Abstract: This paper details a new concept of using compressed air as a potential zero pollution power source for motorbikes. In place of an internal combustion engine, the motorbike is equipped with an air turbine transforms the energy of the compressed air into shaft work. The mathematical modeling and performance evaluation of a small capacity compressed air driven vaned type novel air turbine is presented in this paper. The effect of isobaric admission and adiabatic expansion of high pressure air for different rotor diameters, casing diameters and ratio of rotor to casing diameters of the turbine have been considered and analyzed. It is concluded that the work output is found optimum for some typical values of rotor / casing diameter ratios. In this study, the maximum power works out to 3.825 kW (5.20 HP) for casing diameter of 200 mm and rotor to casing diameter ratio of 0.65 to 0.60 which is sufficient to run motorbike.
Abstract: Elementary particles are created in pairs of equal and opposite momentums at a reference frame at the speed of light. The speed of light reference frame is viewed as a point in space as observed by observer at rest. This point in space is the bang location of the big bang theory. The bang in the big bang theory is not more than sustained flow of pairs of positive and negative elementary particles. Electrons and negative charged elementary particles are ejected from this point in space at velocities faster than light, while protons and positively charged particles obtain velocities lower than light. Subsonic masses are found to have real and positive charge, while supersonic masses are found to be negative and imaginary indicating that the two masses are of different entities. The electron-s super-sonic speed, as viewed by rest observer was calculated and found to be less than the speed of light and is little higher than the electron speed in Bohr-s orbit. The newly formed hydrogen gas temperature was found to be in agreement with temperatures found on newly formed stars. Universe expansion was found to be in agreement. Partial mass and charge elementary particles and particles with momentum only were explained in the context of this theoretical approach.
Abstract: Carbon fibers have specific characteristics in
comparison with industrial and structural materials used in different
applications. Special properties of carbon fibers make them attractive
for reinforcing and fabrication of composites. These fibers have been
utilized for composites of metals, ceramics and plastics. However,
it-s mainly used in different forms to reinforce lightweight polymer
materials such as epoxy resin, polyesters or polyamides. The
composites of carbon fiber are stronger than steel, stiffer than
titanium, and lighter than aluminum and nowadays they are used in a
variety of applications. This study explains applications of carbon
fibers in different fields such as space, aviation, transportation,
medical, construction, energy, sporting goods, electronics, and the
other commercial/industrial applications. The last findings of
composites with polymer, metal and ceramic matrices containing
carbon fibers and their applications in the world investigated.
Researches show that carbon fibers-reinforced composites due to
unique properties (including high specific strength and specific
modulus, low thermal expansion coefficient, high fatigue strength,
and high thermal stability) can be replaced with common industrial
and structural materials.
Abstract: This paper examines the factors, which determine
R&D outsourcing behaviour at Japanese firms, from the viewpoints of
transaction cost and strategic management, since the latter half of the
1990s. This study uses empirical analysis, which involves the
application of large-sample data. The principal findings of this paper
are listed below. Firms that belong to a wider corporate group are more
active in executing R&D outsourcing activities. Diversification
strategies such as the expansion of product and sales markets have a
positive effect on the R&D outsourcing behaviour of firms. Moreover,
while quantitative R&D resources have positive influences on R&D
outsourcing, qualitative indices have no effect. These facts suggest
that R&D outsourcing behaviour of Japanese firms are consistent with
the two perspectives of transaction cost and strategic management.
Specifically, a conventional corporate group network plays an
important role in R&D outsourcing behaviour. Firms that execute
R&D outsourcing leverage 'old' networks to construct 'new' networks
and use both networks properly.
Abstract: In order to obtaining the dynamic evolution image of Tungsten array for foam padding, and to research the form of interaction between Tungsten plasma and foam column, a shadow imaging system of four-frame ultraviolet probe laser (266nm)has been designed on 1MA pulse power device. The time resolution of the system is 2.5ns, and static space resolution is superior to 70μm. The radial shadowgraphy image reveals the whole process from the melting and expansion of solid wire to the interaction of the precursor plasma and the foam, from the pinch to rebound inflation. The image shows the continuous interaction of Tungsten plasma and foam in a form of “Raining" within a time of about 50ns, the plasma shell structure has not been found in the whole period of pinch. The quantitative analysis indicates the minimum pinching speed of the foam column is 1.0×106cm/s, and maximum pinching speed is 6.0×106cm/s, and the axial stagnation diameter is approx 1mm.
Abstract: It is well known that enhancing interfacial adhesion
between inorganic filler and matrix resin in a composite lead to
favorable properties such as excellent mechanical properties, high
thermal resistance, prominent electric insulation, low expansion
coefficient, and so on. But it should be avoided that much excess of
coupling agent is reacted due to a negative impact of their final
composite-s properties. There is no report to achieve classification of
the bonding state excepting investigation of coating layer thickness.
Therefore, the analysis of the bonding state of the coupling agent
reacted with the filler surface such as BN particles with less functional
group and silica particles having much functional group was
performed by thermal gravimetric analysis and pyrolysis GC/MS. The
reacted number of functional groups on the silane-coupling agent was
classified as a result of the analysis. Thus, we succeeded in classifying
the reacted number of the functional groups as a result of this study.
Abstract: The present disposal routes of sewage sludge represent a critical environmental issue in Egypt. Recently, there has been an increasing concern about sewage sludge management due to the environmental risks, which resulted from the fast expansion of wastewater treatment plants without equal attention in dealing with the produced sludge. This paper discusses the current situation of sewage sludge management in Egypt presenting a brief overview of the existing wastewater treatment plants, sludge production and characteristics as well as options of beneficial use and potential demand of sewage sludge under Egyptian conditions. The characteristics of sewage sludge are discussed considering the results of own sampling and analysis as well as previous studies. Furthermore, alternative treatment scenarios for sewage sludge, which have been recently developed in Egypt, are discussed and perspectives for a sustainable agricultural use are outlined.
Abstract: Streamtube is used to visualize expansion, contraction
and various properties of the fluid flow. These are useful in fluid
mechanics, engineering and geophysics. The streamtube constructed
in this paper only reveals the flow expansion rate along streamline.
Based on the mass conservative streamline, we will show how to
construct the streamtube.
Abstract: In this paper, we study a new modified Novikov equation for its classical and nonclassical symmetries and use the symmetries to reduce it to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE). With the aid of solutions of the nonlinear ODE by using the modified (G/G)-expansion method proposed recently, multiple exact traveling wave solutions are obtained and the traveling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions and rational functions.
Abstract: The fundamental aim of extended expansion concept is
to achieve higher work done which in turn leads to higher thermal
efficiency. This concept is compatible with the application of
turbocharger and LHR engine. The Low Heat Rejection engine was
developed by coating the piston crown, cylinder head inside with
valves and cylinder liner with partially stabilized zirconia coating of
0.5 mm thickness. Extended expansion in diesel engines is termed as
Miller cycle in which the expansion ratio is increased by reducing the
compression ratio by modifying the inlet cam for late inlet valve
closing. The specific fuel consumption reduces to an appreciable level
and the thermal efficiency of the extended expansion turbocharged
LHR engine is improved.
In this work, a thermodynamic model was formulated and
developed to simulate the LHR based extended expansion
turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. It includes a gas flow
model, a heat transfer model, and a two zone combustion model. Gas
exchange model is modified by incorporating the Miller cycle, by
delaying inlet valve closing timing which had resulted in considerable
improvement in thermal efficiency of turbocharged LHR engines. The
heat transfer model, calculates the convective and radiative heat
transfer between the gas and wall by taking into account of the
combustion chamber surface temperature swings. Using the two-zone
combustion model, the combustion parameters and the chemical
equilibrium compositions were determined. The chemical equilibrium
compositions were used to calculate the Nitric oxide formation rate by
assuming a modified Zeldovich mechanism. The accuracy of this
model is scrutinized against actual test results from the engine. The
factors which affect thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions were
deduced and their influences were discussed. In the final analysis it is
seen that there is an excellent agreement in all of these evaluations.
Abstract: A number of previous studies were rarely considered
the effects of transient non-uniform balloon expansion on evaluation
of the properties and behaviors of stents during stent expansion, nor
did they determine parameters to maximize the performances driven
by mechanical characteristics. Therefore, in order to fully understand
the mechanical characteristics and behaviors of stent, it is necessary to
consider a realistic modeling of transient non-uniform balloon-stent
expansion. The aim of the study is to propose design parameters
capable of improving the ability of vascular stent through a
comparative study of seven commercial stents using finite element
analyses of a realistic transient non-uniform balloon-stent expansion
process. In this study, seven representative commercialized stents were
evaluated by finite element (FE) analysis in terms of the criteria based
on the itemized list of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
European Standards (prEN). The results indicate that using stents
composed of opened unit cells connected by bend-shaped link
structures and controlling the geometrical and morphological features
of the unit cell strut or the link structure at the distal ends of stent may
improve mechanical characteristics of stent. This study provides a
better method at the realistic transient non-uniform balloon-stent
expansion by investigating the characteristics, behaviors, and
parameters capable of improving the ability of vascular stent.
Abstract: Fossil fuel-firing power plants dominate electric
power generation in Taiwan, which are also the major contributor to
Green House gases (GHG). CO2 is the most important greenhouse
gas that cause global warming. This paper penetrates the relationship
between carbon trading for GHG reduction and power generation
expansion planning (GEP) problem for the electrical utility. The
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm is presented to deal
with the generation expansion planning strategy of the utility with
independent power providers (IPPs). The utility has to take both the
IPPs- participation and environment impact into account when a new
generation unit is considering expanded from view of supply side.
Abstract: In recent years, global warming has become a
worldwide problem. The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions is a
top priority for many companies in the manufacturing industry. In the
automobile industry as well, the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions
is one of the most important issues. Technology to reduce the weight
of automotive parts improves the fuel economy of automobiles, and is
an important technology for reducing carbon dioxide. Also, even if
this weight reduction technology is applied to electric automobiles
rather than gasoline automobiles, reducing energy consumption
remains an important issue. Plastic processing of hollow pipes is one
important technology for realizing the weight reduction of automotive
parts. Ohashi et al. [1],[2] present an example of research on pipe
formation in which a process was carried out to enlarge a pipe
diameter using a lost core, achieving the suppression of wall thickness
reduction and greater pipe expansion than hydroforming.
In this study, we investigated a method to increase the wall
thickness of a pipe through pipe compression using planetary rolls.
The establishment of a technology whereby the wall thickness of a
pipe can be controlled without buckling the pipe is an important
technology for the weight reduction of products. Using the finite
element analysis method, we predicted that it would be possible to
increase the compression of an aluminum pipe with a 3mm wall
thickness by approximately 20%, and wall thickness by approximately
20% by pressing the hollow pipe with planetary rolls.
Abstract: In the current work, a numerical parametric study was
performed in order to model the fluid mechanics in the riser of a
bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). The gas-solid flow was simulated by
mean of a multi-fluid Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory
for solid particles. The bubbling fluidized bed was simulated two
dimensionally by mean of a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)
commercial software package, Fluent. The effects of using different
inter-phase drag function (the drag model of Gidaspow, Syamlal and
O-Brien and the EMMS drag model) on the model predictions were
evaluated and compared. The results showed that the drag models of
Gidaspow and Syamlal and O-Brien overestimated the drag force for
the FCC particles and predicted a greater bed expansion in
comparison to the EMMS drag model.
Abstract: In this paper we consider a nonlinear control design for
nonlinear systems by using two-stage formal linearization and twotype
LQ controls. The ordinary LQ control is designed on almost
linear region around the steady state point. On the other region,
another control is derived as follows. This derivation is based on
coordinate transformation twice with respect to linearization functions
which are defined by polynomials. The linearized systems can be
made up by using Taylor expansion considered up to the higher order.
To the resulting formal linear system, the LQ control theory is applied
to obtain another LQ control. Finally these two-type LQ controls
are smoothly united to form a single nonlinear control. Numerical
experiments indicate that this control show remarkable performances
for a nonlinear system.
Abstract: This paper proposes rough set models with three
different level knowledge granules in incomplete information system
under tolerance relation by similarity between objects according to
their attribute values. Through introducing dominance relation on the
discourse to decompose similarity classes into three subclasses: little
better subclass, little worse subclass and vague subclass, it dismantles
lower and upper approximations into three components. By using
these components, retrieving information to find naturally hierarchical
expansions to queries and constructing answers to elaborative queries
can be effective. It illustrates the approach in applying rough set
models in the design of information retrieval system to access different
granular expanded documents. The proposed method enhances rough
set model application in the flexibility of expansions and elaborative
queries in information retrieval.
Abstract: Many studies have applied the Theory of Planned
Behavior (TPB) in predicting health behaviors among unique
populations. However, a new paradigm is emerging where focus is
now directed to modification and expansion of the TPB model rather
than utilization of the traditional theory. This review proposes new
models modified from the Theory of Planned Behavior and suggest
an appropriate study design that can be used to test the models within
physical activity and dietary practice domains among Type 2
diabetics in Kenya. The review was conducted by means of literature
search in the field of nutrition behavior, health psychology and
mixed methods using predetermined key words. The results identify
pre-intention and post intention gaps within the TPB model that need
to be filled. Additional psychosocial factors are proposed to be
included in the TPB model to generate new models and the efficacy
of these models tested using mixed methods design.
Abstract: Composite laminates are relatively weak in out of
plane loading, inter-laminar stress, stress concentration near the edge
and stress singularities. This paper develops a new analytical
formulation for laminated composite rotating disc fabricated from
symmetric sequential quasi isotropic layers to predict three
dimensional stress and deformation. This analysis is necessary to
evaluate mechanical integrity of fiber reinforced multi-layer
laminates used for high speed rotating applications such as high
speed impellers. Three dimensional governing equations are written
for rotating composite disc. Explicit solution is obtained with
"Frobenius" expansion series. Based on analytical results, there are
two separate zones of three dimensional stress fields in centre and
edge of rotating disc. For thin discs, out of plane deformations and
stresses are small in comparison with plane ones. For relatively thick
discs deformation and stress fields are three dimensional.
Abstract: For a quick and accurate calculation of spatial neutron
distribution in nuclear power reactors 3D nodal codes are usually
used aiming at solving the neutron diffusion equation for a given
reactor core geometry and material composition. These codes use a
second order polynomial to represent the transverse leakage term. In
this work, a nodal method based on the well known nodal expansion
method (NEM), developed at COPPE, making use of this polynomial
expansion was modified to treat the transverse leakage term for the
external surfaces of peripheral reflector nodes.
The proposed method was implemented into a computational
system which, besides solving the diffusion equation, also solves the
burnup equations governing the gradual changes in material
compositions of the core due to fuel depletion. Results confirm the
effectiveness of this modified treatment of peripheral nodes for
practical purposes in PWR reactors.
Abstract: Worldwide conventional resources of fossil fuel are depleting very fast due to large scale increase in use of transport vehicles every year, therefore consumption rate of oil in transport sector alone has gone very high. In view of this, the major thrust has now been laid upon the search of alternative energy source and also for cost effective energy conversion system. The air converted into compressed form by non conventional or conventional methods can be utilized as potential working fluid for producing shaft work in the air turbine and thus offering the capability of being a zero pollution energy source. This paper deals with the mathematical modeling and performance evaluation of a small capacity compressed air driven vaned type novel air turbine. Effect of expansion action and steady flow work in the air turbine at high admission air pressure of 6 bar, for varying injection to vane angles ratios 0.2-1.6, at the interval of 0.2 and at different vane angles such as 30o, 45o, 51.4o, 60o, 72o, 90o, and 120o for 12, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 and 3 vanes respectively at speed of rotation 2500 rpm, has been quantified and analyzed here. Study shows that the expansion power has major contribution to total power, whereas the contribution of flow work output has been found varying only up to 19.4%. It is also concluded that for variation of injection to vane angle ratios from 0.2 to 1.2, the optimal power output is seen at vane angle 90o (4 vanes) and for 1.4 to 1.6 ratios, the optimal total power is observed at vane angle 72o (5 vanes). Thus in the vaned type novel air turbine the optimum shaft power output is developed when rotor contains 4-5 vanes for almost all situations of injection to vane angle ratios from 0.2 to 1.6.