtering occurs.
Abstract: The aged are faced with increasing risk for falls. The
aged have the easily fragile bones than others. When falls have
occurred, it is important to detect this emergency state because such
events often lead to more serious illness or even death. A
implementation of PDA system, for detection of emergency situation,
was developed using 3-axis accelerometer in this paper as follows.
The signals were acquired from the 3-axis accelerometer, and then
transmitted to the PDA through Bluetooth module. This system can
classify the human activity, and also detect the emergency state like
falls. When the fall occurs, the system generates the alarm on the
PDA. If a subject does not respond to the alarm, the system determines
whether the current situation is an emergency state or not, and then
sends some information to the emergency center in the case of urgent
situation. Three different studies were conducted on 12 experimental
subjects, with results indicating a good accuracy. The first study was
performed to detect the posture change of human daily activity. The
second study was performed to detect the correct direction of fall. The
third study was conducted to check the classification of the daily
physical activity. Each test was lasted at least 1 min. in third study.
The output of acceleration signal was compared and evaluated by
changing a various posture after attaching a 3-axis accelerometer
module on the chest. The newly developed system has some important
features such as portability, convenience and low cost. One of the
main advantages of this system is that it is available at home
healthcare environment. Another important feature lies in low cost to
manufacture device. The implemented system can detect the fall
accurately, so will be widely used in emergency situation.
Abstract: The crystallization kinetics and phase transformation
of SiO2.Al2O3.0,56P2O5.1,8CaO.0,56CaF2 glass have been
investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA), x-ray
diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Glass
samples were obtained by melting the glass mixture at 14500С/120
min. in platinum crucibles. The mixture were prepared from
chemically pure reagents: SiO2, Al(OH)3, H3PO4, CaCO3 and CaF2.
The non-isothermal kinetics of crystallization was studied by
applying the DTA measurements carried out at various heating rates.
The activation energies of crystallization and viscous flow were
measured as 348,4 kJ.mol–1 and 479,7 kJ.mol–1 respectively. Value of
Avrami parameter n ≈ 3 correspond to a three dimensional of crystal
growth mechanism. The major crystalline phase determined by XRD
analysis was fluorapatite (Ca(PO4)3F) and as the minor phases –
fluormargarite (CaAl2(Al2SiO2)10F2) and vitlokite (Ca9P6O24). The
resulting glass-ceramic has a homogeneous microstructure, composed
of prismatic crystals, evenly distributed in glass phase.
Abstract: Bicycle configuration is not as large as those of motorcycles or automobiles, while it indeed composes a complicated dynamic system. People-s requirements on comfortability, controllability and safety grow higher as the research and development technologies improve. The shock absorber affects the vehicle suspension performances enormously. The absorber takes the vibration energy and releases it at a suitable time, keeping the wheel under a proper contact condition with road surface, maintaining the vehicle chassis stability. Suspension design for mountain bicycles is more difficult than that of city bikes since it encounters dynamic variations on road and loading conditions. Riders need a stiff damper as they exert to tread on the pedals when climbing, while a soft damper when they descend downhill. Various switchable shock absorbers are proposed in markets, however riders have to manually switch them among soft, hard and lock positions. This study proposes a novel design of the bicycle shock absorber, which provides automatic smooth tuning of the damping coefficient, from a predetermined lower bound to theoretically unlimited. An automatic quick releasing valve is involved in this design so that it can release the peak pressure when the suspension fork runs into a square-wave type obstacle and prevent the chassis from damage, avoiding the rider skeleton from injury. This design achieves the automatic tuning process by innovative plunger valve and fluidic passage arrangements without any electronic devices. Theoretical modelling of the damper and spring are established in this study. Design parameters of the valves and fluidic passages are determined. Relations between design parameters and shock absorber performances are discussed in this paper. The analytical results give directions to the shock absorber manufacture.
Abstract: Intermittent aeration process can be easily applied on
the existing activated sludge system and is highly reliable against the loading changes. It can be operated in a relatively simple way as well.
Since the moving-bed biofilm reactor method processes pollutants by attaching and securing the microorganisms on the media, the process
efficiency can be higher compared to the suspended growth biological
treatment process, and can reduce the return of sludge. In this study,
the existing intermittent aeration process with alternating flow being
applied on the oxidation ditch is applied on the continuous flow stirred tank reactor with advantages from both processes, and we would like
to develop the process to significantly reduce the return of sludge in the clarifier and to secure the reliable quality of treated water by
adding the moving media. Corresponding process has the appropriate
form as an infrastructure based on u- environment in future u- City and
is expected to accelerate the implementation of u-Eco city in conjunction with city based services. The system being conducted in a
laboratory scale has been operated in HRT 8hours except for the final
clarifier and showed the removal efficiency of 97.7 %, 73.1 % and 9.4
% in organic matters, TN and TP, respectively with operating range of
4hour cycle on system SRT 10days. After adding the media, the removal efficiency of phosphorus showed a similar level compared to
that before the addition, but the removal efficiency of nitrogen was
improved by 7~10 %. In addition, the solids which were maintained in
MLSS 1200~1400 at 25 % of media packing were attached all onto the
media, which produced no sludge entering the clarifier. Therefore, the
return of sludge is not needed any longer.
Abstract: In order to implement flexibility as well as survivable
capacities over passive optical network (PON), a new automatic
random fault-recovery mechanism with array-waveguide-grating
based (AWG-based) optical switch (OSW) is presented. Firstly,
wavelength-division-multiplexing and optical code-division
multiple-access (WDM/OCDMA) scheme are configured to meet the
various geographical locations requirement between optical network
unit (ONU) and optical line terminal (OLT). The AWG-base optical
switch is designed and viewed as central star-mesh topology to
prohibit/decrease the duplicated redundant elements such as fiber and
transceiver as well. Hence, by simple monitoring and routing switch
algorithm, random fault-recovery capacity is achieved over
bi-directional (up/downstream) WDM/OCDMA scheme. When error
of distribution fiber (DF) takes place or bit-error-rate (BER) is higher
than 10-9 requirement, the primary/slave AWG-based OSW are
adjusted and controlled dynamically to restore the affected ONU
groups via the other working DFs immediately.
Abstract: Participation in global trade means that Chinas vegetables and fruits industry faces international food safety standards and increased scrutiny worldwide. The objectives of this paper were to investigate how existing food safety standards and regulations in the importing countries impact the export of vegetables and fruits from China. This paper discussed the current and historical situations of Chinas vegetables and fruits export from 1996 to 2010, analyzed the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) standards of pesticides imposed by importing countries, quantitatively estimated the impacts of food safety standards on Chinas vegetables and fruits export based on a gravity model. The results showed that although transportation distance between trade partners and tariff rates on vegetables and fruits were still the importantly resistant factors for China export, vegetables and fruits export was sensitive to the number of regulated pesticides, the strictness, and the level of food safety standards imposed by importing countries, which showed a significant trade flow effect, stricter food safety standards, increased number of regulated pesticides significantly inhibit China export of vegetables and fruits. Moreover, Chinas food safety standards also showed a significantly effect on vegetables and fruits export, which inhibited export to some extent. KeywordsFood safety standards, MRL, Vegetables, Fruits, Export.
Abstract: this paper presented a survey analysis subjected on
network bandwidth management from published papers referred in
IEEE Explorer database in three years from 2009 to 2011. Network
Bandwidth Management is discussed in today-s issues for computer
engineering applications and systems. Detailed comparison is
presented between published papers to look further in the IP based
network critical research area for network bandwidth management.
Important information such as the network focus area, a few
modeling in the IP Based Network and filtering or scheduling used in
the network applications layer is presented. Many researches on
bandwidth management have been done in the broad network area
but fewer are done in IP Based network specifically at the
applications network layer. A few researches has contributed new
scheme or enhanced modeling but still the issue of bandwidth
management still arise at the applications network layer. This survey
is taken as a basic research towards implementations of network
bandwidth management technique, new framework model and
scheduling scheme or algorithm in an IP Based network which will
focus in a control bandwidth mechanism in prioritizing the network
traffic the applications layer.
Abstract: Forty-five dairy cows were used to compare the
enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH), α -amylase in the cervical mucus of cows
during spontaneous and induced estrus using progestagen or PGF2 α
and to determine whether these enzymes affect the fertility in cows
with induced estrus, at the time of Al. The animals were assigned to 3
groups (no treatment, a Crestar® for 12 days, a double im injection of
PGF2 α). The cows were artificially inseminated (AI). Cervical
mucus samples were collected from all cows 3 to 5 min before the
AI. The results are summarized as follows: ALP and α -amylase
activity for spontaneous estrus were similar to those for induced
estrus (P>0.05) . LDH activity levels during spontaneous and PGF2 α
induced estrus was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that in
progestagene induced estrus groups. While no difference was found
between the first and the third groups. Our result showed a significant
difference in LDH activity levels between cows conceived with 2 or
more AI and those conceived with 1 AI. The result of this study
showed that the enzyme activity in cervical mucus is helpful for
detection of ovulation and time of AI.
Abstract: This paper addresses one of the most important issues
have been considered in hybrid MTS/MTO production environments. To cope with the problem, a mathematical programming model is
applied from a tactical point of view. The model is converted to a fuzzy goal programming model, because a degree of uncertainty is involved in hybrid MTS/MTO context. Finally, application of the
proposed model in an industrial center is reported and the results prove the validity of the model.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the
relationships among students- process of study, creative self-efficacy
and creativity while attending college. A total of 60 students enrolled
in Hsiuping Institute of Technology in central Taiwan were selected as
samples for the study. The instruments for this study included three
questionnaires to explore the aforesaid aspects.
This researchers tested creative self-efficacy and process of study,
and creativity with Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression
analyses. The major findings of this research are (1) the process of
study had direct positive predictability on creativity, and (2) the
relationship between process of study and creativity is partially
mediated by creative self-efficacy.