The Threats of Deforestation, Forest Fire, and CO2 Emission toward Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve in Riau, Indonesia
A biosphere reserve is developed to create harmony
amongst economic development, community development, and
environmental protection, through partnership between human and
nature. Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB BR)
in Riau Province, Indonesia, is unique in that it has peat soil
dominating the area, many springs essential for human livelihood,
high biodiversity. Furthermore, it is the only biosphere reserve
covering privately managed production forest areas. In this research, we aimed at analyzing the threat of deforestation
and forest fire, and the potential of CO2 emission at GSKBB BR. We
used Landsat image, arcView software, and ERDAS IMAGINE 8.5
Software to conduct spatial analysis of land cover and land use
changes, calculated CO2 emission based on emission potential from
each land cover and land use type, and exercised simple linear
regression to demonstrate the relation between CO2 emission
potential and deforestation. The result showed that, beside in the buffer zone and transition
area, deforestation also occurred in the core area. Spatial analysis of
land cover and land use changes from years 2010, 2012, and 2014
revealed that there were changes of land cover and land use from
natural forest and industrial plantation forest to other land use types,
such as garden, mixed garden, settlement, paddy fields, burnt areas,
and dry agricultural land. Deforestation in core area, particularly at
the Giam Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve and Bukit Batu Wildlife
Reserve, occurred in the form of changes from natural forest in to
garden, mixed garden, shrubs, swamp shrubs, dry agricultural land,
open area, and burnt area. In the buffer zone and transition area,
changes also happened, what once swamp forest changed into garden,
mixed garden, open area, shrubs, swamp shrubs, and dry agricultural
land. Spatial analysis on land cover and land use changes indicated
that deforestation rate in the biosphere reserve from 2010 to 2014 had
reached 16 119 ha/year. Beside deforestation, threat toward the
biosphere reserve area also came from forest fire. The occurrence of forest fire in 2014 had burned 101 723 ha of the
area, in which 9 355 ha of core area, and 92 368 ha of buffer zone
and transition area. Deforestation and forest fire had increased CO2
emission as much as 24 903 855 ton/year.
[1] Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Asian Development Bank,
“Fire, Smoke, and Haze“, Philippines: The Asian Development Bank,
2001, pp. 30-56.
[2] D. Murdiyarso, Sepuluh Tahun Perjalanan Negosiasi Konvensi
Perubahan Iklim, Jakarta: PT Kompas Media Nusantara, 2003, pp. 1–6.
[3] CIFOR, “Hutan dan mitigasi perubahan iklim: apa yang perlu diketahui
oleh para pembuat kebijakan,” Factsheets no.17. CGIAR, Program
Penelitian pada hutan, pohon, dan wanatani, Bogor, 2013, pp. 1–2
[4] D.W. Carlson and A. Groot, “Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior,
and small openings in trembling aspen forest,’ Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology no.87, 1997, p.313–329.
[5] N. Masripatin, K. Ginoga, G. Pari, W.S Dharmawan, C.A. Siregar,
Carbon Stocks on Various Type of Forest and Vegetation in Indonesia,
Bogor: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perubahan Iklim dan
Kebijakan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan Kementerian
Kehutanan, 2010, pp. 2.
[6] I.W.S. Darmawan, “Allometric equation and vegetation carbon stock at
primary and burnt peat forest,” Jurnal Perlindungan Hutan dan
Konservasi Alam, vol 10, no.2, 2013, pp. 175–190.
[7] N.A. Widyasari, B.H. Saharjo, Solichin, and Istomo, “The estimation of
biomass and above ground carbon stock following peat fires in south
sumatera”, Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia,vol.15, no.1, pp.41–49.
[8] J.R. Malcolm, C. Liu, R.P. Neilson, L. Hansen, and L. Hannah, “Global
warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots”,
Conservation Biology, vol. 20, no. 2, 2005, pp. 538–548.
[9] L.P. Shoo, S.E. Williams, and J.M. Hero, “Climate warming and the
rainforest birds of the Australian Wet Tropics: using abundance data as a
sensitive predictor of change in total population size”, Biological
Conservation, vol. 125, 2005, pp. 335–343.
[10] R. Shine, E.G. Barrott, and M.J. Elphick, “Some like it hot: effects of
forest clearing on nest temperatures of montane reptiles, Ecology vol.
83, no.10, 2002, pp. 2808–2815.
[11] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Provinsi Riau, “Dukungan
eksisting pengembangan riset Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil Bukit
Batu, Riau’: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Provinsi Riau, 2013,
pp 6–91.
[12] F. Agus and I.G.M. Subiksa, Lahan Gambut: Potensi untuk Pertanian
dan Aspek Lingkungan, Bogor: Balai Penelitian Tanah, Badan Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2008, pp. 1–41. [13] M.H. Costa and J.A. Foley, “Combined effects of deforestation and
doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the climate of Amazonia,”
Journal of Climate, Vol.13, 2000, 18–34.
[14] D.L. Carr, Tropical Deforestation: Geographical Perspectives on 100
Problems, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, pp. 293–
298.
[15] M. Clark, “Deforestation in Madagascar: consequences of population
growth and unsustainable agricultural processes,” Global Majority EJournal,
vol. 3, no. 1, 2012, pp. 61–71.
[16] The Center for People and Forests, “Memahami REDD: restorasi dalam
REDD+ restorasi hutan untuk meningkatkan cadangan karbon, suatu
perspektif. Asia-Pasifik”, Indonesia: USAID-RAFT-The Nature
Conservancy, 2009, pp. 1–8.
[17] L.V. Verchot, E. Petkova, K. Obidzinski, S. Atmadja, and E.L. Yuliani,
“Reducing forestry emissions in Indonesia,” Bogor: CIFOR, 2010, pp.1–
20.
[18] A.I. Miranda, M. Coutinho, and C. Borrego, “Forest fire emission in
Portugal: a contribution to global warming?,” Environmental Pollution,
vol.83, 1994, pp. 121–123.
[19] L.P. Shoo, S.E. Williams, and J. Hero, “Detecting climate change
induced range shifts: where and How should we be looking?, Austral
ecology,vol. 31, 2006, pp.. 22–29.
[20] S. Hajat, R.S. Kovats, R.W. Atkinson, and A. Haines, “Impact of hot
temperatures on death in London: a time series approach,” J Epidemiol
Community Health, vol.56, 2002, pp. 367–372.
[21] P. Michelozzi, M. De Sario, G. Accetta, F. de’Donato, U. Kirchmayer,
M.D. Ovidio, and C. Perucci. “Temperature and summer mortality:
geographical and temporal variations in four Italian cities,” J Epidemiol
Community Health, vol. 60, 2006, pp. 417–423.
[1] Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Asian Development Bank,
“Fire, Smoke, and Haze“, Philippines: The Asian Development Bank,
2001, pp. 30-56.
[2] D. Murdiyarso, Sepuluh Tahun Perjalanan Negosiasi Konvensi
Perubahan Iklim, Jakarta: PT Kompas Media Nusantara, 2003, pp. 1–6.
[3] CIFOR, “Hutan dan mitigasi perubahan iklim: apa yang perlu diketahui
oleh para pembuat kebijakan,” Factsheets no.17. CGIAR, Program
Penelitian pada hutan, pohon, dan wanatani, Bogor, 2013, pp. 1–2
[4] D.W. Carlson and A. Groot, “Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior,
and small openings in trembling aspen forest,’ Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology no.87, 1997, p.313–329.
[5] N. Masripatin, K. Ginoga, G. Pari, W.S Dharmawan, C.A. Siregar,
Carbon Stocks on Various Type of Forest and Vegetation in Indonesia,
Bogor: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perubahan Iklim dan
Kebijakan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan Kementerian
Kehutanan, 2010, pp. 2.
[6] I.W.S. Darmawan, “Allometric equation and vegetation carbon stock at
primary and burnt peat forest,” Jurnal Perlindungan Hutan dan
Konservasi Alam, vol 10, no.2, 2013, pp. 175–190.
[7] N.A. Widyasari, B.H. Saharjo, Solichin, and Istomo, “The estimation of
biomass and above ground carbon stock following peat fires in south
sumatera”, Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia,vol.15, no.1, pp.41–49.
[8] J.R. Malcolm, C. Liu, R.P. Neilson, L. Hansen, and L. Hannah, “Global
warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots”,
Conservation Biology, vol. 20, no. 2, 2005, pp. 538–548.
[9] L.P. Shoo, S.E. Williams, and J.M. Hero, “Climate warming and the
rainforest birds of the Australian Wet Tropics: using abundance data as a
sensitive predictor of change in total population size”, Biological
Conservation, vol. 125, 2005, pp. 335–343.
[10] R. Shine, E.G. Barrott, and M.J. Elphick, “Some like it hot: effects of
forest clearing on nest temperatures of montane reptiles, Ecology vol.
83, no.10, 2002, pp. 2808–2815.
[11] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Provinsi Riau, “Dukungan
eksisting pengembangan riset Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil Bukit
Batu, Riau’: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Provinsi Riau, 2013,
pp 6–91.
[12] F. Agus and I.G.M. Subiksa, Lahan Gambut: Potensi untuk Pertanian
dan Aspek Lingkungan, Bogor: Balai Penelitian Tanah, Badan Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2008, pp. 1–41. [13] M.H. Costa and J.A. Foley, “Combined effects of deforestation and
doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the climate of Amazonia,”
Journal of Climate, Vol.13, 2000, 18–34.
[14] D.L. Carr, Tropical Deforestation: Geographical Perspectives on 100
Problems, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, pp. 293–
298.
[15] M. Clark, “Deforestation in Madagascar: consequences of population
growth and unsustainable agricultural processes,” Global Majority EJournal,
vol. 3, no. 1, 2012, pp. 61–71.
[16] The Center for People and Forests, “Memahami REDD: restorasi dalam
REDD+ restorasi hutan untuk meningkatkan cadangan karbon, suatu
perspektif. Asia-Pasifik”, Indonesia: USAID-RAFT-The Nature
Conservancy, 2009, pp. 1–8.
[17] L.V. Verchot, E. Petkova, K. Obidzinski, S. Atmadja, and E.L. Yuliani,
“Reducing forestry emissions in Indonesia,” Bogor: CIFOR, 2010, pp.1–
20.
[18] A.I. Miranda, M. Coutinho, and C. Borrego, “Forest fire emission in
Portugal: a contribution to global warming?,” Environmental Pollution,
vol.83, 1994, pp. 121–123.
[19] L.P. Shoo, S.E. Williams, and J. Hero, “Detecting climate change
induced range shifts: where and How should we be looking?, Austral
ecology,vol. 31, 2006, pp.. 22–29.
[20] S. Hajat, R.S. Kovats, R.W. Atkinson, and A. Haines, “Impact of hot
temperatures on death in London: a time series approach,” J Epidemiol
Community Health, vol.56, 2002, pp. 367–372.
[21] P. Michelozzi, M. De Sario, G. Accetta, F. de’Donato, U. Kirchmayer,
M.D. Ovidio, and C. Perucci. “Temperature and summer mortality:
geographical and temporal variations in four Italian cities,” J Epidemiol
Community Health, vol. 60, 2006, pp. 417–423.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:70968", author = "S. B. Rushayati and R. Meilani and R. Hermawan", title = "The Threats of Deforestation, Forest Fire, and CO2 Emission toward Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve in Riau, Indonesia", abstract = "A biosphere reserve is developed to create harmony
amongst economic development, community development, and
environmental protection, through partnership between human and
nature. Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB BR)
in Riau Province, Indonesia, is unique in that it has peat soil
dominating the area, many springs essential for human livelihood,
high biodiversity. Furthermore, it is the only biosphere reserve
covering privately managed production forest areas. In this research, we aimed at analyzing the threat of deforestation
and forest fire, and the potential of CO2 emission at GSKBB BR. We
used Landsat image, arcView software, and ERDAS IMAGINE 8.5
Software to conduct spatial analysis of land cover and land use
changes, calculated CO2 emission based on emission potential from
each land cover and land use type, and exercised simple linear
regression to demonstrate the relation between CO2 emission
potential and deforestation. The result showed that, beside in the buffer zone and transition
area, deforestation also occurred in the core area. Spatial analysis of
land cover and land use changes from years 2010, 2012, and 2014
revealed that there were changes of land cover and land use from
natural forest and industrial plantation forest to other land use types,
such as garden, mixed garden, settlement, paddy fields, burnt areas,
and dry agricultural land. Deforestation in core area, particularly at
the Giam Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve and Bukit Batu Wildlife
Reserve, occurred in the form of changes from natural forest in to
garden, mixed garden, shrubs, swamp shrubs, dry agricultural land,
open area, and burnt area. In the buffer zone and transition area,
changes also happened, what once swamp forest changed into garden,
mixed garden, open area, shrubs, swamp shrubs, and dry agricultural
land. Spatial analysis on land cover and land use changes indicated
that deforestation rate in the biosphere reserve from 2010 to 2014 had
reached 16 119 ha/year. Beside deforestation, threat toward the
biosphere reserve area also came from forest fire. The occurrence of forest fire in 2014 had burned 101 723 ha of the
area, in which 9 355 ha of core area, and 92 368 ha of buffer zone
and transition area. Deforestation and forest fire had increased CO2
emission as much as 24 903 855 ton/year.", keywords = "Biosphere reserve, CO2 emission, deforestation,
forest fire.", volume = "9", number = "8", pages = "1005-8", }