Abstract: Optimization study of the diesters biolubricant oleyl 9(12)-hydroxy-10(13)-oleioxy-12(9)-octadecanoate (OLHYOOT) was synthesized in the presence of sulfuric acid (SA) as catalyst has been done. Optimum conditions of the experiment to obtain high yield% of OLHYOOT were predicted at ratio of OL/HYOOA of 1:1 g/g, ratio of SA/HYOOA of 0.20:1 g/g, reaction temperature 110 °C and 4.5 h of reaction time. At this condition, the Yield% of OLHYOOT was 88.7. Disappearance of carboxylic acid (C=O) peak has observed by FTIR with appearance ester (C=O) at 1738 cm-1. 1H NMR spectra analyses confirmed the result of OLHYOOT with appearance ester (-CHOCOR) at 4.05ppm and also the 13C-NMR confirmed the result with appearance ester (C=O) peak at 173.93ppm.
Abstract: Liposomal magnetofection is the most powerful nonviral method for the nucleic acid delivery into the cultured cancer cells and widely used for in vitro applications. Use of the static magnetic field condition may result in non-uniform distribution of aggregate complexes on the surface of cultured cells. To prevent this, we developed the new device which allows to concentrate aggregate complexes under dynamic magnetic field, assisting more contact of these complexes with cellular membrane and, possibly, stimulating endocytosis. Newly developed device for magnetofection under dynamic gradient magnetic field, “DynaFECTOR", was used to compare transfection efficiency of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 with that obtained by lipofection and magnetofection. The effect of two parameters on transfection efficiency, incubation time under dynamic magnetic field and rotation frequency of magnet, was estimated. Liposomal magnetofection under dynamic gradient magnetic field showed the highest transfection efficiency for HepG2 cells.
Abstract: Continuation of an active call is one of the most important quality measurements in the cellular systems. Handoff process enables a cellular system to provide such a facility by transferring an active call from one cell to another. Different approaches are proposed and applied in order to achieve better handoff service. The principal parameters used to evaluate handoff techniques are: forced termination probability and call blocking probability. The mechanisms such as guard channels and queuing handoff calls decrease the forced termination probability while increasing the call blocking probability. In this paper we present an overview about the issues related to handoff initiation and decision and discuss about different types of handoff techniques available in the literature.
Abstract: Mathematical models can be used to describe the
transmission of disease. Dengue disease is the most significant
mosquito-borne viral disease of human. It now a leading cause of
childhood deaths and hospitalizations in many countries. Variations
in environmental conditions, especially seasonal climatic parameters,
effect to the transmission of dengue viruses the dengue viruses and
their principal mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. A transmission model
for dengue disease is discussed in this paper. We assume that the
human and vector populations are constant. We showed that the local
stability is completely determined by the threshold parameter, 0 B . If
0 B is less than one, the disease free equilibrium state is stable. If
0 B is more than one, a unique endemic equilibrium state exists and
is stable. The numerical results are shown for the different values of
the transmission probability from vector to human populations.
Abstract: The study explored varied types of human smiles and
extracted most of the key factors affecting the smiles. These key
factors then were converted into a set of control points which could
serve to satisfy the needs for creation of facial expression for 3D
animators and be further applied to the face simulation for robots in the
future. First, hundreds of human smile pictures were collected and
analyzed to identify the key factors for face expression. Then, the
factors were converted into a set of control points and sizing
parameters calculated proportionally. Finally, two different faces
were constructed for validating the parameters via the process of
simulating smiles of the same type as the original one.
Abstract: In this paper, the application of GRNN in
modeling of SOFC fuel cells were studied. The parameters
are of interested as voltage and power value and the current
changes are investigated. In addition, the comparison between
GRNN neural network application and conventional method
was made. The error value showed the superlative results.
Abstract: Modeling and simulation of fixed bed three-phase
catalytic reactors are considered for wet air catalytic oxidation of
phenol to perform a comparative numerical analysis between tricklebed
and packed-bubble column reactors. The modeling involves
material balances both for the catalyst particle as well as for different
fluid phases. Catalyst deactivation is also considered in a transient
reactor model to investigate the effects of various parameters
including reactor temperature on catalyst deactivation. The
simulation results indicated that packed-bubble columns were
slightly superior in performance than trickle beds. It was also found
that reaction temperature was the most effective parameter in catalyst
deactivation.
Abstract: A novel typical day prediction model have been built and validated by the measured data of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system in Macau. Unlike conventional statistical method used by previous study on PV systems which get results by averaging nearby continuous points, the present typical day statistical method obtain the value at every minute in a typical day by averaging discontinuous points at the same minute in different days. This typical day statistical method based on discontinuous point averaging makes it possible for us to obtain the Gaussian shape dynamical distributions for solar irradiance and output power in a yearly or monthly typical day. Based on the yearly typical day statistical analysis results, the maximum possible accumulated output energy in a year with on site climate conditions and the corresponding optimal PV system running time are obtained. Periodic Gaussian shape prediction models for solar irradiance, output energy and system energy efficiency have been built and their coefficients have been determined based on the yearly, maximum and minimum monthly typical day Gaussian distribution parameters, which are obtained from iterations for minimum Root Mean Squared Deviation (RMSD). With the present model, the dynamical effects due to time difference in a day are kept and the day to day uncertainty due to weather changing are smoothed but still included. The periodic Gaussian shape correlations for solar irradiance, output power and system energy efficiency have been compared favorably with data of the PV system in Macau and proved to be an improvement than previous models.
Abstract: A new technique based on Pattern search optimization is proposed for estimating different solar cell parameters in this paper. The estimated parameters are the generated photocurrent, saturation current, series resistance, shunt resistance, and ideality factor. The proposed approach is tested and validated using double diode model to show its potential. Performance of the developed approach is quite interesting which signifies its potential as a promising estimation tool.
Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for busbar protection with stable operation of current transformer during saturation, using fuzzy neuro and symmetrical components theory. This technique uses symmetrical components of current signals to learn the hidden relationship existing in the input patterns. Simulation studies are preformed and the influence of changing system parameters such as inception fault and source impedance is studied. Details of the design procedure and the results of performance studies with the proposed relay are given in the paper. An analysis of the performance of the proposed technique during ct saturation conditions is presented. The performance of the technique was investigated for a variety of operating conditions and for several busbar configurations. Data generated by EMTDC simulations of model power systems were used in the investigations. The results indicate that the proposed technique is stable during ct saturation conditions.
Abstract: In the present work flow past circular cylinder and
cylinder with rectangular and triangular wake splitter is studied to
improve aerodynamic parameters. The Comparison of drag
coefficient is tabulated for bare cylinder, cylinder with rectangular
and triangular wake splitters. Flow past circular cylinder and cylinder
with triangular and rectangular wake splitter is performed at
Reynoldsnumber 5, 20, 40, 50,80, 100.An incompressible PISO finite
volume code employing a non-staggered grid arrangement is used, a
second order upwind scheme is used for convective terms. The time
discretization is implicit and a Second order Crank-Nicholson scheme
is employed. Length of wake splitter in both configurations is taken
to be equal to diameter of cylinder. Wake length is found to be less
with rectangular wake splitter when compared to bare cylinder and
cylinder with triangular wake splitter. Coefficient of drag is found to
be less for triangular wake splitter when compared to bare cylinder &
cylinder with rectangular wake splitter.
Abstract: This paper explores the opportunity of using tri-axial
wireless accelerometers for supervised monitoring of sports
movements. A motion analysis system for the upper extremities of
lawn bowlers in particular is developed. Accelerometers are placed
on parts of human body such as the chest to represent the shoulder
movements, the back to capture the trunk motion, back of the hand,
the wrist and one above the elbow, to capture arm movements. These
sensors placement are carefully designed in order to avoid restricting
bowler-s movements. Data is acquired from these sensors in soft-real
time using virtual instrumentation; the acquired data is then
conditioned and converted into required parameters for motion
regeneration. A user interface was also created to facilitate in the
acquisition of data, and broadcasting of commands to the wireless
accelerometers. All motion regeneration in this paper deals with the
motion of the human body segment in the X and Y direction, looking
into the motion of the anterior/ posterior and lateral directions
respectively.
Abstract: The paper presents the modeling of nonlinear
longitudinal aerodynamics using flight data of Hansa-3 aircraft at
high angles of attack near stall. The Kirchhoff-s quasi-steady stall
model has been used to incorporate nonlinear aerodynamic effects in
the aerodynamic model used to estimate the parameters, thereby,
making the aerodynamic model nonlinear. The Maximum Likelihood
method has been applied to the flight data (at high angles of attack)
for the estimation of parameters (aerodynamic and stall
characteristics) using the nonlinear aerodynamic model. To improve
the accuracy level of the estimates, an approach of fixing the strong
parameters has also been presented.
Abstract: The paper considered the construction of BIBDs using potential Lotto Designs (LDs) earlier derived from qualifying parent BIBDs. The study utilized Li’s condition pr t−1 ( t−1 2 ) + pr− pr t−1 (t−1) 2 < ( p 2 ) λ, to determine the qualification of a parent BIBD (v, b, r, k, λ) as LD (n, k, p, t) constrained on v ≥ k, v ≥ p, t ≤ min{k, p} and then considered the case k = t since t is the smallest number of tickets that can guarantee a win in a lottery. The (15, 140, 28, 3, 4) and (7, 7, 3, 3, 1) BIBDs were selected as parent BIBDs to illustrate the procedure. These BIBDs yielded three potential LDs each. Each of the LDs was completely generated and their properties studied. The three LDs from the (15, 140, 28, 3, 4) produced (9, 84, 28, 3, 7), (10, 120, 36, 3, 8) and (11, 165, 45, 3, 9) BIBDs while those from the (7, 7, 3, 3, 1) produced the (5, 10, 6, 3, 3), (6, 20, 10, 3, 4) and (7, 35, 15, 3, 5) BIBDs. The produced BIBDs follow the generalization (v + 1, b + r + λ + 1, r +λ+1, k, λ+1) where (v, b, r, k, λ) are the parameters of the (9, 84, 28, 3, 7) and (5, 10, 6, 3, 3) BIBDs. All the BIBDs produced are unreduced designs.
Abstract: The position and momentum space information entropies
of hydrogen atom are exactly evaluated. Using isospectral
Hamiltonian approach, a family of isospectral potentials is constructed having same energy eigenvalues as that of the original potential. The information entropy content is obtained in position
space as well as in momentum space. It is shown that the information
entropy content in each level can be re-arranged as a function of deformation parameter.
Abstract: An empirical study of web applications that use
software frameworks is presented here. The analysis is based on two
approaches. In the first, developers using such frameworks are
required, based on their experience, to assign weights to parameters
such as database connection. In the second approach, a performance
testing tool, OpenSTA, is used to compute start time and other such
measures. From such an analysis, it is concluded that open source
software is superior to proprietary software. The motivation behind
this research is to examine ways in which a quantitative assessment
can be made of software in general and frameworks in particular.
Concepts such as metrics and architectural styles are discussed along
with previously published research.
Abstract: The most important parameter in transformers life
expectancy is the hot-spot temperature level which accelerates the
rate of aging of the insulation. The aim of this paper is to present
thermal models for transformers loaded at prefabricated MV/LV
transformer substations and outdoor situations. The hot-spot
temperature of transformers is studied using their top-oil temperature
rise models. The thermal models proposed for hot-spot and top-oil
temperatures of different operating situations are compared. Since the
thermal transfer is different for indoor and outdoor transformers
considering their operating conditions, their hot-spot thermal models
differ from each other. The proposed thermal models are verified by
the results obtained from the experiments carried out on a typical
1600 kVA, 30 /0.4 kV, ONAN transformer for both indoor and
outdoor situations.
Abstract: The problem of laminar fluid flow which results from
the shrinking of a permeable surface in a nanofluid has been
investigated numerically. The model used for the nanofluid
incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. A
similarity solution is presented which depends on the mass suction
parameter S, Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le, Brownian motion
number Nb and thermophoresis number Nt. It was found that the
reduced Nusselt number is decreasing function of each dimensionless
number.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a single sample path based
algorithm with state aggregation to optimize the average rewards of
singularly perturbed Markov reward processes (SPMRPs) with a
large scale state spaces. It is assumed that such a reward process
depend on a set of parameters. Differing from the other kinds of
Markov chain, SPMRPs have their own hierarchical structure. Based
on this special structure, our algorithm can alleviate the load in the
optimization for performance. Moreover, our method can be applied
on line because of its evolution with the sample path simulated.
Compared with the original algorithm applied on these problems of
general MRPs, a new gradient formula for average reward
performance metric in SPMRPs is brought in, which will be proved
in Appendix, and then based on these gradients, the schedule of the
iteration algorithm is presented, which is based on a single sample
path, and eventually a special case in which parameters only
dominate the disturbance matrices will be analyzed, and a precise
comparison with be displayed between our algorithm with the old
ones which is aim to solve these problems in general Markov reward
processes. When applied in SPMRPs, our method will approach a fast
pace in these cases. Furthermore, to illustrate the practical value of
SPMRPs, a simple example in multiple programming in computer
systems will be listed and simulated. Corresponding to some practical
model, physical meanings of SPMRPs in networks of queues will be
clarified.
Abstract: Intravitreal injection (IVI) is the most common treatment for eye posterior segment diseases such as endopthalmitis, retinitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and retinal detachment. Most of the drugs used to treat vitreoretinal diseases, have a narrow concentration range in which they are effective, and may be toxic at higher concentrations. Therefore, it is critical to know the drug distribution within the eye following intravitreal injection. Having knowledge of drug distribution, ophthalmologists can decide on drug injection frequency while minimizing damage to tissues. The goal of this study was to develop a computer model to predict intraocular concentrations and pharmacokinetics of intravitreally injected drugs. A finite volume model was created to predict distribution of two drugs with different physiochemical properties in the rabbit eye. The model parameters were obtained from literature review. To validate this numeric model, the in vivo data of spatial concentration profile from the lens to the retina were compared with the numeric data. The difference was less than 5% between the numerical and experimental data. This validation provides strong support for the numerical methodology and associated assumptions of the current study.