Abstract: This paper presents a new circuit arrangement for a
current-mode Wheatstone bridge that is suitable for low-voltage
integrated circuits implementation. Compared to the other proposed
circuits, this circuit features severe reduction of the elements number,
low supply voltage (1V) and low power consumption (
Abstract: To investigate effect of salt stress on Chlorophyll
fluorescence four cultivars (fong,star,chamran and kharchia) of wheat
(Triticum aestivum) plants subjected to salinity levels ( control,8,12
and 16 dsm-1 ) from one week after emergence to the end of stem
elongation under greenhouse condition . results showed that quantum
yield of photosystem II from light adopted leaves (ΦPSII),
Photochemical quenching (qP) ,quantum yield of dark adopted leaves
(fv/fm) and non photochemical quenching (NPq) were affected by
salt stress . Salinity levels affected photosynthetic rate. Star and fong
cultivars showed minimum and maximum levels of photosynthetic
rate in respectively. Minimum photosynthetic rate differences
between levels of salinity were shown in Kharchia. Shoot dry matter
of all cultivars decreased by increasing salinity levels. Results
showed that non photochemical quenching by salinity levels attribute
to the decreases in shoot dry matter.
Abstract: Efficient utilization of existing water is a pressing
need for Pakistan. Due to rising population, reduction in present
storage capacity and poor delivery efficiency of 30 to 40% from
canal. A study to evaluate an irrigation system in the cotton-wheat
zone of Pakistan, after the watercourse lining was conducted. The
study is made on the basis of cropping pattern and salinity to evaluate
the system. This study employed an index-based approach of using
Geographic information system with field data. The satellite images
of different years were use to examine the effective area. Several
combinations of the ratio of signals received in different spectral
bands were used for development of this index. Near Infrared and
Thermal IR spectral bands proved to be most effective as this
combination helped easy detection of salt affected area and cropping
pattern of the study area. Result showed that 9.97% area under
salinity in 1992, 9.17% in 2000 and it left 2.29% in year 2005.
Similarly in 1992, 45% area is under vegetation it improves to 56%
and 65% in 2000 and 2005 respectively. On the basis of these results
evaluation is done 30% performance is increase after the watercourse
improvement.
Abstract: In order to evaluate the relationship between the sulphur (S), glucose (G), nitrogen (N) and plant residues (st), sulphur immobilization and microbial transformation were monitored in five soil samples from 0-30 cm of Bastam farmers fields of Shahrood area following 11 treatments with different levels of Sulphur (S), glucose (G), N and plant residues (wheat straw) in a randomized block design with three replications and incubated over 20, 45 and 60 days, the immobilization of SO4 -2-S presented as a percentage of that added, was inversely related to its addition rate. Additions of glucose and plant residues increased with the C-to-S ratio of the added amendments, irrespective of their origins (glucose and plant residues). In the presence of C sources (glucose or plant residues). N significantly increased the immobilization of SO4 -2-S, whilst the effect of N was insignificant in the absence of a C amendment. In first few days the amounts of added SO4 -2-S immobilized were linearly correlated with the amounts of added S recovered in the soil microbial biomass. With further incubation the proportions of immobilized SO4 -2-S remaining as biomass-S decreased. Decrease in biomass-S was thought to be due to the conversion of biomass-S into soil organic-S. Glucose addition increased the immobilization (microbial utilization and incorporation into the soil organic matter) of native soil SO4 -2-S. However, N addition enhance the mineralization of soil organic-S, increasing the concentration of SO4 - 2-S in soil.
Abstract: The biological activity of A. pullulans isolates against
species of the genus Fusarium, bacteria of the genus Azotobacter and
pseudomonads colonizing wheat kernels was evaluated. A field
experiment was carried out in 2009-2011, in north-eastern Poland.
Winter wheat (cv. Bogatka) plants were sprayed with a cell
suspension of A. pullulans at a density of 106 - 108 per cm3 water at
the stem elongation stage and the heading stage. Untreated plants
served as control. The abundance of epiphytic yeasts, bacteria of the
genus Azotobacter, pseudomonads and Fusarium pathogens on wheat
grain was estimated at harvest and after six months’ storage. The
average size of yeast communities was significantly greater on wheat
kernels treated with a cell suspension of A. pullulans, compared with
control samples. In 2010-2011, biological control reduced the
abundance of some species of the genus Fusarium.
Abstract: Low temperature (LT) is one of the most abiotic
stresses causing loss of yield in wheat (T. aestivum). Four major
genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the dominant alleles
designated Vrn–A1,Vrn–B1,Vrn–D1 and Vrn4, are known to have
large effects on the vernalization response, but the effects on cold
hardiness are ambiguous. Poor cold tolerance has restricted winter
wheat production in regions of high winter stress [9]. It was known
that nearly all wheat chromosomes [5] or at least 10 chromosomes of
21 chromosome pairs are important in winter hardiness [15]. The
objective of present study was to clarify the role of each chromosome
in cold tolerance. With this purpose we used 20 isogenic lines of
wheat. In each one of these isogenic lines only a chromosome from
‘Bezostaya’ variety (a winter habit cultivar) was substituted to
‘Capple desprez’ variety. The plant materials were planted in
controlled conditions with 20º C and 16 h day length in moderately
cold areas of Iran at Karaj Agricultural Research Station in 2006-07
and the acclimation period was completed for about 4 weeks in a
cold room with 4º C. The cold hardiness of these isogenic lines was
measured by LT50 (the temperature in which 50% of the plants are
killed by freezing stress).The experimental design was completely
randomized block design (RCBD)with three replicates. The results
showed that chromosome 5A had a major effect on freezing
tolerance, and then chromosomes 1A and 4A had less effect on this
trait. Further studies are essential to understanding the importance of
each chromosome in controlling cold hardiness in wheat.
Abstract: A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of
liquid nitrogen aeration on mortalities of adult Cryptolestes
furrugineus, rusty grain beetles, in a prototype cardboard grain bin
equipped with an aeration system. The grain bin was filled with Hard
Red Spring wheat and liquid nitrogen was introduced from the bottom
of the bin. The survival of both cold acclimated and unacclimated C.
furrugineus was tested. The study reveals that cold acclimated insects
had higher survival than unacclimated insects under similar cooling
conditions. In most cases, mortalities of as high as 100% were
achieved at the bottom 100 cm of the grain bin for unacclimated
insects for most of the trials. Insect survival increased as the distance
from the bottom of the grain bin increased. There was no adverse
effect of liquid nitrogen aeration on wheat germination.
Abstract: Five lignin samples were fractionated with
Acetone/Water mixtures and the obtained fractions were subjected to
extensive structural characterization, including Fourier Transform
Infrared (FT-IR), Gel permeation Chromatography (GPC) and
Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy (31P-NMR). The results showed
that for all studied lignins the solubility increases with the increment
of the acetone concentration. Wheat straw lignin has the highest
solubility in 90/10 (v/v) Acetone/Water mixture, 400 mg lignin being
dissolved in 1 mL mixture. The weight average molecular weight of
the obtained fractions increased with the increment of acetone
concentration and thus with solubility. 31P-NMR analysis based on
lignin modification by reactive phospholane into phosphitylated
compounds was used to differentiate and quantify the different types
of OH groups (aromatic, aliphatic, and carboxylic) found in the
fractions obtained with 70/30 (v/v) Acetone/Water mixture.
Abstract: The organic farmers use wider range of crop varieties than the conventional farming. Bread wheat is the most favorite and the most common food crop. The organic bread wheat is usually of worse technological quality. Therefore, it is supposed to be an attractive alternative to the hulled wheat species (einkorn, emmer wheat and spelt). Twenty-five hulled bread wheat varieties and control bread wheat ones were grown on the certified organic parcel in České Budějovice (the Czech Republic) between 2009 and 2012. Their baking quality was measured and evaluated with standard methods, and in accordance with ICC. The results have shown that the grain of hulled wheat varieties contain a lot of proteins in grains (up to 18 percent); even the organic hulled bread wheat varieties are characterized by such good baking quality. Einkorn and emmer wheat are of worse technological quality of proteins (low values of gluten index and Zeleny test), which is a disadvantage of these two wheat species. On the other hand, spelt wheat is of better technological quality and is similar to the control bread wheat varieties. Mixtures consisting of bread wheat, among others, are considered good alternatives; they may contribute to wider range of use of the hulled wheat species. It is one of the possibilities which may increase the proportion of proteins in bread wheat grains; the nutrition-rich hulled wheat grains may be also used in such way at the same time.
Abstract: Twelve lactating Etawah Crossedbred goats were used
in this study. Goat feed consisted of Cally andra callothyrsus,
Pennisetum purpureum, wheat bran and dried fermented cassava
peel. The cassava peels were fermented with a traditional culture
called “ragi tape" (mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisae,
Aspergillus sp, Candida, Hasnula and Acetobacter). The goats were
divided into 2 groups (Control and Treated) of six does. The
experimental diet of the Control group consisted of 70% of roughage
(fresh Callyandra callothyrsus and Pennisetum purpureum 60:40)
and 30% of wheat bran on dry matter (DM) base. In the Treated
group 30% of wheat bran was replaced with dried fermented cassava
peels. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance
followed SPSS program. The concentration of HCN in fermented
cassava peel decreased to non toxic level. Nutrient composition of
dried fermented cassava peel consisted of 85.75% dry matter;
5.80% crude protein and 82.51% total digestible nutrien (TDN).
Substitution of 30% of wheat bran with dried fermented cassava peel
in the diet had no effect on dry matter and organic matter intake but
significantly (P< 0.05) decreased crude protein and TDN
consumption as well as milk yields and milk composition. The study
recommended to reduced the level of substitution to less than 30% of
concentrates in the diet in order to avoid low nutrient intake and milk
production of goats.
Abstract: The fortified of soft wheat flour with cowpea flour in
bread making was investigated. The Soft wheat flour (SWF) was
substituted by cowpea flour at levels of 5, 15 and 20%. The protein content of composite breads ranged from 6.1 – 9.9%. Significant
difference was observed in moisture, protein and crude fibre contents of control (wheat bread) and composite bread at 5% addition of
cowpea. Water absorption capacities of composite flours increased with increasing levels of cowpea flour in the blend. The specific loaf
volume decreased significantly with increased cowpea content of
blends. The overall acceptability of the 5% cowpea flour content of
composite bread was not significantly different from the control (Soft Wheat-bread) but there is significantly different with increasing the
levels of cowpea flour in the blend more than 5%.
Abstract: World population growth drives food demand, promotes intensification of agriculture, development of new production technologies and varieties more suitable for regional nature conditions. Climate change can affect the length of growing period, biomass and carbon accumulation in winter wheat. The increasing mean air temperature resulting from climate change can reduce the length of growth period of cereals, and without adequate adjustments in growing technologies or varieties, can reduce biomass and carbon accumulation. Deeper understanding and effective measures for monitoring and management of cereal growth process are needed for adaptation to changing climate and technological conditions.
Abstract: Fertilization plays an important role in crop growth and soil improvement. This study was conducted to determine the best fertilization system for wheat production. Experiments were arranged in a complete block design with three replications in two years. Main plots consisted of six methods of fertilization including (N1): farmyard manure; (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): farmyard manure + compost; (N5): farmyard manure + compost + chemical fertilizers and (N6): control were arranged in sub plots. The addition of compost or farm yard manure significantly increased the soil microbial biomass carbon in comparison to the chemical fertilizer. The dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease activities in the N3 treatment were significantly lower than in the farm yard manure and compost treatments.
Abstract: To evaluate genetic variation of wheat (Triticum
aestivum) affected by heat and drought stress on eight Australian
wheat genotypes that are parents of Doubled Haploid (HD) mapping
populations at the vegetative stage, the water stress experiment was
conducted at 65% field capacity in growth room. Heat stress
experiment was conducted in the research field under irrigation over
summer. Result show that water stress decreased dry shoot weight
and RWC but increased osmolarity and means of Fv/Fm values in all
varieties except for Krichauff. Krichauff and Kukri had the
maximum RWC under drought stress. Trident variety was shown
maximum WUE, osmolarity (610 mM/Kg), dry mater, quantum yield
and Fv/Fm 0.815 under water stress condition. However, the
recovery of quantum yield was apparent between 4 to 7 days after
stress in all varieties. Nevertheless, increase in water stress after that
lead to strong decrease in quantum yield. There was a genetic
variation for leaf pigments content among varieties under heat stress.
Heat stress decreased significantly the total chlorophyll content that
measured by SPAD. Krichauff had maximum value of Anthocyanin
content (2.978 A/g FW), chlorophyll a+b (2.001 mg/g FW) and
chlorophyll a (1.502 mg/g FW). Maximum value of chlorophyll b
(0.515 mg/g FW) and Carotenoids (0.234 mg/g FW) content
belonged to Kukri. The quantum yield of all varieties decreased
significantly, when the weather temperature increased from 28 ÔùªC to
36 ÔùªC during the 6 days. However, the recovery of quantum yield
was apparent after 8th day in all varieties. The maximum decrease
and recovery in quantum yield was observed in Krichauff. Drought
and heat tolerant and moderately tolerant wheat genotypes were
included Trident, Krichauff, Kukri and RAC875. Molineux, Berkut
and Excalibur were clustered into most sensitive and moderately
sensitive genotypes. Finally, the results show that there was a
significantly genetic variation among the eight varieties that were
studied under heat and water stress.
Abstract: The effect of wheat flour extraction rates on flour
composition, farinographic characteristics and the quality of
sourdough naans was investigated. The results indicated that by
increasing the extraction rate, the amount of protein, fiber, fat and
ash increased, whereas moisture content decreased. Farinographic
characteristic like water absorption and dough development time
increased with an increase in flour extraction rate but the dough
stabilities and tolerance indices were reduced with an increase in
flour extraction rates. Titratable acidity for both sourdough and
sourdough naans also increased along with flour extraction rate. The
study showed that overall quality of sourdough naans were affected
by both flour extraction rate and starter culture used. Sensory
analysis of sourdough naans revealed that desirable extraction rate
for sourdough naan was 76%.
Abstract: To investigate the production of cellulases from Aspergillus heteromorphus, submerged fermentation was performed using wheat straw as substrate. Optimization of saccharification conditions like pH, temperature and time were studied. Highest reducing sugar was released on 5th day at 5 pH, 30° C temperature. When A. heteromorphous was grown on wheat straw in submerged fermentation after 5 days incubation at 30 ° C, 3.2 IU/ml and 83 IU/ml, filter paper activity and CMCase activity respectively.
Abstract: The basis of examines is survey of 500 in the years
2002-2010, which was selected according to homogeneity of land
cover and where 1090 revenues were evaluated. For achieved yields
of winter wheat is obtained multicriterial regression function
depending on the major factors influencing the consumption of
nitrogen. The coefficient of discrimination of the established model is
0.722. The increase in efficiency of fertilization is involved in supply
of organic nutrients, tillage, soil pH, past weather, the humus content
in the subsoil and grain content to 0.001 mm. The decrease in
efficiency was mainly influenced by the total dose of mineral
nitrogen, although it was divided into multiple doses, the proportion
loamy particles up to 0.01 mm, rainy, or conversely dry weather
during the vegetation. The efficiency of nitrogen was found to be the
smallest on undeveloped soils and the highest on chernozem and
alluvial soils.
Abstract: Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was used as a
solvent to extract oil from wheat bran. Extractions were carried out in a
semi-batch process at temperatures ranging from 40 to 60ºC and
pressures ranging from 10 to 30 MPa, with a carbon dioxide (CO2)
flow rate of 26.81 g/min. The oil obtained from wheat bran at different
extraction conditions was quantitatively measured to investigate the
solubility of oil in SC-CO2. The solubility of wheat bran oil was found
to be enhanced in high temperature and pressure. The composition of
fatty acids in wheat bran oil was measured by gas chromatography
(GC). Linoleic, palmitic, oleic and γ-linolenic acid were the major
fatty acids of wheat bran oil. Tocopherol contents in oil were analyzed
by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest
amount of phenolics and tocopherols (α and β) were found at
temperature of 60ºC and pressure of 30 MPa.
Abstract: The influence of humidity and low temperature on the α- amylase activity and isoenzyme composition of grains of different wheat varieties have been studied. The identified samples of varieties have significant difference in the level of enzyme induction under the impact of high humidity and low temperature. It is proposed to use this methodological approach for testing genotypes and wheat breeding lines for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS).
Abstract: Post-anthesis drought stress is the most important
problem affecting wheat production in dryland fields, specially in
Mediterranean regions. The main objective of this research was to
evaluate drought tolerance indices in dryland wheat genotypes under
post-anthesis drought stress. The research was including two different
experiments. In each experiment, twenty dryland bread wheat
genotypes were sown in a randomized complete blocks design
(RCBD) with three replications. One of experiments belonged to
rain-fed conditions (post-anthesis drought stress) and other
experiment was under non-stress conditions (with supplemental
irrigation). Different drought tolerance indices include Stress
Tolerance (Tol), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean
Productivity (GMP), Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), Stress
Tolerance Index (STI), Harmonic Mean (HAM), Yield Index (YI)
and Yield Stability Index (YSI) were evaluate based on grain yield
under rain-fed (Ys) and supplemental irrigation (Yp) environments.
G10 and G12 were the most tolerant genotypes based on TOL and
SSI. But, based on MP, GMP, STI, HAM and YI indices, G1 and G2
were selected. STI, GMP and MP indices had high correlation with
grain yield under rain-fed and supplementary irrigation conditions
and were recognized as appropriate indices to identify genotypes with
high grain yield and low sensitivity to drought stress environments.