Abstract: Rapid population growth, urbanization and
industrialization are known as the most important factors of
environment problems. Elimination and management of solid wastes
are also within the most important environment problems. One of the
main problems in solid waste management is the selection of the best
site for elimination of solid wastes. Lately, Geographical Information
System (GIS) has been used for easing selection of landfill area. GIS
has the ability of imitating necessary economic, environmental and
political limitations. They play an important role for the site selection
of landfill area as a decision support tool. In this study; map layers will be studied for minimum effect of
environmental, social and cultural factors and maximum effect for
engineering/economic factors for site selection of landfill areas and
using GIS for a decision support mechanism in solid waste landfill
areas site selection will be presented in Aksaray/Turkey city,
Güzelyurt district practice.
Abstract: Environmental and functional conditions, sometimes,
necessitate the architectural plan of the building to be asymmetric,
and this result in an asymmetric structure. In such cases finding an
optimal pattern for locating the components of lateral load bearing
system, including shear walls, in the building’s plan is desired. In
case of shear wall in addition to the location the shape of the wall
cross-section is also an effective factor. Various types of shear walls
and their proper layout might come effective in better stiffness
distribution and more appropriate seismic response of the building.
Several studies have been conducted in the context of analysis and
design of shear walls; however, few studies have been performed on
making decisions for the location and form of shear walls in multistory
buildings, especially those with irregular plan. In this study, an
attempt has been made to obtain the most reliable seismic behavior of
multi-story reinforced concrete vertically chamfered buildings by
using more appropriate shear walls form and arrangement in 7-, 10-,
12-, and 15-stoy buildings. The considered forms and arrangements
include common rectangular walls and L-, T-, U- and Z-shaped plan,
located as the core or in the outer frames of the building structure.
Comparison of seismic behaviors of the buildings, including
maximum roof displacement and particularly formation of plastic
hinges and their distribution in the buildings’ structures, have been
done based on the results of a series of nonlinear time history
analyses, by using a set of selected earthquake records. Results show
that shear walls with U-shaped cross-section, placed as the building
central core, and also walls with Z-shaped cross-section, placed at the
corners give the building more reliable seismic behavior.
Abstract: Urban areas, as they have been developed and operate
today, are areas of accumulation of a significant amount of people
and a large number of activities that generate desires and reasons for
traveling. The territorial expansion of the cities as well as the need to
preserve the importance of the central city areas lead to the
continuous increase of transportation needs which in the limited
urban space results in creating serious traffic and operational
problems. The modern perception of urban planning is directed towards more
holistic approaches and integrated policies that make it economically
competitive, socially just and more environmentally friendly. Over
the last 25 years, the goal of sustainable transport development has
been central to the agenda of any plan or policy for the city. The
modern planning of urban space takes into account the economic and
social aspects of the city and the importance of the environment to
sustainable urban development. In this context, the European Union
promotes direct or indirect related interventions according to the
cohesion and environmental policies; many countries even had the
chance to actually test them. This paper explores the methods and processes that have been
developed towards this direction and presents a review and
systematic presentation of this work. The ultimate purpose of this
research is to effectively use this review to create a decision making
methodological framework which can be the basis of a useful
operational tool for sustainable urban planning.
Abstract: One of the major problems being faced by human society is that the global temperature is believed to be rising due to human activity that releases carbon IV Oxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. Carbon IV Oxide is the most important greenhouse gas influencing global warming and possible climate change. With climate change becoming alarming, reducing CO2 in our atmosphere has become a primary goal of international efforts. Forest lands are major sink and could absorb large quantities of carbon if the trees are judiciously managed. The study aims at estimating the carbon sequestration capacity of Pinus caribaea (pine) and Tectona grandis (Teak) under the prevailing environmental conditions and exploring tree growth variables that influences the carbon sequestration capacity in Omo Forest Reserve, Ogun State, Nigeria. Improving forest management by manipulating growth characteristics that influences carbon sequestration could be an adaptive strategy of forestry to climate change. Random sampling was used to select Temporary Sample Plots (TSPs) in the study area from where complete enumeration of growth variables was carried out within the plots. The data collected were subjected to descriptive and correlational analyses. The results showed that average carbon stored by Pine and Teak are 994.4±188.3 Kg and 1350.7±180.6 Kg respectively. The difference in carbon stored in the species is significant enough to consider choice of species relevant in climate change adaptation strategy. Tree growth variables influence the capacity of the tree to sequester carbon. Height, diameter, volume, wood density and age are positively correlated to carbon sequestration. These tree growth variables could be manipulated by the forest manager as an adaptive strategy for climate change while plantations of high wood density species could be relevant for management strategy to increase carbon storage.
Abstract: In this paper, temperature extremes are forecast by
employing the block maxima method of the Generalized extreme
value(GEV) distribution to analyse temperature data from the
Cameroon Development Corporation (C.D.C). By considering two sets
of data (Raw data and simulated data) and two (stationary and
non-stationary) models of the GEV distribution, return levels analysis
is carried out and it was found that in the stationary model, the
return values are constant over time with the raw data while in the
simulated data, the return values show an increasing trend but with
an upper bound. In the non-stationary model, the return levels of
both the raw data and simulated data show an increasing trend but
with an upper bound. This clearly shows that temperatures in the
tropics even-though show a sign of increasing in the future, there
is a maximum temperature at which there is no exceedence. The
results of this paper are very vital in Agricultural and Environmental
research.
Abstract: Currently, planners try to have more green travel
options to decrease economic, social and environmental problems.
Therefore, this study tries to find significant urban travel factors to be
used to increase the usage of alternative urban travel modes. This
paper attempts to identify the relationship between prominent urban
mobility indicators and daily trips by public transport in 30 cities
from various parts of the world. Different travel modes,
infrastructures and cost indicators were evaluated in this research as
mobility indicators. The results of multi-linear regression analysis
indicate that there is a significant relationship between mobility
indicators and the daily usage of public transport.
Abstract: Review of studies carried out on the use of bagasse
ash for the improvement of deficient soils in Nigeria, with emphasis
on lateritic and black cotton soils is presented. Although, the bagasse
ash is mostly used as additive to the conventional soil stabilizers
(cement and lime), the studies generally showed improvement in the
geotechnical properties of the soils, either modified or stabilized with
the ash. This showed the potentials of using this agricultural waste
(bagasse ash) in the improvement of geotechnical properties of
deficient soils, thus suggesting that using this material at large scale
level in geotechnical engineering practice could help in the provision
of stable and durable structures, reduce cost of soil improvement and
also reduces environmental nuisance caused by the unused waste in
Nigeria.
Abstract: A biosphere reserve is developed to create harmony
amongst economic development, community development, and
environmental protection, through partnership between human and
nature. Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB BR)
in Riau Province, Indonesia, is unique in that it has peat soil
dominating the area, many springs essential for human livelihood,
high biodiversity. Furthermore, it is the only biosphere reserve
covering privately managed production forest areas. In this research, we aimed at analyzing the threat of deforestation
and forest fire, and the potential of CO2 emission at GSKBB BR. We
used Landsat image, arcView software, and ERDAS IMAGINE 8.5
Software to conduct spatial analysis of land cover and land use
changes, calculated CO2 emission based on emission potential from
each land cover and land use type, and exercised simple linear
regression to demonstrate the relation between CO2 emission
potential and deforestation. The result showed that, beside in the buffer zone and transition
area, deforestation also occurred in the core area. Spatial analysis of
land cover and land use changes from years 2010, 2012, and 2014
revealed that there were changes of land cover and land use from
natural forest and industrial plantation forest to other land use types,
such as garden, mixed garden, settlement, paddy fields, burnt areas,
and dry agricultural land. Deforestation in core area, particularly at
the Giam Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve and Bukit Batu Wildlife
Reserve, occurred in the form of changes from natural forest in to
garden, mixed garden, shrubs, swamp shrubs, dry agricultural land,
open area, and burnt area. In the buffer zone and transition area,
changes also happened, what once swamp forest changed into garden,
mixed garden, open area, shrubs, swamp shrubs, and dry agricultural
land. Spatial analysis on land cover and land use changes indicated
that deforestation rate in the biosphere reserve from 2010 to 2014 had
reached 16 119 ha/year. Beside deforestation, threat toward the
biosphere reserve area also came from forest fire. The occurrence of forest fire in 2014 had burned 101 723 ha of the
area, in which 9 355 ha of core area, and 92 368 ha of buffer zone
and transition area. Deforestation and forest fire had increased CO2
emission as much as 24 903 855 ton/year.
Abstract: Damaturu is the capital of Yobe State in northeastern
Nigeria where civic amenities and facilities are not adequate even
after 24 years of its existence. The volatile security and political
situations are most significant causes for the same. The basic facility
for the citizens in terms of drinking water and electricity are not
available. For the drinking water, they have to rely on personal
boreholes or the filtered borehole waters available in packaged
sachets in market. The present study is concerned with environmental
impact of indiscriminate disposal of drinking synthetic polythene
water sachets in Damaturu. The sachet water is popularly called as
“pure water”, but its purity is questionable. Increased production and
consumption of sachet water has led to indiscriminate dumping and
disposal of empty sachets leading to serious environmental threat.
The evidence of this is seen for sachets littering the streets and the
drainages blocked by ‘blocks’ of water sachet waste. Sachet water
gained much popularity in Nigeria because the product is convenient
for use, affordable and economically viable. The present study aims
to find out the solution to this environmental problem. The fieldbased
study has found some significant factors that cause
environmental and socio economic effect due to this. Some
recommendations have been made based on research findings
regarding sustainable waste management, recycling and re-use of the
non-biodegradable products in society.
Abstract: Nitrification is essential to biological processes
designed to remove ammonia and/or total nitrogen. It removes excess
nitrogenous compound in wastewater which could be very toxic to
the aquatic fauna or cause serious imbalance of such aquatic
ecosystem. Efficient nitrification is linked to an in-depth knowledge
of the structure and dynamics of the nitrifying community structure
within the wastewater treatment systems. In this study, molecular
technique was employed for characterizing the microbial structure of
activated sludge [ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite
oxidizing bacteria (NOB)] in a municipal wastewater treatment with
intention of linking it to the plant efficiency. PCR based phylogenetic
analysis was also carried out. The average operating and
environmental parameters as well as specific nitrification rate of plant
was investigated during the study. During the investigation the average temperature was 23±1.5oC.
Other operational parameters such as mixed liquor suspended solids
and chemical oxygen demand inversely correlated with ammonia
removal. The dissolved oxygen level in the plant was constantly
lower than the optimum (between 0.24 and 1.267 mg/l) during this
study. The plant was treating wastewater with influent ammonia
concentration of 31.69 and 24.47 mg/L. The influent flow rates
(ML/Day) was 96.81 during period. The dominant nitrifiers include:
Nitrosomonas spp. Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrospira spp. The AOB
had correlation with nitrification efficiency and temperature. This
study shows that the specific ammonia oxidizing rate and the specific
nitrate formation rates can serve as good indicator of the plant overall
nitrification performance.
Abstract: In most existing buildings in hot climate, cooling
loads lead to high primary energy consumption and consequently
high CO2 emissions. These can be substantially decreased with
integrated renewable energy systems. Kuwait is characterized by its
dry hot long summer and short warm winter. Kuwait receives annual
total radiation more than 5280 MJ/m2 with approximately 3347 h of
sunshine. Solar energy systems consist of PV modules and parabolic
trough collectors are considered to satisfy electricity consumption,
domestic water heating, and cooling loads of an existing building.
This paper presents the results of an extensive program of energy
conservation and energy generation using integrated photovoltaic
(PV) modules and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC). The program
conducted on an existing institutional building intending to convert it
into a Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) or near net Zero Energy
Building (nNZEB). The program consists of two phases; the first
phase is concerned with energy auditing and energy conservation
measures at minimum cost and the second phase considers the
installation of photovoltaic modules and parabolic trough collectors.
The 2-storey building under consideration is the Applied Sciences
Department at the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait. Single
effect lithium bromide water absorption chillers are implemented to
provide air conditioning load to the building. A numerical model is
developed to evaluate the performance of parabolic trough collectors
in Kuwait climate. Transient simulation program (TRNSYS) is
adapted to simulate the performance of different solar system
components. In addition, a numerical model is developed to assess
the environmental impacts of building integrated renewable energy
systems. Results indicate that efficient energy conservation can play
an important role in converting the existing buildings into NZEBs as
it saves a significant portion of annual energy consumption of the
building. The first phase results in an energy conservation of about
28% of the building consumption. In the second phase, the integrated
PV completely covers the lighting and equipment loads of the
building. On the other hand, parabolic trough collectors of optimum
area of 765 m2 can satisfy a significant portion of the cooling load,
i.e about73% of the total building cooling load. The annual avoided
CO2 emission is evaluated at the optimum conditions to assess the
environmental impacts of renewable energy systems. The total annual
avoided CO2 emission is about 680 metric ton/year which confirms
the environmental impacts of these systems in Kuwait.
Abstract: It is an indispensible strategy to adopt greenery
approach on architectural bases so as to improve ecological habitats,
decrease heat-island effect, purify air quality, and relieve surface
runoff as well as noise pollution, all of which are done in an attempt to
achieve sustainable environment. How we can do with plant design to
attain the best visual quality and ideal carbon dioxide fixation depends
on whether or not we can appropriately make use of greenery
according to the nature of architectural bases. To achieve the goal, it is
a need that architects and landscape architects should be provided with
sufficient local references. Current greenery studies focus mainly on
the heat-island effect of urban with large scale. Most of the architects
still rely on people with years of expertise regarding the adoption and
disposition of plantation in connection with microclimate scale.
Therefore, environmental design, which integrates science and
aesthetics, requires fundamental research on landscape environment
technology divided from building environment technology. By doing
so, we can create mutual benefits between green building and the
environment. This issue is extremely important for the greening design
of the bases of green buildings in cities and various open spaces. The
purpose of this study is to establish plant selection and allocation
strategies under different building sunshade levels. Initially, with the
shading of sunshine on the greening bases as the starting point, the
effects of the shades produced by different building types on the
greening strategies were analyzed. Then, by measuring the PAR
(photosynthetic active radiation), the relative DLI (daily light integral)
was calculated, while the DLI Map was established in order to
evaluate the effects of the building shading on the established
environmental greening, thereby serving as a reference for plant
selection and allocation. The discussion results were to be applied in
the evaluation of environment greening of greening buildings and
establish the “right plant, right place” design strategy of multi-level
ecological greening for application in urban design and landscape
design development, as well as the greening criteria to feedback to the
eco-city greening buildings.
Abstract: The increasing volume of solid waste generated,
collected and disposed daily complicate adequate management of
solid waste by relevant agency like Niger State Environmental
Protection Agency (NISEPA). In addition, the impacts of solid waste
on the natural environment and human livelihood require
identification of cost-effective ways for sustainable municipal waste
management in Nigeria. These signal the need for identifying
environment-friendly initiative and local solution to address the
problem of municipal solid waste. A research field was secured at
Pago, Minna, Niger State which is located in the guinea savanna belt
of Nigeria, within longitude 60 361 4311 - 4511 and latitude 90 291
37.6111 - .6211 N. Poultry droppings, decomposed household waste
manure and NPK treatments were used. The experimental field was
divided into three replications and four (4) treatments on each
replication making a total of twelve (12) plots. The treatments were
allotted using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and
Data collected was analyzed using SPSS software and RCBD. The
result depicts variation in plant height and number of leaves at 50%
flowering; Poultry dropping records the highest height while the
number of leaves for waste manure competes fairly well with NPK
treatment. Similarly, the varying treatments significantly increase
vegetable yield, as the control (non-treatment) records the least yield
for the three vegetable samples. Adoption of this organic manure for
cultivation does not only enhance environment quality and attainment
of food security but will contribute to local economic development,
poverty alleviation as well as social inclusion.
Abstract: The present work is aimed at examining carbon steel
oil pipelines corrosion using three natural extracts (Eruca Sativa,
Rosell and Mango peels) that are used as inhibitors of different
concentrations ranging from 0.05-0.1wt. %. Two sulphur compounds
are used as corrosion mediums. Weight loss method was used for
measuring the corrosion rate of the carbon steel specimens immersed
in technical white oil at 100ºC at various time intervals in absence
and presence of the two sulphur compounds. The corroded specimens
are examined using the chemical wear test, scratch test and hardness
test. The scratch test is carried out using scratch loads from 0.5 Kg to
2.0 Kg. The scratch width is obtained at various scratch load and test
conditions. The Brinell hardness test is carried out and investigated
for both corroded and inhibited specimens. The results showed that
three natural extracts can be used as environmentally friendly
corrosion inhibitors.
Abstract: The global demand for long-tailed macaques for
medical experimentation has continued to increase. Fulfillment of
Indonesian export demands has been mostly from natural habitats,
based on a harvesting quota. This quota has been determined
according to the total catch for a given year, and not based on
consideration of any demographic parameters or physical
environmental factors with regard to the animal; hence threatening
the sustainability of the various populations. It is therefore necessary
to formulate a method for calculating a sustainable harvesting quota,
based on population parameters in natural habitats. Considering the
possibility of variations in habitat characteristics and population
parameters, a time series observation of demographic and
physical/biotic parameters, in various habitats, was performed on 13
groups of long-tailed macaques, distributed throughout the West
Java, Lampung and Yogyakarta areas of Indonesia. These provinces
were selected for comparison of the influence of human/tourism
activities. Data on population parameters that was collected included
data on life expectancy according to age class, numbers of
individuals by sex and age class, and ‘ratio of infants to reproductive
females’. The estimation of population growth was based on a
population dynamic growth model: the Leslie matrix. The harvesting
quota was calculated as being the difference between the actual
population size and the MVP (minimum viable population) for each
sex and age class. Observation indicated that there were variations within group size
(24–106 individuals), gender (sex) ratio (1:1 to 1:1.3), life expectancy
value (0.30 to 0.93), and ‘ratio of infants to reproductive females’
(0.23 to 1.56). Results of subsequent calculations showed that
sustainable harvesting quotas for each studied group of long-tailed
macaques, ranged from 29 to 110 individuals. An estimation model
of the MVP for each age class was formulated as Log Y = 0.315 +
0.884 Log Ni (number of individual on ith age class). This study also
found that life expectancy for the juvenile age class was affected by
the humidity under tree stands, and dietary plants’ density at sapling,
pole and tree stages (equation: Y=2.296 – 1.535 RH + 0.002 Kpcg –
0.002 Ktg – 0.001 Kphn, R2 = 89.6% with a significance value of
0.001). By contrast, for the sub-adult-adult age class, life expectancy
was significantly affected by slope (equation: Y=0.377 = 0.012 Kml,
R2 = 50.4%, with significance level of 0.007). The infant-toreproductive-
female ratio was affected by humidity under tree stands,
and dietary plant density at sapling and pole stages (equation: Y = -
1.432 + 2.172 RH – 0.004 Kpcg + 0.003 Ktg, R2 = 82.0% with
significance level of 0.001). This research confirmed the importance
of population parameters in determining the minimum viable
population, and that MVP varied according to habitat characteristics
(especially food availability). It would be difficult therefore, to
formulate a general mathematical equation model for determining a
harvesting quota for the species as a whole.
Abstract: Sewer deposits have been identified as a major cause
of dysfunctions in combined sewer systems regarding sewer
management, which induces different negative consequents resulting
in poor hydraulic conveyance, environmental damages as well as
worker’s health. In order to overcome the problematics of
sedimentation, flushing has been considered as the most operative
and cost-effective way to minimize the sediments impacts and
prevent such challenges. Flushing, by prompting turbulent wave
effects, can modify the bed form depending on the hydraulic
properties and geometrical characteristics of the conduit. So far, the
dynamics of the bed-load during high-flow events in combined sewer
systems as a complex environment is not well understood, mostly due
to lack of measuring devices capable to work in the “hostile” in
combined sewer system correctly. In this regards, a one-episode
flushing issue from an opening gate valve with weir function was
carried out in a trunk sewer in Paris to understand its cleansing
efficiency on the sediments (thickness: 0-30 cm). During more than
1h of flushing within 5 m distance in downstream of this flushing
device, a maximum flowrate and a maximum level of water have
been recorded at 5 m in downstream of the gate as 4.1 m3/s and 2.1
m respectively. This paper is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of this
type of gate for around 1.1 km (from the point -50 m to +1050 m in
downstream from the gate) by (i) determining bed grain-size
distribution and sediments evolution through the sewer channel, as
well as their organic matter content, and (ii) identifying sections that
exhibit more changes in their texture after the flush. For the first one,
two series of sampling were taken from the sewer length and then
analyzed in laboratory, one before flushing and second after, at same
points among the sewer channel. Hence, a non-intrusive sampling
instrument has undertaken to extract the sediments smaller than the
fine gravels. The comparison between sediments texture after the
flush operation and the initial state, revealed the most modified zones
by the flush effect, regarding the sewer invert slope and hydraulic
parameters in the zone up to 400 m from the gate. At this distance,
despite the increase of sediment grain-size rages, D50 (median grainsize)
varies between 0.6 mm and 1.1 mm compared to 0.8 mm and 10
mm before and after flushing, respectively. Overall, regarding the
sewer channel invert slope, results indicate that grains smaller than
sands (< 2 mm) are more transported to downstream along about 400
m from the gate: in average 69% before against 38% after the flush
with more dispersion of grain-sizes distributions. Furthermore, high
effect of the channel bed irregularities on the bed material evolution
has been observed after the flush.
Abstract: The disposal and the treatment of sewage sludge is an
expensive and environmentally complex problem. In this work, a
lipopeptide biosurfactant extracted from corn steep liquor was used
as ecofriendly and cost-competitive alternative for the mobilization
and bioremediation of fluorene in sewage sludge. Results have
demonstrated that this biosurfactant has the capability to mobilize
fluorene to the aqueous phase, reducing the amount of fluorene in the
sewage sludge from 484.4 mg/Kg up to 413.7 mg/Kg and 196.0
mg/Kg after 1 and 27 days respectively. Furthermore, once the
fluorene was extracted the lipopeptide biosurfactant contained in the
aqueous phase allowed the biodegradation, up to 40.5% of the initial
concentration of this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Abstract: Work presented is interested in the characterization of
the quasistatic mechanical properties and in fatigue of a composite
laminated in jute/epoxy. The natural fibers offer promising prospects
thanks to their interesting specific properties, because of their low
density, but also with their bio-deterioration. Several scientific
studies highlighted the good mechanical resistance of the vegetable
fiber composites reinforced, even after several recycling. Because of
the environmental standards that become increasingly severe, one
attends the emergence of eco-materials at the base of natural fibers
such as flax, bamboo, hemp, sisal, jute. The fatigue tests on
elementary vegetable fibers show an increase of about 60% of the
rigidity of elementary fibers of hemp subjected to cyclic loadings. In
this study, the test-tubes manufactured by the method infusion have
sequences of stacking of 0/90° and ± 45° for the shearing and tensile
tests. The quasistatic tests reveal a variability of the mechanical
properties of about 8%. The tensile fatigue tests were carried out for
levels of constraints equivalent to half of the ultimate values of the
composite. Once the fatigue tests carried out for well-defined values
of cycles, a series of static tests of traction type highlights the
influence of the number of cycles on the quasi-static mechanical
behavior of the laminate jute/epoxy.
Abstract: New environmental regulations and the increasing
market preference for companies that respect the ecosystem had
encouraged the industry to look after new treatments for its effluents.
The sugar industry, one of the largest emitter of environmental
pollutants, follows this tendency. Membrane technology is
convenient for separation of suspended solids, colloids and high
molecular weight materials that are present in a wastewater from
sugar industry. The idea is to microfilter the wastewater, where the
permeate passes through the membrane and becomes available for
recycle and re-use in the sugar manufacturing process. For
microfiltration of this effluent a tubular ceramic membrane was used
with a pore size of 200 nm at transmembrane pressure in range of 1–3
bars and in range of flow rate of 50–150 l/h. Kenics static mixer was
used for permeate flux enhancement. Turbidity and suspended solids
were removed and the permeate flux was continuously monitored
during the microfiltration process. The flux achieved after 90 minutes
of microfiltration was in a range of 50–70 l/m2h. The obtained
turbidity decrease was in the range of 50-99 % and total amount of
suspended solids was removed.
Abstract: This research presents the main ideas to implement an
intelligent system composed by communicating wireless sensors
measuring environmental data linked to drought indicators (such as
air temperature, soil moisture , etc...). On the other hand, the setting
up of a spatio temporal database communicating with a Web mapping
application for a monitoring in real time in activity 24:00 /day, 7
days/week is proposed to allow the screening of the drought
parameters time evolution and their extraction. Thus this system
helps detecting surfaces touched by the phenomenon of drought.
Spatio-temporal conceptual models seek to answer the users who
need to manage soil water content for irrigating or fertilizing or other
activities pursuing crop yield augmentation. Effectively, spatiotemporal
conceptual models enable users to obtain a diagram of
readable and easy data to apprehend. Based on socio-economic
information, it helps identifying people impacted by the phenomena
with the corresponding severity especially that this information is
accessible by farmers and stakeholders themselves. The study will be
applied in Siliana watershed Northern Tunisia.