Abstract: This paper presents a novel CMOS four-transistor
SRAM cell for very high density and low power embedded SRAM
applications as well as for stand-alone SRAM applications. This cell
retains its data with leakage current and positive feedback without
refresh cycle. The new cell size is 20% smaller than a conventional
six-transistor cell using same design rules. Also proposed cell uses
two word-lines and one pair bit-line. Read operation perform from
one side of cell, and write operation perform from another side of
cell, and swing voltage reduced on word-lines thus dynamic power
during read/write operation reduced. The fabrication process is fully
compatible with high-performance CMOS logic technologies,
because there is no need to integrate a poly-Si resistor or a TFT load.
HSPICE simulation in standard 0.25μm CMOS technology confirms
all results obtained from this paper.
Abstract: In this paper, we are concerned with the design and
its simulation studies of a modified extremum seeking control for
nonlinear systems. A standard extremum seeking control has a simple
structure, but it takes a long time to reach an optimal operating point.
We consider a modification of the standard extremum seeking control
which is aimed to reach the optimal operating point more speedily
than the standard one. In the modification, PD acceleration term
is added before an integrator making a principal control, so that it
enables the objects to be regulated to the optimal point smoothly. This
proposed method is applied to Monod and Williams-Otto models to
investigate its effectiveness. Numerical simulation results show that
this modified method can improve the time response to the optimal
operating point more speedily than the standard one.
Abstract: Transcription factor p53 has a powerful tumor
suppressing function that is associated with many cancers. However,
p53 of the molecular weight was higher make the limitation across to
skin or cell membrane. Thymidine dinucleotide (pTT), an
oligonucleotide, can activate the p53 transcription factor. pTT is a
hydrophilic and negative charge oligonucleotide, which delivery in to
cell membrane need an appropriate carrier. The aim of this study was
to improve the bioavailability of the nucleotide fragment, thymidine
dinucleotide (pTT), using elasic liposome carriers to deliver the drug
into the skin. The study demonstrate that dioleoylphosphocholine
(DOPC) incorporated with sodium cholate at molar ratio 1:1 can
archived the particle size about 220 nm. This elastic liposome could
penetration through skin from stratum corneum to whole epidermis by
confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, we observed
the the slight increase in generation of p53 by western blot.
Abstract: In this paper, we have focused on study of swelling kinetics and salt-sensitivity behavior of a superabsorbing hydrogel based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and acrylic acid and 2- Buthyl methacrylate. The swelling kinetics of the hydrogels with various particle sizes was preliminary investigated as well. The swelling of the hydrogel showed a second order kinetics of swelling in water. In addition, swelling measurements of the synthesized hydrogels in various chloride salt solutions was measured. Results indicated that a swelling-loss with an increase in the ionic strength of the salt solutions.
Abstract: Improvement in CAE methods has an important role for shortening of the vehicle product development time. It is provided that validation of the design and improvements in terms of durability can be done without hardware prototype production. In recent years, several different methods have been developed in order to investigate fatigue damage of the vehicle. The intended goal among these methods is prediction of fatigue damage in a short time with reduced costs. This study developed a new fatigue damage prediction method in the automotive sector using power spectrum densities of accelerations. This study also confirmed that the weak region in vehicle can be easily detected with the method developed in this study which results were compared with conventional method.
Abstract: Recently, various services such as television and the
Internet have come to be received through various terminals.
However, we could gain greater convenience by receiving these
services through cellular phone terminals when we go out and then
continuing to receive the same services through a large screen digital
television after we have come home. However, it is necessary to go
through the same authentication processing again when using TVs
after we have come home. In this study, we have developed an
authentication method that enables users to switch terminals in
environments in which the user receives service from a server through
a terminal. Specifically, the method simplifies the authentication of
the server side when switching from one terminal to another terminal
by using previously authenticated information.
Abstract: The competitive learning is an adaptive process in
which the neurons in a neural network gradually become sensitive to
different input pattern clusters. The basic idea behind the Kohonen-s
Self-Organizing Feature Maps (SOFM) is competitive learning.
SOFM can generate mappings from high-dimensional signal spaces
to lower dimensional topological structures. The main features of this
kind of mappings are topology preserving, feature mappings and
probability distribution approximation of input patterns. To overcome
some limitations of SOFM, e.g., a fixed number of neural units and a
topology of fixed dimensionality, Growing Self-Organizing Neural
Network (GSONN) can be used. GSONN can change its topological
structure during learning. It grows by learning and shrinks by
forgetting. To speed up the training and convergence, a new variant
of GSONN, twin growing cell structures (TGCS) is presented here.
This paper first gives an introduction to competitive learning, SOFM
and its variants. Then, we discuss some GSONN with fixed
dimensionality, which include growing cell structures, its variants
and the author-s model: TGCS. It is ended with some testing results
comparison and conclusions.
Abstract: Image enhancement is the most important challenging preprocessing for almost all applications of Image Processing. By now, various methods such as Median filter, α-trimmed mean filter, etc. have been suggested. It was proved that the α-trimmed mean filter is the modification of median and mean filters. On the other hand, ε-filters have shown excellent performance in suppressing noise. In spite of their simplicity, they achieve good results. However, conventional ε-filter is based on moving average. In this paper, we suggested a new ε-filter which utilizes α-trimmed mean. We argue that this new method gives better outcomes compared to previous ones and the experimental results confirmed this claim.
Abstract: Several trillion cigarettes produced worldwide annually lead to many thousands of kilograms of toxic waste. Cigarette butts (CBs) accumulate in the environment due to the poor biodegradability of the cellulose acetate filters. This paper presents some of the results from a continuing study on recycling CBs into fired clay bricks. Physico-mechanical properties of fired clay bricks manufactured with different percentages of CBs are reported and discussed. The results show that the density of fired bricks was reduced by up to 30 %, depending on the percentage of CBs incorporated into the raw materials. Similarly, the compressive strength of bricks tested decreased according to the percentage of CBs included in the mix. The thermal conductivity performance of bricks was improved by 51 and 58 % for 5 and 10 % CBs content respectively. Leaching tests were carried out to investigate the levels of possible leachates of heavy metals from the manufactured clay-CB bricks. The results revealed trace amounts of heavy metals.
Abstract: Cognitive models allow predicting some aspects of utility
and usability of human machine interfaces (HMI), and simulating
the interaction with these interfaces. The action of predicting is based
on a task analysis, which investigates what a user is required to do
in terms of actions and cognitive processes to achieve a task. Task
analysis facilitates the understanding of the system-s functionalities.
Cognitive models are part of the analytical approaches, that do not
associate the users during the development process of the interface.
This article presents a study about the evaluation of a human
machine interaction with a contextual assistant-s interface using ACTR
and GOMS cognitive models. The present work shows how these
techniques may be applied in the evaluation of HMI, design and
research by emphasizing firstly the task analysis and secondly the
time execution of the task. In order to validate and support our
results, an experimental study of user performance is conducted at
the DOMUS laboratory, during the interaction with the contextual
assistant-s interface. The results of our models show that the GOMS
and ACT-R models give good and excellent predictions respectively
of users performance at the task level, as well as the object level.
Therefore, the simulated results are very close to the results obtained
in the experimental study.
Abstract: This study investigates the electrical performance of a
planar solid oxide fuel cell unit with cross-flow configuration when the fuel utilization gets higher and the fuel inlet flow are non-uniform.
A software package in this study solves two-dimensional,
simultaneous, partial differential equations of mass, energy, and
electro-chemistry, without considering stack direction variation. The
results show that the fuel utilization increases with a decrease in the molar flow rate, and the average current density decreases when the
molar flow rate drops. In addition, non-uniform Pattern A will induce more severe happening of non-reaction area in the corner of the fuel
exit and the air inlet. This non-reaction area deteriorates the average
current density and then deteriorates the electrical performance to –7%.
Abstract: A challenging problem in radar signal processing is to
achieve reliable target detection in the presence of interferences. In
this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for automatic censoring of
radar interfering targets in log-normal clutter. The proposed
algorithm, termed the forward automatic censored cell averaging
detector (F-ACCAD), consists of two steps: removing the corrupted
reference cells (censoring) and the actual detection. Both steps are
performed dynamically by using a suitable set of ranked cells to
estimate the unknown background level and set the adaptive
thresholds accordingly. The F-ACCAD algorithm does not require
any prior information about the clutter parameters nor does it require
the number of interfering targets. The effectiveness of the F-ACCAD
algorithm is assessed by computing, using Monte Carlo simulations,
the probability of censoring and the probability of detection in
different background environments.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of
texturizers on the rheological properties of the apple mass and
desserts made from various raw materials. The apple varieties -
‘Antonovka’, ‘Baltais Dzidrais’, and ‘Zarja Alatau’ harvested in
Latvia, were used for the experiment. The apples were processed in a
blender unpeeled for obtaining a homogenous mass. The apple mass
was analyzed fresh and after storage at –18ºC. Both fresh and thawed
apple mass samples with added gelatin, xantan gum, and sodium
carboxymethylcellulose were whisked obtaining dessert. Pectin, pH
and soluble dry matter of the product were determined. Apparent
viscosity was measured using a rotational viscometer DV–III Ultra.
Pectin content in frozen apple mass decreased significantly (p
Abstract: Querying a data source and routing data towards sink
becomes a serious challenge in static wireless sensor networks if sink
and/or data source are mobile. Many a times the event to be observed
either moves or spreads across wide area making maintenance of
continuous path between source and sink a challenge. Also, sink can
move while query is being issued or data is on its way towards sink.
In this paper, we extend our already proposed Grid Based Data
Dissemination (GBDD) scheme which is a virtual grid based
topology management scheme restricting impact of movement of
sink(s) and event(s) to some specific cells of a grid. This obviates the
need for frequent path modifications and hence maintains continuous
flow of data while minimizing the network energy consumptions.
Simulation experiments show significant improvements in network
energy savings and average packet delay for a packet to reach at sink.
Abstract: Object-oriented programming is a wonderful way to
make programming of huge real life tasks much easier than by using
procedural languages. In order to teach those ideas to students, it
is important to find a good task that shows the advantages of OOprogramming
very naturally. This paper gives an example, the game
Battleship, which seems to work excellent for teaching the OO ideas
(using Java, [1], [2], [3], [4]).
A three-step task is presented for how to teach OO-programming
using just one example suitable to convey many of the OO ideas.
Observations are given at the end and conclusions about how the
whole teaching course worked out.
Abstract: We studied the evolution of elliptic heavy SF6
gas cylinder surrounded by air when accelerated by a planar
Mach 1.25 shock. A multiple dynamics imaging technology has
been used to obtain one image of the experimental initial
conditions and five images of the time evolution of elliptic
cylinder. We compared the width and height of the circular and
two kinds of elliptic gas cylinders, and analyzed the vortex
strength of the elliptic ones. Simulations are in very good
agreement with the experiments, but due to the different initial
gas cylinder shapes, a certain difference of the initial density
peak and distribution exists between the circular and elliptic
gas cylinders, and the latter initial state is more sensitive and
more inenarrable.
Abstract: Cell phone forensics to acquire and analyze data in the
cellular phone is nowadays being used in a national investigation
organization and a private company. In order to collect cellular phone
flash memory data, we have two methods. Firstly, it is a logical
method which acquires files and directories from the file system of the
cell phone flash memory. Secondly, we can get all data from bit-by-bit
copy of entire physical memory using a low level access method. In
this paper, we describe a forensic tool to acquire cell phone flash
memory data using a logical level approach. By our tool, we can get
EFS file system and peek memory data with an arbitrary region from
Korea CDMA cell phone.
Abstract: As an adult man and woman love each other and come to have faith in each other as their spouse, they marry each other. Recently people-s economic life has become individualized and women are enjoying a high education level and increased participation in social activities, and these changes are creating environment favorable for single life. Thus, an increasing number of people are choosing celibacy, and many people prefer cohabitation to marriage. Nevertheless, marriage is still regarded as a must-to-do in our thought. Most of people throughout the world admit marriage as one of natural processes of life, and is an important passage rite in life that all people experience as we can see everywhere in the world despite the diversity of lifestyles. With regard to wedding ceremony, however, each country and culture has its own unique tradition and style of festival. It is not just a congratulatory ceremony but contains multiple concepts representing the age, country or culture. Moreover, the form and contents of wedding ceremony changes over time, and such features of wedding ceremony are well represented in films. This study took note of the fact that films reflect and reproduce each country-s historicity, culturality and analyzed four films, which are believed to show differences between Eastern and Western wedding ceremonies. The selected films are: A Perfect Match (2002), Marriage Is a Crazy Thing (2001), Bride Wars (2009) and 27 Dresses (2008). The author attempted to examine wedding ceremonies described in the four films, differences between the East and the West suggested by the films, and changes in their societies.
Abstract: A new conserving approach in the context of Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is presented to simulate one dimensional, incompressible flow in a moving boundary problem. The method employs control volume scheme to simulate the flow field. The concept of ghost node is used at the boundaries to conserve the mass and momentum equations. The Present method implements the conservation laws in all cells including boundary control volumes. Application of the method is studied in a test case with moving boundary. Comparison between the results of this new method and a sharp interface (Image Point Method) IBM algorithm shows a well distinguished improvement in both pressure and velocity fields of the present method. Fluctuations in pressure field are fully resolved in this proposed method. This approach expands the IBM capability to simulate flow field for variety of problems by implementing conservation laws in a fully Cartesian grid compared to other conserving methods.
Abstract: This paper investigates the application of large scale (LS-PV) two-axis tracking photovoltaic power plant in Al-Jagbob, Libya. A 50MW PV-grid connected (two-axis tracking) power plant design in Al-Jagbob, Libya has been carried out presently. A hetero-junction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) type PV module has been selected and modeled. A Microsoft Excel-VBA program has been constructed to compute slope radiation, dew-point, sky temperature, and then cell temperature, maximum power output and module efficiency for this system, for tracking system. The results for energy production show that the total energy output is 128.5 GWh/year. The average module efficiency is 16.6%. The electricity generation capacity factor (CF) and solar capacity factor (SCF) were found to be 29.3% and 70.4% respectively. A 50MW two axis tracking power plant with a total energy output of 128.5 GWh/year would reduce CO2 pollution by 85,581 tonnes of each year. The payback time for the proposed LS-PV photovoltaic power plant was found to be 4 years.