Handling Mobility using Virtual Grid in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
Querying a data source and routing data towards sink
becomes a serious challenge in static wireless sensor networks if sink
and/or data source are mobile. Many a times the event to be observed
either moves or spreads across wide area making maintenance of
continuous path between source and sink a challenge. Also, sink can
move while query is being issued or data is on its way towards sink.
In this paper, we extend our already proposed Grid Based Data
Dissemination (GBDD) scheme which is a virtual grid based
topology management scheme restricting impact of movement of
sink(s) and event(s) to some specific cells of a grid. This obviates the
need for frequent path modifications and hence maintains continuous
flow of data while minimizing the network energy consumptions.
Simulation experiments show significant improvements in network
energy savings and average packet delay for a packet to reach at sink.
[1] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, J. Heidemann and F. Silva,
"Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking," IEEE/ACM
Transactions on Networking, vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 2 - 16, February
2003.
[2] W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik and H. Balakrishnan, "Adaptive Protocols for
Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proc. 5th
Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing
and Networking (MobiCom_99), pp. 174-185, August 1999.
[3] J. Kulik, W.R. Heinzelman and H. Balakrishnan, "Negotiation-Based
Protocols for Disseminating Information in Wireless Sensor Networks,"
Wireless Networks, vol. 8, no. 2/3, pp. 169-85, 2002.
[4] C. Schurgers and M.B. Srivastava, "Energy Efficient Routing in
Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Communications for Network-
Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force (MILCOM), vol. 1,
pp. 357-361, 2001.
[5] R. Shah and J. Rabaey, "Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc
Sensor Networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference (WCNC), vol. 1, pp. 350-355, March 2002.
[6] F. Ye, A. Chen, S. Lu, L. Zhang, "A Scalable Solution to Minimum
Cost Forwarding in Large Sensor Networks," in Proc. 10th
International. Conference on Computer Communication and Networks,
pp. 304-09, 2001.
[7] D. Braginsky and D. Estrin, "Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor
Networks," in Proc. of the First ACM Workshop on Sensor Networks
and Applications (WSNA), pp. 22-31, October 2002.
[8] H. Luo, F. Ye, J. Cheng, S. Lu and L. Zhang, "TTDD: Two-Tier Data
Dissemination in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks", Kluwer
Academic Publishers- Wireless Networks, vol. 11, no. ›, pp. 161-175,
January 2005.
[9] W.B. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan,
"Application Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor
Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no.
4, pp. 660-670, 2002.
[10] S. Lindsey and C.S. Raghavendra, "PEGASIS: Power Efficient
Gathering in Sensor Information Systems," in Proc. IEEE Aerospace
Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1125-1130, March 2002.
[11] A. Manjeshwar and D.P. Agarwal, "TEEN: A Routing Protocol for
Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proc. 15th
International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, pp.
2009-2015, April 2001.
[12] J.N. Al-Karaki and A.E. Kamal, "End-to-End Support for Statistical
Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,"
Computer Communications, vol. 28, no. 18, pp. 2119-2132, Nov. 2005.
[13] T.P. Sharma, R.C. Joshi, Manoj Misra, "GBDD: Grid Based Data
Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proc. ACS
International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication
(ADCOM 08), Chennai, pp.234-240, 14-17 December 2008.
[14] Z. Jiang, J. Ma, W. Lou and J. Wu, "An Information Model for
Geographic Greedy Forwarding in Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks,"
in Proc. 27th IEEE conference on Computer Communications
(INFOCOM 2008), pp. 825-833, April 2008.
[15] D. McIntire, K.H. Hing, B. Yip, A. Singh, W. Wu and W. Kaiser, "The
Low Power Energy Aware Processing (LEAP) System," in Proc. 5th
International Conference on Information processing in sensor
networks, pp. 449-457, April 2006.
[1] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, J. Heidemann and F. Silva,
"Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking," IEEE/ACM
Transactions on Networking, vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 2 - 16, February
2003.
[2] W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik and H. Balakrishnan, "Adaptive Protocols for
Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proc. 5th
Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing
and Networking (MobiCom_99), pp. 174-185, August 1999.
[3] J. Kulik, W.R. Heinzelman and H. Balakrishnan, "Negotiation-Based
Protocols for Disseminating Information in Wireless Sensor Networks,"
Wireless Networks, vol. 8, no. 2/3, pp. 169-85, 2002.
[4] C. Schurgers and M.B. Srivastava, "Energy Efficient Routing in
Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Communications for Network-
Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force (MILCOM), vol. 1,
pp. 357-361, 2001.
[5] R. Shah and J. Rabaey, "Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc
Sensor Networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference (WCNC), vol. 1, pp. 350-355, March 2002.
[6] F. Ye, A. Chen, S. Lu, L. Zhang, "A Scalable Solution to Minimum
Cost Forwarding in Large Sensor Networks," in Proc. 10th
International. Conference on Computer Communication and Networks,
pp. 304-09, 2001.
[7] D. Braginsky and D. Estrin, "Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor
Networks," in Proc. of the First ACM Workshop on Sensor Networks
and Applications (WSNA), pp. 22-31, October 2002.
[8] H. Luo, F. Ye, J. Cheng, S. Lu and L. Zhang, "TTDD: Two-Tier Data
Dissemination in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks", Kluwer
Academic Publishers- Wireless Networks, vol. 11, no. ›, pp. 161-175,
January 2005.
[9] W.B. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan,
"Application Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor
Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no.
4, pp. 660-670, 2002.
[10] S. Lindsey and C.S. Raghavendra, "PEGASIS: Power Efficient
Gathering in Sensor Information Systems," in Proc. IEEE Aerospace
Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1125-1130, March 2002.
[11] A. Manjeshwar and D.P. Agarwal, "TEEN: A Routing Protocol for
Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proc. 15th
International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, pp.
2009-2015, April 2001.
[12] J.N. Al-Karaki and A.E. Kamal, "End-to-End Support for Statistical
Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,"
Computer Communications, vol. 28, no. 18, pp. 2119-2132, Nov. 2005.
[13] T.P. Sharma, R.C. Joshi, Manoj Misra, "GBDD: Grid Based Data
Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proc. ACS
International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication
(ADCOM 08), Chennai, pp.234-240, 14-17 December 2008.
[14] Z. Jiang, J. Ma, W. Lou and J. Wu, "An Information Model for
Geographic Greedy Forwarding in Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks,"
in Proc. 27th IEEE conference on Computer Communications
(INFOCOM 2008), pp. 825-833, April 2008.
[15] D. McIntire, K.H. Hing, B. Yip, A. Singh, W. Wu and W. Kaiser, "The
Low Power Energy Aware Processing (LEAP) System," in Proc. 5th
International Conference on Information processing in sensor
networks, pp. 449-457, April 2006.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:56663", author = "T.P. Sharma", title = "Handling Mobility using Virtual Grid in Static Wireless Sensor Networks", abstract = "Querying a data source and routing data towards sink
becomes a serious challenge in static wireless sensor networks if sink
and/or data source are mobile. Many a times the event to be observed
either moves or spreads across wide area making maintenance of
continuous path between source and sink a challenge. Also, sink can
move while query is being issued or data is on its way towards sink.
In this paper, we extend our already proposed Grid Based Data
Dissemination (GBDD) scheme which is a virtual grid based
topology management scheme restricting impact of movement of
sink(s) and event(s) to some specific cells of a grid. This obviates the
need for frequent path modifications and hence maintains continuous
flow of data while minimizing the network energy consumptions.
Simulation experiments show significant improvements in network
energy savings and average packet delay for a packet to reach at sink.", keywords = "Mobility in WSNs, virtual grid, GBDD, clustering.", volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "348-11", }
