Abstract: In a practical power system, the power plants are not
located at the same distance from the center of loads and their fuel
costs are different. Also, under normal operating conditions, the
generation capacity is more than the total load demand and losses.
Thus, there are many options for scheduling generation. In an
interconnected power system, the objective is to find the real and
reactive power scheduling of each power plant in such a way as to
minimize the operating cost. This means that the generator’s real and
reactive powers are allowed to vary within certain limits so as to meet
a particular load demand with minimum fuel cost. This is called
optimal power flow problem. In this paper, Economic Load Dispatch
(ELD) of real power generation is considered. Economic Load
Dispatch (ELD) is the scheduling of generators to minimize total
operating cost of generator units subjected to equality constraint of
power balance within the minimum and maximum operating limits of
the generating units. In this paper, genetic algorithms are considered.
ELD solutions are found by solving the conventional load flow
equations while at the same time minimizing the fuel costs.
Abstract: Water miscible cutting fluids are conventionally used to lubricate and cool the machining zone. But issues related to health hazards, maintenance and disposal costs have limited their usage, leading to application of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL). To increase the effectiveness of MQL, nanocutting fluids are proposed. In the present work, water miscible nanographite cutting fluids of varying concentration are applied at cutting zone by two systems A and B. System A utilizes high pressure air and supplies cutting fluid at a flow rate of 1ml/min. System B uses low pressure air and supplies cutting fluid at a flow rate of 5ml/min. Their performance in machining is evaluated by measuring cutting temperatures, tool wear, cutting forces and surface roughness and compared with dry machining and flood machining. Application of nanocutting fluid using both systems showed better performance than dry machining. Cutting temperatures and cutting forces obtained by both techniques are more than flood machining. But tool wear and surface roughness showed improvement compared to flood machining. Economic analysis has been carried out in all the cases to decide the applicability of the techniques.
Abstract: Through use of novel modern/rapid processing
techniques such as screen printing and Near-Infrared (NIR) radiative
curing, process time for the sintering of sintered nickel plaques,
applicable to alkaline nickel battery chemistries, has been drastically
reduced from in excess of 200 minutes with conventional convection
methods to below 2 minutes using NIR curing methods. Steps have
also been taken to remove the need for forming gas as a reducing
agent by implementing carbon as an in-situ reducing agent, within the
ink formulation.
Abstract: Here, we study the characteristic feature of
conventional (ON-OFF keying) and soliton based transmission
system. We consider 20Gbps transmission system implemented with
Conventional Single Mode Fiber (C-SMF) to examine the role of
Gaussian pulse which is the characteristic of conventional
propagation and Hyperbolic-secant pulse which is the characteristic
of soliton propagation in it. We note the influence of these pulses
with respect to different dispersion lengths and soliton period in
conventional and soliton system respectively and evaluate the system
performance in terms of Quality factor. From the analysis, we could
prove that the soliton pulse has the consistent performance even for
long distance without dispersion compensation than the conventional
system as it is robust to dispersion. For the length of transmission of
200Km, soliton system yielded Q of 33.958 while the conventional
system totally exhausted with Q=0.
Abstract: Dielectric ceramic samples in the BaO-Re2O3-TiO2
ternary system were synthesized with structural formula Ba2-
xRe4+2x/3Ti8O24 where Re= rare earth metal and Re= Sm and La where
x varies from 0.0 to 0.6 with step size 0.1. Polycrystalline samples
were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction technique. The
dielectric, electrical and impedance analysis of all the samples in the
frequency range 1KHz- 1MHz at room temperature (25°C) have been
done to get the understanding of electrical conduction and dielectric
relaxation and their correlation. Dielectric response of the samples at
lower frequencies shows dielectric dispersion while at higher
frequencies it shows dielectric relaxation. The ac conductivity is well
fitted by the Jonscher law. The spectroscopic data in the impedance
plane confirms the existence of grain contribution to the relaxation.
All the properties are found out to be function of frequency as well as
the amount of substitution.
Abstract: Waste load allocation (WLA) policies may use multiobjective
optimization methods to find the most appropriate and
sustainable solutions. These usually intend to simultaneously
minimize two criteria, total abatement costs (TC) and environmental
violations (EV). If other criteria, such as inequity, need for
minimization as well, it requires introducing more binary
optimizations through different scenarios. In order to reduce the
calculation steps, this study presents value index as an innovative
decision making approach. Since the value index contains both the
environmental violation and treatment costs, it can be maximized
simultaneously with the equity index. It implies that the definition of
different scenarios for environmental violations is no longer required.
Furthermore, the solution is not necessarily the point with minimized
total costs or environmental violations. This idea is testified for Haraz
River, in north of Iran. Here, the dissolved oxygen (DO) level of river
is simulated by Streeter-Phelps equation in MATLAB software. The
WLA is determined for fish farms using multi-objective particle
swarm optimization (MOPSO) in two scenarios. At first, the trade-off
curves of TC-EV and TC-Inequity are plotted separately as the
conventional approach. In the second, the Value-Equity curve is
derived. The comparative results show that the solutions are in a
similar range of inequity with lower total costs. This is due to the
freedom of environmental violation attained in value index. As a
result, the conventional approach can well be replaced by the value
index particularly for problems optimizing these objectives. This
reduces the process to achieve the best solutions and may find better
classification for scenario definition. It is also concluded that decision
makers are better to focus on value index and weighting its contents
to find the most sustainable alternatives based on their requirements.
Abstract: In order to produce lead free piezoceramics with
optimum piezoelectric and dielectric properties, KNN modified with
Li+ (as an A site dopant) and Sb5+ (as a B site dopant)
(K0.49Na0.49Li0.02) (Nb0.96Sb0.04) O3 (referred as KNLNS in this paper)
have been synthesized using solid state reaction method and
conventional sintering technique. The ceramics were sintered in the
narrow range of 1050°C-1090°C for 2-3 h to get precise information
about sintering parameters. Detailed study of dependence of
microstructural, dielectric and piezoelectric properties on sintering
conditions was then carried out. The study suggests that the volatility
of the highly hygroscopic KNN ceramics is not only sensitive to
sintering temperatures but also to sintering durations. By merely
reducing the sintering duration for a given sintering temperature we
saw an increase in the density of the samples which was supported by
the increase in dielectric constants of the ceramics. And since density
directly or indirectly affects almost all the associated properties, other
dielectric and piezoelectric properties were also enhanced as we
approached towards the most suitable sintering temperature and
duration combination. The detailed results are reported in this paper.
Abstract: An unconventional composite inorganic ceramic
membrane capable of enhancing carbon dioxide emission decline was
fabricated and tested at laboratory scale in conformism to various
environmental guidelines and also to mitigate the effect of global
warming. A review of the existing membrane technologies for carbon
capture including the relevant gas transport mechanisms is presented.
Single gas permeation experiments using silica modified ceramic
membrane with internal diameter 20mm, outside diameter 25mm and
length of 368mm deposited on a macro porous support was carried
out to investigate individual gas permeation behaviours at different
pressures at room temperature. Membrane fabrication was achieved
using after a dip coating method. Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Argon,
Oxygen and Methane pure gases were used to investigate their
individual permeation rates at various pressures. Results show that
the gas flow rate increases with pressure drop. However above a
pressure of 3bar, CO2 permeability ratio to that of the other gases
indicated control of a more selective surface adsorptive transport
mechanism.
Abstract: The efficiency of the actuation system of exoskeletons
and active orthoses for lower limbs is a significant aspect of the
design of such devices because it affects their efficacy. The F-IVT is
an innovative actuation system to power artificial knee joint with
energy recovery capabilities. Its key and non-conventional elements
are a flywheel that acts as a mechanical energy storage system, and
an Infinitely Variable Transmission (IVT). The design of the F-IVT
can be optimized for a certain walking condition, resulting in a heavy
reduction of both the electric energy consumption and of the electric
peak power. In this work, by means of simulations of level ground
walking at different speeds, it is demonstrated that the F-IVT is still
an advantageous actuator which permits to save energy consumption
and to downsize the electric motor even when it does not work in
nominal conditions.
Abstract: This study is about the structural transformations of
aluminium examining with the Dynamic Mechanical Thermal
Analyzer (DMTA). It is a faster and simpler measuring method to
make consequence about the metal’s structural transformations. The
device measures the changing of the mechanical characteristics
depending on the heating rate, and concludes certain transformations.
This measuring method fast and shows clean-cut results comparing
the conventional ways.
Applying polymer measuring devices for metal investigations is
not widespread method. One of the adaptable ways is shown in this
study. The article compares the results of the small specimen test and
the DMTA method, considering the temperature and the forming
dependence of recrystallization temperature.
Abstract: This work proposes a data-driven multiscale based
quantitative measures to reveal the underlying complexity of
electroencephalogram (EEG), applying to a rodent model of
hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and recovery. Motivated by that real
EEG recording is nonlinear and non-stationary over different
frequencies or scales, there is a need of more suitable approach over
the conventional single scale based tools for analyzing the EEG data.
Here, we present a new framework of complexity measures
considering changing dynamics over multiple oscillatory scales. The
proposed multiscale complexity is obtained by calculating entropies of
the probability distributions of the intrinsic mode functions extracted
by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) of EEG. To quantify
EEG recording of a rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury
following cardiac arrest, the multiscale version of Tsallis entropy is
examined. To validate the proposed complexity measure, actual EEG
recordings from rats (n=9) experiencing 7 min cardiac arrest followed
by resuscitation were analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate that
the use of the multiscale Tsallis entropy leads to better discrimination
of the injury levels and improved correlations with the neurological
deficit evaluation after 72 hours after cardiac arrest, thus suggesting an
effective metric as a prognostic tool.
Abstract: Problems insulation of building structures is often
closely connected with the problem of moisture remediation. In the
case of historic buildings or if only part of the redevelopment of
envelope of structures, it is not possible to apply the classical external
thermal insulation composite systems. This application is mostly
effective thermal insulation plasters with high porosity and controlled
capillary properties which assures improvement of thermal properties
construction, its diffusion openness towards the external environment
and suitable treatment capillary properties of preventing the
penetration of liquid moisture and salts thereof toward the outer
surface of the structure.
With respect to the current trend of reducing the energy
consumption of building structures and reduce the production of CO2
is necessary to develop capillary-active materials characterized by
their low density, low thermal conductivity while maintaining good
mechanical properties. The aim of researchers at the Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Brno University of Technology is the development and
study of hygrothermal behaviour of optimal materials for thermal
insulation and rehabilitation of building structures with the possible
use of alternative, less energy demanding binders in comparison with
conventional, frequently used binder, which represents cement.
The paper describes the evaluation of research activities aimed at
the development of thermal insulation and repair materials using
lightweight aggregate and alternative binders such as metakaolin and
finely ground fly ash.
Abstract: Poly bag and mulch films for agricultural field caused
pose environmental problem due to the non-degradable plastics
wastes upon disposal. Thus, a degradable poly bag was designed with
hybrid sago starch (SS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Two Different
blended compositions of SS and PVA hybrid have been compounded.
Then, the hybrids blended are mixed with linear line density
polyethylene (LLDPE) resin to fabricate poly bag film through
conventional film blowing process. Samples of LLDPE, SS and PVA
hybrid film were exposed to UV light and soil burial. The weight
losses were determined during degradation process. Hybrid film by
degradation of starch was found to hydrolyze and hydroxyl groups
decrease on esterification upon exposure to soil burial and uv
radiation. It was found out that, the hybrid film for 60% of SS
composition showed greatest degradation in soil and UV radiation.
Abstract: Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of
the key scopes in the global clean energy strategy. A computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established in order to reveal these
features of the combustion process in a fixed porous bed of MSW.
Transporting equations and process rate equations of the waste bed
were modeled and set up to describe the incineration process,
according to the local thermal conditions and waste property
characters. Gas phase turbulence was modeled using k-ε turbulent
model and the particle phase was modeled using the kinetic theory of
granular flow. The heterogeneous reaction rates were determined
using Arrhenius eddy dissipation and the Arrhenius-diffusion
reaction rates. The effects of primary air flow rate and temperature in
the burning process of simulated MSW are investigated
experimentally and numerically. The simulation results in bed are
accordant with experimental data well. The model provides detailed
information on burning processes in the fixed bed, which is otherwise
very difficult to obtain by conventional experimental techniques.
Abstract: In this paper, a direct power control (DPC)
strategies have been investigated in order to control a high
power AC/DC converter with time variable load. This converter
is composed of a three level three phase neutral point clamped
(NPC) converter as rectifier and an H-bridge four quadrant
current control converter. In the high power application,
controller not only must adjust the desire outputs but also
decrease the level of distortions which are injected to the network
from the converter. Regarding to this reason and nonlinearity
of the power electronic converter, the conventional controllers
cannot achieve appropriate responses. In this research, the
precise mathematical analysis has been employed to design the
appropriate controller in order to control the time variable
load. A DPC controller has been proposed and simulated using
Matlab/ Simulink. In order to verify the simulation result, a real
time simulator- OPAL-RT- has been employed. In this paper,
the dynamic response and stability of the high power NPC
with variable load has been investigated and compared with
conventional types using a real time simulator. The results proved
that the DPC controller is more stable and has more precise
outputs in comparison with conventional controller.
Abstract: Traditional document representation for classification
follows Bag of Words (BoW) approach to represent the term weights.
The conventional method uses the Vector Space Model (VSM) to
exploit the statistical information of terms in the documents and they
fail to address the semantic information as well as order of the terms
present in the documents. Although, the phrase based approach
follows the order of the terms present in the documents rather than
semantics behind the word. Therefore, a semantic concept based
approach is used in this paper for enhancing the semantics by
incorporating the ontology information. In this paper a novel method
is proposed to forecast the intraday stock market price directional
movement based on the sentiments from Twitter and money control
news articles. The stock market forecasting is a very difficult and
highly complicated task because it is affected by many factors such
as economic conditions, political events and investor’s sentiment etc.
The stock market series are generally dynamic, nonparametric, noisy
and chaotic by nature. The sentiment analysis along with wisdom of
crowds can automatically compute the collective intelligence of
future performance in many areas like stock market, box office sales
and election outcomes. The proposed method utilizes collective
sentiments for stock market to predict the stock price directional
movements. The collective sentiments in the above social media have
powerful prediction on the stock price directional movements as
up/down by using Granger Causality test.
Abstract: In this paper, the exergy analysis of vapor absorption
refrigeration system using LiBr-H2O as working fluid is carried out
with the modified Gouy-Stodola approach rather than the classical
Gouy-Stodola equation and effect of varying input parameters is also
studied on the performance of the system. As the modified approach
uses the concept of effective temperature, the mathematical
expressions for effective temperature have been formulated and
calculated for each component of the system. Various constraints and
equations are used to develop program in EES to solve these
equations. The main aim of this analysis is to determine the
performance of the system and the components having major
irreversible loss. Results show that exergy destruction rate is
considerable in absorber and generator followed by evaporator and
condenser. There is an increase in exergy destruction in generator,
absorber and condenser and decrease in the evaporator by the
modified approach as compared to the conventional approach. The
value of exergy determined by the modified Gouy-Stodola equation
deviates maximum i.e. 26% in the generator as compared to the
exergy calculated by the classical Gouy-Stodola method.
Abstract: Electronic Word-Of-Mouth (eWOM) communities
represent today an important source of information in which more
and more customers base their purchasing decisions. They include
thousands of reviews concerning very different products and services
posted by many individuals geographically distributed all over the
world. Due to their massive audience, eWOM communities can help
users to find the product they are looking for even if they are less
popular or rare. This is known as the long tail effect, which leads to a
larger number of lower-selling niche products. This paper analyzes
the long tail effect in a well-known eWOM community and defines a
tool for finding niche products unavailable through conventional
channels.
Abstract: Catalytic combustion of methane is imperative due to
stability of methane at low temperature. Methane (CH4), therefore,
remains unconverted in vehicle exhausts thereby causing greenhouse
gas GHG emission problem. In this study, heterogeneous catalysts of
palladium with bio-char (2 wt% Pd/Bc) and Al2O3 (2wt% Pd/ Al2O3)
supports were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and then
subsequently tested for catalytic combustion of CH4. Support-porous
heterogeneous catalytic combustion (HCC) material were selected
based on factors such as surface area, porosity, thermal stability,
thermal conductivity, reactivity with reactants or products, chemical
stability, catalytic activity, and catalyst life. Sustainable and
renewable support-material of bio-mass char derived from palm shell
waste material was compared with those from the conventional
support-porous materials. Kinetic rate of reaction was determined for
combustion of methane on Palladium (Pd) based catalyst with Al2O3
support and bio-char (Bc). Material characterization was done using
TGA, SEM, and BET surface area. The performance test was
accomplished using tubular quartz reactor with gas mixture ratio of
3% methane and 97% air. The methane porous-HCC conversion was
carried out using online gas analyzer connected to the reactor that
performed porous-HCC. BET surface area for prepared 2 wt% Pd/Bc
is smaller than prepared 2wt% Pd/ Al2O3 due to its low porosity
between particles. The order of catalyst activity based on kinetic rate
on reaction of catalysts in low temperature was 2wt%
Pd/Bc>calcined 2wt% Pd/ Al2O3> 2wt% Pd/ Al2O3>calcined 2wt%
Pd/Bc. Hence agro waste material can successfully be utilized as an
inexpensive catalyst support material for enhanced CH4 catalytic
combustion.
Abstract: Solid waste management in steel industry is broadly
classified in “4 Rs” i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and restore the
materials. Reuse and recycling the entire solid waste generated in the
process of steel making is a viable solution in targeting a clean, green
and zero waste technology leading to sustainable development of the
steel industry. Solid waste management has gained importance in
steel industry in view of its uncertainty, volatility and speculation due
to world competitive standards, rising input costs, scarcity of raw
materials and solid waste generated like in other sectors. The
challenges that the steel Industry faces today are the requirement of a
sustainable development by meeting the needs of our present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations.
Technologies are developed not only for gainful utilization of solid
wastes in manufacture of conventional products but also for
conversion of same in to completely new products.