Abstract: S-boxes (Substitution boxes) are keystones of modern
symmetric cryptosystems (block ciphers, as well as stream ciphers).
S-boxes bring nonlinearity to cryptosystems and strengthen their
cryptographic security. They are used for confusion in data security
An S-box satisfies the strict avalanche criterion (SAC), if and only if
for any single input bit of the S-box, the inversion of it changes each
output bit with probability one half. If a function (cryptographic
transformation) is complete, then each output bit depends on all of
the input bits. Thus, if it were possible to find the simplest Boolean
expression for each output bit in terms of the input bits, each of these
expressions would have to contain all of the input bits if the function
is complete. From some important properties of S-box, the most
interesting property SAC (Strict Avalanche Criterion) is presented
and to analyze this property three analysis methods are proposed.
Abstract: Numerical analysis naturally finds applications in all
fields of engineering and the physical sciences, but in the
21st century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted
elements of scientific computations. The numerical data analysis
became key process in research and development of all the fields [6].
In this paper we have made an attempt to analyze the specified
numerical patterns with reference to the association rule mining
techniques with minimum confidence and minimum support mining
criteria. The extracted rules and analyzed results are graphically
demonstrated. Association rules are a simple but very useful form of
data mining that describe the probabilistic co-occurrence of certain
events within a database [7]. They were originally designed to
analyze market-basket data, in which the likelihood of items being
purchased together within the same transactions are analyzed.
Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to investigate the
interdependency among ego-identity status, autobiographical memory
and cultural life story schema. The study shows considerable
differences between autobiographical memory characteristics and
“family script", which is typical for participants (adolescents, M age
years = 17.84, SD = 1.18, N = 58), with different ego-identity
statuses. Participants with diffused ego-identity status recalled fewer
autobiographical memories. Additionally, this group of participants
recalled fewer events from their parents- life. Participants with
moratorium ego-identity status dated their first recollections to a later
age than others, and recalled fewer memories relating to their
childhood. Participants with achieved identity status recalled more
self-defining memories and events from their parents- life. They used
more functions from the autobiographical memory. There weren-t
any significant differences between the foreclosed identity status
group and the others. These findings support the idea of a
bidirectional relation between culture, memory and self.
Abstract: Data mining uses a variety of techniques each of which
is useful for some particular task. It is important to have a deep
understanding of each technique and be able to perform sophisticated
analysis. In this article we describe a tool built to simulate a variation
of the Kohonen network to perform unsupervised clustering and
support the entire data mining process up to results visualization. A
graphical representation helps the user to find out a strategy to
optimize classification by adding, moving or delete a neuron in order
to change the number of classes. The tool is able to automatically
suggest a strategy to optimize the number of classes optimization, but
also support both tree classifications and semi-lattice organizations of
the classes to give to the users the possibility of passing from one
class to the ones with which it has some aspects in common.
Examples of using tree and semi-lattice classifications are given to
illustrate advantages and problems. The tool is applied to classify
macroeconomic data that report the most developed countries- import
and export. It is possible to classify the countries based on their
economic behaviour and use the tool to characterize the commercial
behaviour of a country in a selected class from the analysis of
positive and negative features that contribute to classes formation.
Possible interrelationships between the classes and their meaning are
also discussed.
Abstract: Here, in this work we study correspondence the energy density New agegraphic and the energy density Gauss- Bonnet models in flat universe. We reconstruct Λ and Λ ω for them with 0 ( ) 0 h a t = a t .
Abstract: This paper maps the structure of the social network of
the 2011 class ofsixty graduate students of the Masters of Science
(Knowledge Management) programme at the Nanyang Technological
University, based on their friending relationships on Facebook. To
ensure anonymity, actual names were not used. Instead, they were
replaced with codes constructed from their gender, nationality, mode
of study, year of enrollment and a unique number. The relationships
between friends within the class, and among the seniors and alumni
of the programme wereplotted. UCINet and Pajek were used to plot
the sociogram, to compute the density, inclusivity, and degree,
global, betweenness, and Bonacich centralities, to partition the
students into two groups, namely, active and peripheral, and to
identify the cut-points. Homophily was investigated, and it was
observed for nationality and study mode. The groups students formed
on Facebook were also studied, and of fifteen groups, eight were
classified as dead, which we defined as those that have been inactive
for over two months.
Abstract: The Chichiawan stream in the Wulin catchment in
Taiwan is the natural habitat of Formosan landlocked salmon. Human
and agriculture activities gradually worsen water quality and impact
the fish habitat negatively. To protect and manage Formosan
landlocked salmon habitat, it is important to understand a variety
land-uses affect on the watershed responses to storms. This study
discusses watershed responses to the dry-day before a storm event and
a variety of land-uses in the Wulin catchment. Under the land-use
planning in the Wulin catchment, the peak flows during typhoon
events do not have noticeable difference. However, the nutrient
exports can be highly reduced under the strategies of restraining
agriculture activities. Due to the higher affinity of P for soil than that
of N, the exports of TN from overall Wuling catchment were much
greater than Ortho-P. Agriculture mainly centralized in subbasin A,
which is the important source of nutrients in nonpoint source discharge.
The subbasin A supplied about 26% of the TN and 32% of the Ortho-P
discharge in 2004, despite the fact it only covers 19% area of the
Wuling catchment. The subbasin analysis displayed that the
agricultural subbasin A exports higher nutrients per unit area than
other forest subbasins. Additionally, the agricultural subbasin A
contributed a higher percentage to total Ortho-P exports compares to
TN. The results of subbasin analysis might imply the transport of
Ortho-P was similar to the particulate matter which was mainly
influenced by the runoff and affected by the desorption from soil
particles while the TN (dominated as nitrate-N) was mainly influenced
by base-flow.
Abstract: Sleep stage scoring is the process of classifying the
stage of the sleep in which the subject is in. Sleep is classified into
two states based on the constellation of physiological parameters.
The two states are the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and the
rapid eye movement (REM). The NREM sleep is also classified into
four stages (1-4). These states and the state wakefulness are
distinguished from each other based on the brain activity. In this
work, a classification method for automated sleep stage scoring
based on a single EEG recording using wavelet packet decomposition
was implemented. Thirty two ploysomnographic recording from the
MIT-BIH database were used for training and validation of the
proposed method. A single EEG recording was extracted and
smoothed using Savitzky-Golay filter. Wavelet packets
decomposition up to the fourth level based on 20th order Daubechies
filter was used to extract features from the EEG signal. A features
vector of 54 features was formed. It was reduced to a size of 25 using
the gain ratio method and fed into a classifier of regression trees. The
regression trees were trained using 67% of the records available. The
records for training were selected based on cross validation of the
records. The remaining of the records was used for testing the
classifier. The overall correct rate of the proposed method was found
to be around 75%, which is acceptable compared to the techniques in
the literature.
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to develop and apply the
RSCMAC to enhance the dynamic accuracy of Global Positioning
System (GPS). GPS devices provide services of accurate positioning,
speed detection and highly precise time standard for over 98% area on
the earth. The overall operation of Global Positioning System includes
24 GPS satellites in space; signal transmission that includes 2
frequency carrier waves (Link 1 and Link 2) and 2 sets random
telegraphic codes (C/A code and P code), on-earth monitoring stations
or client GPS receivers. Only 4 satellites utilization, the client position
and its elevation can be detected rapidly. The more receivable
satellites, the more accurate position can be decoded. Currently, the
standard positioning accuracy of the simplified GPS receiver is greatly
increased, but due to affected by the error of satellite clock, the
troposphere delay and the ionosphere delay, current measurement
accuracy is in the level of 5~15m. In increasing the dynamic GPS
positioning accuracy, most researchers mainly use inertial navigation
system (INS) and installation of other sensors or maps for the
assistance. This research utilizes the RSCMAC advantages of fast
learning, learning convergence assurance, solving capability of
time-related dynamic system problems with the static positioning
calibration structure to improve and increase the GPS dynamic
accuracy. The increasing of GPS dynamic positioning accuracy can be
achieved by using RSCMAC system with GPS receivers collecting
dynamic error data for the error prediction and follows by using the
predicted error to correct the GPS dynamic positioning data. The
ultimate purpose of this research is to improve the dynamic positioning
error of cheap GPS receivers and the economic benefits will be
enhanced while the accuracy is increased.
Abstract: This paper is a numerical investigation of a laminar
isothermal plane two dimensional wall jet. Special attention has been
paid to the effect of the inlet conditions at the nozzle exit on the
hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the flow. The
behaviour of various fluids evolving in both forced and mixed
convection regimes near a vertical plate plane is carried out. The
system of governing equations is solved with an implicit finite
difference scheme. For numerical stability we use a staggered non
uniform grid. The obtained results show that the effect of the Prandtl
number is significant in the plume region in which the jet flow is
governed by buoyant forces. Further for ascending X values, the
buoyancy forces become dominating, and a certain agreement
between the temperature profiles are observed, which shows that the
velocity profile has no longer influence on the wall temperature
evolution in this region. Fluids with low Prandtl number warm up
more importantly, because for such fluids the effect of heat diffusion
is higher.
Abstract: The main objective developed in this paper is to find a
graphic technique for modeling, simulation and diagnosis of the
industrial systems. This importance is much apparent when it is about
a complex system such as the nuclear reactor with pressurized water
of several form with various several non-linearity and time scales. In
this case the analytical approach is heavy and does not give a fast
idea on the evolution of the system. The tool Bond Graph enabled us
to transform the analytical model into graphic model and the
software of simulation SYMBOLS 2000 specific to the Bond Graphs
made it possible to validate and have the results given by the
technical specifications. We introduce the analysis of the problem
involved in the faults localization and identification in the complex
industrial processes. We propose a method of fault detection applied
to the diagnosis and to determine the gravity of a detected fault. We
show the possibilities of application of the new diagnosis approaches
to the complex system control. The industrial systems became
increasingly complex with the faults diagnosis procedures in the
physical systems prove to become very complex as soon as the
systems considered are not elementary any more. Indeed, in front of
this complexity, we chose to make recourse to Fault Detection and
Isolation method (FDI) by the analysis of the problem of its control
and to conceive a reliable system of diagnosis making it possible to
apprehend the complex dynamic systems spatially distributed applied
to the standard pressurized water nuclear reactor.
Abstract: This paper proposes an architectural and graphical
user interface (GUI) design of a traditional Thai musical instrument
application for tablet computers for practicing “Ranaad Ek" which is
a trough-resonated keyboard percussion instrument. The application
provides percussion methods for a player as real as a physical
instrument. The application consists of two playing modes. The first
mode is free playing, a player can freely multi touches on wooden bar
to produce instrument sounds. The second mode is practicing mode
that guilds the player to follow percussions and rhythms of practice
songs. The application has achieved requirements and specifications.
Abstract: In this paper we intend to ascertain the state of the art on multifingered end-effectors, also known as robotic hands or dexterous robot hands, and propose an experimental setup for an innovative task based design approach, involving cutting edge technologies in motion capture. After an initial description of the capabilities and complexity of a human hand when grasping objects, in order to point out the importance of replicating it, we analyze the mechanical and kinematical structure of some important works carried out all around the world in the last three decades and also review the actuators and sensing technologies used. Finally we describe a new design philosophy proposing an experimental setup for the first stage using recent developments in human body motion capture systems that might lead to lighter and always more dexterous robotic hands.
Abstract: Recently, the design is becoming important in product development. The technology which is a strong point of Japan is immediately caught up by the foreign countries, and the price competition begins. Therefore companies tend to plan differentiation of products by the design or a color. The purpose of my work was to consider the optimal color for using by product development. We needed to clarify the thing leading to color preference for this purpose. Two kinds of investigations were made. By the first investigation, we found out that a geographical factor difference existed in color preference. Then, investigation which regarded the difference as latitude was conducted. However, the result expected from the difference in latitude was not obtained. It seems that it is necessary to set up difference of latitude a little more greatly, or to reexamine by other geographical factors.
Abstract: Expression and secretion of inflammation markers are
disturbed in obesity. Interleukin-6 reduces body fat mass. The
common G-174C polymorphism in the promoter of IL-6 gene has
been reported that effects on transcriptional regulation. The objective
was to investigate association of the common polymorphism G-174C
with obesity in Iranian population. The present study is cross
sectional association study that included 242 individuals (110 men
and 132 women). Serum IL-6 levels, C-reactive protein, fasting
blood glucose and blood lipids profile were measured .BMI and
WHR were calculated. Genotyping is carried out by PCR and RFLP.
The frequencies of G and C allele were 64.5% and 35.5%,
respectively. The G-174C polymorphism was not associated with
BMI and WHR. However in obese individual, fasting blood glucose
was significantly higher in carrier of C allele compared with the noncarrier.
The IL-6 G-174C polymorphism is not a risk factor for
obesity in Iranian population.
Abstract: The increasing popularity of wireless technologies
and mobile computing devices has enabled new application areas and
research. One of these new areas is pervasive systems in urban
environments, because urban environments are characterized by high
concentration of these technologies and devices. In this paper we will
show the process of pervasive system design in urban environments,
using as use case a local zoo in Cali, Colombia. Based on an
ethnographic studio, we present the design of a pervasive system for
urban computing based on service oriented architecture to controlled
environment of Cali Zoo. In this paper, the reader will find a
methodological approach for the design of similar systems, using
data collection methods, conceptual frameworks for urban
environments and considerations of analysis and design of service
oriented systems.
Abstract: Tourism industries are rapidly increased for the last
few years especially in Malaysia. In order to attract more tourists,
Malaysian Governance encourages any effort to increase Malaysian
tourism industry. One of the efforts in attracting more tourists in
Malacca, Malaysia is a duck tour. Duck tour is an amphibious
sightseeing tour that works in two types of engines, hence, it required
a huge cost to operate and maintain the vehicle. To other country, it is
not so new but in Malaysia, it is just introduced, thus it does not have
any systematic routing yet. Therefore, this paper proposed an
optimization technique to formulate and schedule this tour to
minimize the operating costs by considering it into Travelling
Salesman Problem (TSP). The problem is then can be solved by one
of the optimization technique especially meta-heuristics approach
such as Tabu Search (TS) and Reactive Tabu Search (RTS).
Abstract: When trying to enumerate all BIBD-s for given parameters,
their natural solution space appears to be huge and grows extremely with the number of points of the design. Therefore,
constructive enumerations are often carried out by assuming additional
constraints on design-s structure, automorphisms being mostly used ones. It remains a hard task to construct designs with trivial
automorphism group – those with no additional symmetry – although it is believed that most of the BIBD-s belong to that case. In
this paper, very many new designs with parameters 2-(13, 5, 5), 2-(16, 6, 5) and 2-(21, 6, 4) are constructed, assuming an action of an
automorphism of order 3. Even more, it was possible to construct millions of such designs with no non-trivial automorphisms.
Abstract: e-mail has become an important means of electronic
communication but the viability of its usage is marred by Unsolicited
Bulk e-mail (UBE) messages. UBE consists of many types
like pornographic, virus infected and 'cry-for-help' messages as well
as fake and fraudulent offers for jobs, winnings and medicines. UBE
poses technical and socio-economic challenges to usage of e-mails.
To meet this challenge and combat this menace, we need to
understand UBE. Towards this end, the current paper presents a
content-based textual analysis of more than 2700 body enhancement
medicinal UBE. Technically, this is an application of Text Parsing
and Tokenization for an un-structured textual document and we
approach it using Bag Of Words (BOW) and Vector Space Document
Model techniques. We have attempted to identify the most
frequently occurring lexis in the UBE documents that advertise
various products for body enhancement. The analysis of such top
100 lexis is also presented. We exhibit the relationship between
occurrence of a word from the identified lexis-set in the given UBE
and the probability that the given UBE will be the one advertising for
fake medicinal product. To the best of our knowledge and survey of
related literature, this is the first formal attempt for identification of
most frequently occurring lexis in such UBE by its textual analysis.
Finally, this is a sincere attempt to bring about alertness against and
mitigate the threat of such luring but fake UBE.
Abstract: Legionella pneumophila is involved in more than 95%
cases of severe atypical pneumonia. Infection is mainly by
inhalation the indoor aerosols through the water-coolant systems.
Because some Legionella strains may be viable but not culturable,
therefore, Taq polymerase, DNA amplification and semi-nested-PCR
were carried out to detect Legionella-specific 16S-rDNA sequence.
For this purpose, 1.5 litter of water samples from 77 water-coolant
system were collected from four different hospitals, two nursing
homes and one student hostel in Kerman city of Iran, each in a brand
new plastic bottle during summer season of 2006 (from April to
August). The samples were filtered in the sterile condition through
the Millipore Membrane Filter. DNA was extracted from membrane
and used for PCR to detect Legionella spp. The PCR product was
then subjected to semi-nested PCR for detection of L. pneumophila.
Out of 77 water samples that were tested by PCR, 30 (39%) were
positive for most species of Legionella. However, L. pneumophila
was detected from 14 (18.2%) water samples by semi-nested PCR.
From the above results it can be concluded that water coolant
systems of different hospitals and nursing homes in Kerman city of
Iran are highly contaminated with L. pneumophila spp. and pose
serious concern. So, we recommend avoiding such type of coolant
system in the hospitals and nursing homes.