Abstract: Cow milk, is a product of the mammary gland and
soymilk is a beverage made from soybeans; it is the liquid that
remains after soybeans are soaked. In this research effort, we
compared nutritional parameters of this two kind milk such as total
fat, fiber, protein, minerals (Ca, Fe and P), fatty acids, carbohydrate,
lactose, water, total solids, ash, pH, acidity and calories content in
one cup (245 g). Results showed soymilk contains 4.67 grams of fat,
0.52 of fatty acids, 3.18 of fiber, 6.73 of protein, 4.43 of
carbohydrate, 0.00 of lactose, 228.51 of water, 10.40 of total solids
and 0.66 of ash, also 9.80 milligrams of Ca, 1.42 of Fe, and 120.05 of
P, 79 Kcal of calories, pH=6.74 and acidity was 0.24%. Cow milk
contains 8.15 grams of fat, 5.07 of fatty acids, 0.00 of fiber, 8.02 of
protein, 11.37 of carbohydrate, ´Çá4.27 of lactose, 214.69 of water,
12.90 of total solids, 1.75 of ash, 290.36 milligrams of Ca, 0.12 of
Fe, and 226.92 of P, 150 Kcal of calories, pH=6.90 and acidity was
0.21% . Soy milk is one of plant-based complete proteins and cow
milk is a rich source of nutrients as well. Cow milk is containing near
twice as much fat as and ten times more fatty acids do soymilk. Cow
milk contains greater amounts of mineral (except Fe) it contain more
than three hundred times the amount of Ca and nearly twice the
amount of P as does soymilk but soymilk contains more Fe (ten time
more) than does cow milk. Cow milk and soy milk contain nearly
identical amounts of protein and water and fiber is a big plus, dairy
has none. Although what we choose to drink is really a mater of
personal preference and our health objectives but looking at the
comparison, soy looks like healthier choices.
Abstract: To investigate the applicability of the EDR-2 film for
clinical radiation dosimetry, percentage depth-doses, profiles and
distributions in open and dynamically wedged fields were measured
using film and compared with data from a Treatment Planning
system.The validity of the EDR2 film to measure dose in a plane
parallel to the beam was tested by irradiating 10 cm×10 cm and 4
cm×4 cm fields from a Siemens, primus linac with a 6MV beam and
a source-to-surface distance of 100 cm. The film was placed
Horizontally between solid water phantom blocks and marked
with pin holes at a depth of 10 cm from the incident beam surface.
The film measurement results, in absolute dose, were compared with
ion chamber measurements using a Welhoffer scanning water tank
system and Treatment Planning system. Our results indicate a
maximum underestimate of calculated dose of 8 % with Treatment
Planning system.
Abstract: Kojic acid is an organic acid that is widely used as an ingredient for dermatological products, precursor for flavor enhancer and also as anti-inflammatory drug. The present study was undertaken to test the feasibility of pineapple residues as substrate for kojic acid production by Aspergillus flavus Link 44-1 via solid-state fermentation. The effect of initial moisture content, pH and incubation time on kojic acid fermentation was investigated. The best initial moisture content for kojic acid production from pineapple residues was observed at 70% (v/w) whereas initial culture pH 2.5 was identified to give high production of kojic acid. The optimal range of incubation time was identified between 8 and 14 days of incubation which corresponded to highest range of kojic acid produced. The results from this study pronounce the promising usability of pineapple residues as alternative substrate for kojic acid production by A. flavus Link 44-1.
Abstract: Gauteng, as the province with the greatest industrial and population density, the economic hub of South Africa also generates the greatest amount of waste, both general and hazardous. Therefore the province has a significant need to develop and apply appropriate integrated waste management policies that ensure that waste is recognised as a serious problem and is managed in an effective integrated manner to preserve both the present and future human health and environment. This paper reflects on Gauteng-s waste outlook in particular the province-s General Waste Minimisation Plan and its Integrated Waste Management Policy. The paper also looks at general waste generation, recyclable waste streams as well as recycling and separation at source initiatives in the province. Both the quantity and nature of solid waste differs considerably across the socio-economic spectrum. People in informal settlements generate an average of 0.16 kg per person per day whereas 2 kg per day is not unusual in affluent areas. For example the amount of waste generated in Johannesburg is approximately 1.2 kg per person per day.
Abstract: We investigate the ZnO role in the inherent protection
of old manuscripts to protect them against environmental damaging
effect of ultraviolet radiation, pollutant gasses, mold and bacteria. In
this study a cellulosic nanocomposite of ZnO were used as protective
coating on the surface of paper fibers. This layered nanocomposite
can act as a consolidate materials too. Furthermore, to determine how
well paper works screen objects from the damaging effects, two
accelerated aging mechanisms due to light and heat are discussed.
Results show good stability of papers with nanocomposite coating.
Also, a good light stability was shown in the colored paper that
treated with this nanocomposite. Furthermore, to demonstrate the
degree of antifungal and antibacterial properties of coated papers,
papers was treated with four common molds and bacteria and the
good preventive effects of coated paper against molds and bacteria
are described.
Abstract: Solidarity and kinship has long been an intangible
emblem to Malay community especially in the rural area. It is visibly
seen through the dependability among each unit of the community
either in religious and social events including the matrimonial or
wedding. Nevertheless, the inevitable phenomenon, modernization
legitimately alters every facets of human life not only the routines,
traditions, rituals, norms but also to the daily activities and the
specific occasion. Using triangulation approach of interview and self
completed questionnaire this study empirically examine the level of
alteration of Malays wedding foodways which relate to the
preparation and consumption of it and its impact on the community
social bonding. Some meaningful insights were obtained whereby
modernization through technology (modern equipments) and social
factors (education, migration, and high disposal income) significantly
contribute to the alteration of wedding foodways from preparation up
to consumption stages. The domino effect of this alteration
consequently leads to the fragility of social kinship or somehow
reduced cohesiveness and interaction among the individual of Malay
society in the rural area.
Abstract: Porcine production in China represents approximately
the 50% of the worldwide pig production. Information about pig
husbandry characteristics in China and manure properties from sows
to fatteners in intensive pig farms are not broadly available for
scientific studies as it is a time consuming, expensive task and highly
inaccessible. This study provides a report about solid pig manures
(28% dry matter) in a commercial pig farm located in the peri-urban
area of Beijing as well as a general overview of the current pig
husbandry techniques including pig breeds, feeds, diseases, housing as
well as pig manure and wastewater disposal. The main results are
intended to serve as a literature source for young scientists in order to
understand the main composition of pig manures as well as to identify
the husbandry techniques applied in an intensive pig farm in Beijing.
Abstract: This paper presents an experimental investigation of
transformer dielectric response and solid insulation water content.
The dielectric response was carried out on the base of Hybrid
Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy and Polarization Current
measurements method (FDS &PC). The calculation of the water
content in paper is based on the water content in oil and the obtained
equilibrium curves. A reference measurements were performed at
equilibrium conditions for water content in oil and paper of
transformer at different stable temperatures (25, 50, 60 and 70°C) to
prepare references to evaluate the insulation behavior at the not
equilibrium conditions. Some measurements performed at the
different simulated normal working modes of transformer operation
at the same temperature where the equilibrium conditions. The
obtained results show that when transformer temperature is mach
more than the its ambient temperature, the transformer temperature
decreases immediately after disconnecting the transformer from the
network and this temperature reduction influences the transformer
insulation condition in the measuring process. In addition to the oil
temperature at the near places to the sensors, the temperature
uniformity in transformer which can be changed by a big change in
the load of transformer before the measuring time will influence the
result. The investigations have shown that the extremely influence of
the time between disconnecting the transformer and beginning the
measurements on the results. And the online monitoring for water
content in paper measurements, on the basis of the oil water content
on line monitoring and the obtained equilibrium curves. The
measurements where performed continuously and for about 50 days
without any disconnection in the prepared the adiabatic room.
Abstract: The expansion mechanism of a partially ionized plasma produced by laser interaction with solid target (copper) is studied. For this purpose we use a hydrodynamical model which includes a source term combined with Saha's equation. The obtained self-similar solution in the limit of quasi-neutrality shows that the expansion, at the earlier stage, is driven by the combination of thermal pressure and electrostatic potential. They are of the same magnitude. The initial ionized fraction and the temperature are the leading parameters of the expanding profiles,
Abstract: The Taiwan Health Literacy Scale (THLS) was developed to cope with the need of measuring heath literacy of Chinese-speaking adults in Taiwan. Although the scale was proven having good reliability and validity, it was not popularly adopted by the practitioners due to the length, and the time required completing. Based on the THLS, this research further invited healthcare professionals to review the original scale for a possible shorten work. Under the logic of THLS, the research adopted an analytic hierarchy process technique to consolidate the healthcare experts- assessments to shorten the original scale. There are fifteen items out of the original 66 items were identified having higher loadings. Confirmed by the experts and passed a pilot test with 40 undergraduate students, a short form of THLS is then introduced. This research then used 839 samples from the major cities of the Hua-lien county in the eastern part of Taiwan to test the reliability and validity of this new scale. The reliability of the scale is high and acceptable. The current scale is also highly correlated with the original, of which provide evidence for the validity of the scale.
Abstract: In this study, we illustrated the performance and
microbial community of single- and two-phase systems anaerobically
co-digesting cassava pulp and pig manure. The results showed that
the volatile solid reduction and biogas productivity of two-phase
CSTR were 66 ± 4% and 2000 ± 210 ml l-1 d-1, while those of singlephase
CSTR were 59 ± 1% and 1670 ± 60 ml l-1 d-1, respectively. Codigestion
in two-phase CSTR gave higher 12% solid degradation and
25% methane production than single-phase CSTR. Phylogenetic
analysis of 16S rDNA clone library revealed that the Bacteroidetes
were the most abundant group, followed by the Clostridia in singlephase
CSTR. In hydrolysis/acidification reactor of two-phase system,
the bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes, especially Clostridium,
Eubacteriaceae and Lactobacillus were the dominant phylogenetic
groups. Among the Archaea, Methanosaeta sp. was the exclusive
predominant in both digesters while the relative abundance of
Methanosaeta sp. and Methanospirillum hungatei differed between
the two systems.
Abstract: The Brazilian Agricultural Products Wholesale Market fits well as example of residues generating system, reaching 750 metric tons per month of total residues, from which 600 metric tons are organic material and 150 metric tons are recyclable materials. Organic material is basically composed of fruit, vegetables and flowers leftovers from the products commercialization. The recyclable compounds are generate from packing material employed in the commercialization process. This research work devoted efforts in carrying quantitative analysis of the residues generated in the agricultural enterprise at its final destination. Data survey followed the directions implemented by the Residues Management Program issued by the agricultural enterprise. It was noticed from that analysis the necessity of changing the logistics applied to the recyclable material collecting process. However, composting process was elected as the organic compounds destination which is considered adequate for a material composed of significant percentage of organic matter far higher than wood, cardboard and plastics contents.
Abstract: There is a growing interest in the food industry and in preventive health care for the development and evaluation of natural antioxidants from medicinal plant materials. In the present work, extracts of three medicinal plants (Tilia argentea, Crataegi folium leaves and Polygonum bistorta roots) used in Turkish phytotheraphy were screened for their phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties. Crude extracts were obtained from different parts of plants, by solidliquid extraction with pure water, 70% acetone and 70% methanol aqueous solvents. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by ABTS.+ radical cation scavenging activity. The Folin Ciocalteu procedure was used to assess the total phenolic concentrations of the extracts as gallic acid equivalents. A modified liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) was used to obtain chromatographic profiles of the phenolic compounds in the medicinal plants. The predominant phenolic compounds detected in different extracts of the plants were catechin, protocatechuic and chlorogenic acids. The highest phenolic contents were obtained by using 70% acetone as aqueous solvent, whereas the lowest phenolic contents were obtained by water extraction due to Folin Ciocalteu results. The results indicate that acetone extracts of Tilia argentea had the highest antioxidant capacity as free ABTS radical scavengers. The lowest phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities were obtained from Polygonum bistorta root extracts.
Abstract: This study reports the preparation of soft magnetic
ribbons of Fe-based amorphous alloys using the single-roller melt-spinning technique. Ribbon width varied from 142 mm to 213
mm and, with a thickness of approximately 22 μm ± 2 μm. The microstructure and magnetic properties of the ribbons were
characterized by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and electrical resistivity measurements (ERM). The amorphous material
properties dependence of the cooling rate and nozzle pressure have uneven surface in ribbon thicknesses are investigated. Magnetic
measurement results indicate that some region of the ribbon exhibits good magnetic properties, higher saturation induction and lower coercivity. However, due to the uneven surface of 213 mm wide
ribbon, the magnetic responses are not uniformly distributed. To
understand the transformer magnetic performances, this study analyzes the measurements of a three-phase 2 MVA amorphous-cored transformer. Experimental results confirm that the transformer with a
ribbon width of 142 mm has better magnetic properties in terms of lower core loss, exciting power, and audible noise.
Abstract: Usually, the solid-fuel flow of an iron ore sinter plant
consists of different types of the solid-fuels, which differ from each
other. Information about the composition of the solid-fuel flow
usually comes every 8-24 hours. It can be clearly seen that this
information cannot be used to control the sintering process in real
time. Due to this, we propose an expert system which uses indirect
measurements from the process in order to obtain the composition of
the solid-fuel flow by solving an optimization task. Then this
information can be used to control the sintering process. The
proposed technique can be successfully used to improve sinter
quality and reduce the amount of solid-fuel used by the process.
Abstract: In two studies we challenged the well consolidated
position in regret literature according to which the necessary
condition for the emergence of regret is a bad outcome ensuing from
free decisions. Without free choice, and, consequently, personal
responsibility, other emotions, such as disappointment, but not regret,
are supposed to be elicited. In our opinion, a main source of regret is
being obliged by circumstance out of our control to chose an
undesired option. We tested the hypothesis that regret resulting from
a forced choice is more intense than regret derived from a free choice
and that the outcome affects the latter, not the former. Besides, we
investigated whether two other variables – the perception of the level
of freedom of the choice and the choice justifiability – mediated the
relationships between choice and regret, as well as the other four
emotions we examined: satisfaction, anger toward oneself,
disappointment, anger towards circumstances. The two studies were
based on the scenario methodology and implied a 2 x 2 (choice x
outcome) between design. In the first study the foreseen short-term
effects of the choice were assessed; in the second study the
experienced long-term effects of the choice were assessed. In each
study 160 students of the Second University of Naples participated.
Results largely corroborated our hypotheses. They were discussed in
the light of the main theories on regret and decision making.
Abstract: Landfill gas, particularly methane is one of the
greenhouse gases which contributes to global warming. This paper presents the findings of a study on methane gas production from
simulated landfill reactor under saturated conditions. A reactor was constructed to represent a landfill cell of 2.5 m thickness on sandy
soil. The reactor was 0.2 m in diameter and 4 m in height. One meter of sand and pebble layer was packed at the bottom of the reactor
followed by 2.5 m of solid waste layer and 0.4 m of sand layer as the cover soil. Degradation of waste in the solid waste layer was at
acidification stage as indicated by the leachate quality with COD as
high as 55,511 mg/L and pH as low as 5.1. However, methanogenic
environment was established at the bottom sand layer after one year of operation indicated by pH of 7.2 and methane gas generation.
Leachate degradation took place as the leachate moved through the
sand layer at an infiltration of rate 0.7 cm/day. This resulted in landfill gas production of 77 mL/day/kg containing 55 to 65% methane. The application of sand layer contributed to the gas
production from landfill by an in-situ degradation of leachate in the
sand at the bottom of the landfill.
Abstract: The onset of Marangoni convection in a horizontal
fluid layer with internal heat generation overlying a solid layer
heated from below is studied. The upper free surface of a fluid is
nondeformable and the bottom boundary are rigid and no-slip. The
resulting eigenvalue problem is solved exactly. The critical values of
the Marangoni numbers for the onset of Marangoni convection are
calculated and the latter is found to be critically dependent on the
internal heating, depth ratio and conductivity ratio. The effects of the
thermal conductivity and the thickness of the solid plate on the onset
of convective instability with internal heating are studied in detail.
Abstract: Protective coatings that resist oxide scale growth and
decrease chromium evaporation are necessary to make stainless steel
interconnect materials for long-term durable operation of solid oxide
fuel cells (SOFCs). In this study a layer of cobalt was electroplated
on the surface of AISI 441 ferritic stainless steel which is used in
solid oxide fuel cells for interconnect applications. The oxidation
behavior of coated substrates was studied as a function of time at
operating conditions of SOFCs. Cyclic oxidation has been also tested
at 800ºC for 100 cycles. Cobalt coating during isothermal oxidation
caused to the oxide growth resistance by limiting the outward
diffusion of Cr cation and the inward diffusion of oxygen anion.
Results of cyclic oxidation exhibited that coated substrates
demonstrate an excellent resistance against the spallation and
cracking.
Abstract: Two-interconnected fluidized bed systems are widely used in various processes such as Fisher-Tropsch, hot gas desulfurization, CO2 capture-regeneration with dry sorbent, chemical-looping combustion, sorption enhanced steam methane reforming, chemical-looping hydrogen generation system, and so on. However, most of two-interconnected fluidized beds systems require riser and/or pneumatic transport line for solid conveying and loopseals or seal-pots for gas sealing, recirculation of solids to the riser, and maintaining of pressure balance. The riser (transport bed) is operated at the high velocity fluidization condition and residence times of gas and solid in the riser are very short. If the reaction rate of catalyst or sorbent is slow, the riser can not ensure sufficient contact time between gas and solid and we have to use two bubbling beds for each reaction to ensure sufficient contact time. In this case, additional riser must be installed for solid circulation. Consequently, conventional two-interconnected fluidized bed systems are very complex, large, and difficult to operate. To solve these problems, a novel two-interconnected fluidized bed system has been developed. This system has two bubbling beds, solid injection nozzles, solid conveying lines, and downcomers. In this study, effects of operating variables on solid circulation rate, gas leakage between two beds have been investigated in a cold mode two-interconnected fluidized bed system. Moreover, long-term operation of continuous solid circulation up to 60 hours has been performed to check feasibility of stable operation.