Abstract: The new methods as accelerated steam distillation
assisted by microwave (ASDAM) is a combination of microwave
heating and steam distillation, performed at atmospheric pressure at
very short extraction time. Isolation and concentration of volatile
compounds are performed by a single stage. (ASDAM) has been
compared with (ASDAM) with cryogrinding of seeds (CG) and a
conventional technique, hydrodistillation assisted by microwave
(HDAM), hydro-distillation (HD) for the extraction of essential oil
from aromatic herb as caraway and cumin seeds. The essential oils
extracted by (ASDAM) for 1 min were quantitatively (yield) and
qualitatively (aromatic profile) no similar to those obtained by
ASDAM-CG (1 min) and HD (for 3 h). The accelerated microwave
extraction with cryogrinding inhibits numerous enzymatic reactions
as hydrolysis of oils.
Microwave radiations constitute the adequate mean for the
extraction operations from the yields and high content in major
component majority point view, and allow to minimise considerably
the energy consumption, but especially heating time too, which is one
of essential parameters of artifacts formation.
The ASDAM and ASDAM-CG are green techniques and yields an
essential oil with higher amounts of more valuable oxygenated
compounds comparable to the biosynthesis compounds, and allows
substantial savings of costs, in terms of time, energy and plant
material.
Abstract: 36 strains of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were isolated in
Southern Kazakhstan soda-saline soils and identified. Screening of
strains according bio-oxidation (destruction thiosulfate to sulfate) and
enzymatic (Thiosulfate dehydrogenises and thiosulfate reductase)
activity was conducted. There were selected modes of aeration and
culture conditions (pH, temperature), which provide optimum harvest
cells. These strains can be used in bio-melioration technology.
Abstract: This study was conducted for the investigation of
number of cellulolytic bacteria and their ability in decomposition.
Seven samples surface soil were collected on cellulose Zailiskii
Alatau slopes. Cellulolitic activity of new strains of Bacillus, isolated
from soil is determined. Isolated cellulose degrading bacteria were
screened for determination of the highest cellulose activity by
quantitative assay using Congo red, gravimetric assay and
colorimetric DNS method trough of the determination of the
parameters of sugar reduction. Strains are assigned to: B.subtilis,
B.licheniformis, B. cereus and, В. megaterium. Bacillus strains
consisting of several different types of cellulases have broad substrate
specificity of cellulase complexes formed by them. Cellulolitic
bacteria were recorded to have highest cellulase activity and selected
for optimization of cellulase enzyme production.
Abstract: Following plants-barley (Hordeum sativum), alfalfa
(Medicago sativa), grass mixture (red fescue-75%, long-term
ryegrass - 20% Kentucky bluegrass - 10%), oilseed rape (Brassica
napus biennis), resistant to growth in the contaminated soil with oil
content of 15.8 g / kg 25.9 g / kg soil were used. Analysis of the
population showed that the oil pollution reduces the number of
bacteria in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of plants and enhances the
amount of spore-forming bacteria and saprotrophic micromycetes. It
was shown that regardless of the plant, dominance of Pseudomonas
and Bacillus genera bacteria was typical for the rhizosphere and
rhizoplane of plants. The frequency of bacteria of these genera was
more than 60%. Oil pollution changes the ratio of occurrence of
various types of bacteria in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of plants.
Besides the Pseudomonas and Bacillus genera, in the presence of
hydrocarbons in the root zone of plants dominant and most typical
were the representatives of the Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus
genera. Together the number was between 62% to 72%.
Abstract: The fuel potential of six tropical hardwood species
namely: Triplochiton scleroxylon, Ceiba pentandra, Aningeria
robusta, Terminalia superba, Celtis mildbreadii and Piptadenia
africana were studied. Properties studied included species density,
gross calorific value, volatile matter, ash content, organic carbon and
elemental composition. Fuel properties were determined using
standard laboratory methods. The result indicates that the gross
calorific value (GCV) of the species ranged from 20.16 to 22.22
MJ/kg and they slightly varied from each other. Additionally, the
GCV of the biomass materials were higher than that of other biomass
materials like; wheat straw, rice straw, maize straw and sugar cane.
The ash and volatile matter content varied from 0.6075 to 5.0407%,
and 75.23% to 83.70% respectively. The overall rating of the
properties of the six biomass materials suggested that Piptadenia
africana has the best fuel property to be used as briquettes and
Aningeria robusta the worse. This study therefore suggests that a
holistic assessment of a biomass material needs to be done before
selecting it for fuel purpose.
Abstract: In recent years in Italy the progress of the automobile industry, in the field of reduction of emissions values, is very remarkable. Nevertheless their evaluation and reduction is a key problem, especially in the cities, that account for more than 50% of world population. In this paper we dealt with the problem of describing a quantitatively approach for the reconstruction of GPS coordinates and altitude, in the context of correlation study between driving cycles / emission / geographical location, during an experimental campaign realized with some instrumented cars.
Abstract: This research aimed to study on the efficiency of wastewater treatment by comparing the different aeration times of surface aerators in Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University. In doing so, the operation of surface aerators was divided into 2 groups which included the groups of 8 hours (8-0/opened-closed) and 4 hours (2-2/opened-closed) of aeration time per day. As a result of the study, it was found that the efficiency of wastewater treatment in the forms of DO, BOD, turbidity and NO2- by 8 hours (8-0/opened-closed) and 4 hours (2-2/opened-closed) of aeration time per day of surface aerators was not statistically different [Sig. = .644, .488, .716 and .054 > α (.05)] while the efficiency in the forms of NO3- and P was significantly different at the statistical level of .01 [Sig. = .001 and .000 < α (.01)].
Abstract: High resolution seismic reflection has recently been carried out on Zaria batholith, with the aim of characterizing the granitic Zaria batholiths in terms of its lithology. The geology of the area has revealed that the older granite outcrops in the vicinity of Zaria are exposures of a syntectonics to late-tectonic granite batholiths which intruded a crystalline gneissic basement during the Pan-African Orogeny. During the data acquisition the geophone were placed at interval of 1 m, variable offset of 1 and 10 m was used. The common midpoint (CMP) method with 12 fold coverage was employed for the survey. Analysis of the generated 3D surface of the p wave velocities from different profiles for densities and bulk modulus revealed that the rock material is more consolidated in South East part of the batholith and less consolidated in the North Western part. This was in conformity with earlier identified geology of the area, with the South Eastern part majorly of granitic outcrop, while the North Western part is characterized with the exposure of gneisses and thick overburden cover. The difference in lithology was also confirmed by the difference in seismic sections and Arial satellite photograph. Hence two major lithologies were identified, the granitic and gneisses complex which are characterized by gradational boundaries.
Abstract: A study was conducted in May to July 2013 with the aim of determination of heavy metal concentration in orchard area. 60 samples were collected and analyzed for Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
The heavy metal concentrations in sediment of orchards, that use chemical for Cd (1.13 ± 0.26 mg/l), Cu (8.00 ± 1.05 mg/l), Pb (13.16 ± 2.01) and Zn (37.41 ± 3.20 mg/l). The heavy metal concentrations in sediment of the orchards, that do not use chemical for Cd (1.28 ± 0.50 mg/l), Cu (7.60 ± 1.20 mg/l), Pb (29.87 ± 4.88) and Zn (21.79 ± 2.98 mg/l). Statistical analysis between heavy metal in sediment from the orchard, that use chemical and the orchard, that not use chemical were difference statistic significant of 0.5 level of significant for Cd and Pb while no statistically difference for Cu and Zn.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe the main
characteristics of macroinvertebrate species in response to
environmental forcing factors. Overall, 23 species of Mollusca, 4
species of Arthropods, 3 species of Echinodermata and 3 species of
Annelida were identified at the 9 sampling stations during four
sampling periods. Individual species of Mollusca constituted 36.4%
of the total abundance, followed by Arthropods (27.01%), Annelida
(34.3%) and Echinodermata (2.4%). The results of Kruskal-Wallis
test indicated that a significant difference (p
Abstract: This research aims to study the Zinc (Zn) concentration in fine particulate matter on Rajchawithee roadside in rush hour. 30 Samples were collected in Jun to August 2013 by 8 stage non-avaible cascade impactor. Each samples (filter paper) were digest with nitric acid and analyed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer for Zinc determination. The highest value for the mean fraction (18.00 ± 9.28%) is the size 9.0 – 110.0 micron follow by the range 3.3 – 4.7 micron (14.77 ± 14.66 %) and 1.1 – 2.1 micron (14.01 ± 11.77 %). The concentration of Zn in the particulate matter of range 0.43 – 0.7mm, 0.7 – 1.1 mm, 1.1 – 2.1 mm, 2.1 – 3.3 mm, 3.3 – 4.7 mm, 4.7 – 5.8 mm, 5.8 – 9.0 mm, 9.0 – 10.0 mm, were 41.56 – 217.62 mg/m3 (175.86 ±32.25 mg/m3), 152.60 – 217.24 mg/m3 (187.71 ± 17.42 mg/m3), 142.90 – 214.67 mg/m3(180.95 ± 18.71 mg/m3), 155.48 – 218.19 mg/m3(183.22 ± 19.94 mg/m3), 151.72 – 217.39 mg/m3(181.85 ± 17.57 mg/m3), 133.86 – 220.17 mg/m3 (178.78 ± 23.45 mg/m3), 160.00 – 220.35 mg/m3 (182.58 ± 18.08 mg/m3), 153.30 – 226.70 mg/m3 (181.52 ± 20.05 mg/m3), respectively. The Zn concentration in each size of particulate matter was not statistically significant different (p > .005)
Abstract: The adsorption efficiency of various adsorbents for the removal of Zn(II) ions from the waste printing developer was studied in laboratory batch mode. The maximum adsorption efficiency of 94.1% was achieved with unfired clay pellets size (d ≈ 15 mm). The obtained values of adsorption efficiency was subjected to the independent-samples t test in order to investigate the statistically significant differences of the investigated adsorbents for the effective removal of Zn(II) ions from the waste printing developer. The most statistically significant differences of adsorption efficiencies for Zn(II) ions removal were obtained between unfired clay pellets (size d ≈ 15 mm) and activated carbon (½t½=6.909), natural zeolite (½t½=10.380), mixture of activated carbon and natural zeolite (½t½=9.865), bentonite (½t½=6.159), fired clay (½t½=6.641), fired clay pellets (size d ≈ 5 mm) (½t½=6.678), fired clay pellets (size d ≈ 8 mm) (½t½=3.422), respectively.
Abstract: Local utilities often face problems of local industrial
wastes, storm water disposal due to existing strict regulations. For
many local industries, the problem of wastewater treatment and
discharge into surface reservoirs can’t be solved through the use of
conventional biological treatment techniques. Current discharge
standards require very strict removal of a number of impurities such
as ammonia, nitrates, phosphate, etc. To reach this level of removal,
expensive reagents and sorbents are used.
The modern concept of rational water resources management
requires the development of new efficient techniques that provide
wastewater treatment and reuse.
As RO membranes simultaneously reject all dissolved impurities
such as BOD, TDS, ammonia, phosphates etc., they become very
attractive for the direct treatment of wastewater without biological
stage. To treat wastewater, specially designed membrane "open
channel" modules are used that do not possess "dead areas" that cause
fouling or require pretreatment. A solution to RO concentrate
disposal problem is presented that consists of reducing of initial
wastewater volume by 100 times. Concentrate is withdrawn from
membrane unit as sludge moisture. The efficient use of membrane
RO techniques is connected with a salt balance in water system.
Thus, to provide high ecological efficiency of developed techniques,
all components of water supply and wastewater discharge systems
should be accounted for.
Abstract: The work delineates the threats of maladjustment of the capacity of rain canals, designed and built in the early 20th century, in connection to heavy rainfall, especially in summer. This is the cause of the so called 'urban floods.' It directly relates to fierce raise of paving in the cities. Resolving this problem requires a change in philosophy of draining the rainfall by wider use of retention, infiltration and usage of rainwater.
In systemic approach to managing the safety of urban drainage systems the risk, which is directly connected to safety failures, has been accepted as a measure. The risk level defines the probability of occurrence of losses greater than the ones forecast for a given time frame. The procedure of risk modelling, enabling its numeric analysis by using appropriate weights, is a significant issue in this paper.
Abstract: Considering the serious health hazards of air pollutants from automobiles, the present study was aimed to estimate the genotoxic/tumor inducing potential of three soil samples collected from junctions of Bus stand (BS), Crystal (CT) and Railway station (RS) of Amritsar, Punjab (India) using Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay (AlRCAA) and potato disc tumor assay (PDTA). The genotoxic potential in AlRCAA was 41.27% and 41.26% for BS; 37.89% and 43.38% for RS and 33.76% and 37.83% for CT during in situ and root dip treatments, respectively. The maximum number of tumors were induced in RS sample (64) followed by BS (21) and CT (9) during PDTA. The physicochemical parameters of soil sample were also studied and the concentration of lead was found to be 95.21 mg/Kg in RS, 35.30 mg/Kg in BS and 24.59 mg/Kg in CT samples.
Abstract: This research studied recycled waste by the Recyclable Material Bank Project of 4 universities in the central region of Thailand for the evaluation of reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared with landfilling activity during July 2012 to June 2013. The results showed that the projects collected total amount of recyclable wastes of about 911,984.80 kilograms. Office paper had the largest amount among these recycled wastes (50.68% of total recycled waste). Groups of recycled waste can be prioritized from high to low according to their amount as paper, plastic, glass, mixed recyclables, and metal, respectively. The project reduced greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to about 2814.969 metric tons of carbon dioxide. The most significant recycled waste that affects the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is office paper which is 70.16% of total reduced greenhouse gasses emission. According to amount of reduced greenhouse gasses emission, groups of recycled waste can be prioritized from high to low significances as paper, plastic, metals, mixed recyclables, and glass, respectively.
Abstract: The need to evaluate and understand the natural
drainage pattern in a flood prone, and fast developing environment is
of paramount importance. This information will go a long way to
help the town planners to determine the drainage pattern, road
networks and areas where prominent structures are to be located. This
research work was carried out with the aim of studying the Bayelsa
landscape topography using digitized topographic information, and to
model the natural drainage flow pattern that will aid the
understanding and constructions of workable drainages. To achieve
this, digitize information of elevation and coordinate points were
extracted from a global imagery map. The extracted information was
modeled into 3D surfaces. The result revealed that the average
elevation for Bayelsa State is 12 m above sea level. The highest
elevation is 28 m, and the lowest elevation 0 m, along the coastline.
In Yenagoa the capital city of Bayelsa were a detail survey was
carried out showed that average elevation is 15 m, the highest
elevation is 25 m and lowest is 3 m above the mean sea level. The
regional elevation in Bayelsa, showed a gradation decrease from the
North Eastern zone to the South Western Zone. Yenagoa showed an
observed elevation lineament, were low depression is flanked by high
elevation that runs from the North East to the South west. Hence,
future drainages in Yenagoa should be directed from the high
elevation, from South East toward the North West and from the
North West toward South East, to the point of convergence which is
at the center that flows from South East toward the North West.
Bayelsa when considered on a regional Scale, the flow pattern is from
the North East to the South West, and also North South. It is
recommended that in the event of any large drainage construction at
municipal scale, it should be directed from North East to the South
West or from North to South. Secondly, detail survey should be
carried out to ascertain the local topography and the drainage pattern
before the design and construction of any drainage system in any part
of Bayelsa.
Abstract: The motorway segment between Tangier and Oued
R’mel has experienced, since the beginning of building works,
significant instability and landslides linked to a number of geological,
hydrogeological and geothermic factors affecting the different
formations.
The landslides observed are not fully understood, despite many
studies conducted on this segment. This study aims at producing new
methods to better explain the phenomena behind the landslides,
taking into account the geotechnical and geothermic contexts. This
analysis builds up on previous studies and geotechnical data collected
in the field.
The final body of data collected shall be processed through the
Plaxis software for a better and customizable view of the landslide
problems in the area, which will help tofind solutions and stabilize
land in the area.