Durability of Concrete with Different Mineral Admixtures: A Review
Several review papers exist in literature related to the concrete containing mineral admixtures; however this paper reviews the durability characteristics of the concrete containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK) and rice husk ash (RHA). Durability related properties reviewed include permeability, resistance to sulfate attack, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), carbonation, chloride ion penetration, freezing and thawing, abrasion, fire, acid and efflorescence. From review of existing literature, it is found that permeability of concrete depends upon the content of alumina in mineral admixtures, i.e. higher the alumina content, lesser the permeability which results higher resistance to sulfate and chloride ion penetration. Highly reactive mineral admixtures prevent more ASR and reduce efflorescence. The carbonation increases with the mineral admixtures because higher water binder ratio and lesser content of portlandite in concrete due to pozzolanic reaction. Mineral admixtures require air entrainment except MK and RHA for better resistance to freezing and thawing.
[1] https://www.metakaolin.info," 30 September, 2012.
[2] M. Thomas, R. D. Hooton, C. Rogers, and B. Fournier, "50 Years Old
and Still Going Strong," Concrete International, vol. 34, 2012, pp. 35-
40.
[3] M. Maage and E. J. Sellevold, "Effect of Microsilica on the Durability of
Concrete Structures," Concrete international, vol. 9, 1987, pp. 39-43.
[4] R. Khatri, V. Sirivivatnanon, and W. Gross, "Effect of Different
Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Mechanical Properties of
High Performance Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 25,
1995, pp. 209-220.
[5] J. Khatib and J. Hibbert, "Selected Engineering Properties of Concrete
Incorporating Slag and Metakaolin," Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 19, 2005, pp. 460-472.
[6] C. Soranakom and B. Mobasher, "Flexural Modeling of Strain Softening
and Strain Hardening Fiber Reinforced Concrete," 2007, pp. 155-164.
[7] M. Thomas, "Field Studies of Fly Ash Concrete Structures Containing
Reactive Aggregates," Magazine of concrete research, vol. 48, 1996, pp.
265-279.
[8] J. B. Newman and B. S. Choo, Advanced Concrete Technology:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
[9] M. Alvarez, "Marine Durability Characteristics of Rice Husk Ash-
Modified Reinforced Concrete," presented at the Fourth LACCEI
International Latin American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering
and Technology (LACCET’2006) “Breaking Frontiers and Barriers in
Engineering: Education, Research and Practice”, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico, 21-23 June 2006.
[10] R. H. Keck and E. H. Riggs, "Specifying Fly Ash for Durable Concrete,"
Concrete International-Design and Construction, vol. 19, 1997, pp. 35-
38.
[11] M. Alasali and V. Malhotra, "Role of Concrete Incorporating High
Volumes of Fly Ash in Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Aggregate
reaction," ACI Materials Journal, vol. 88, 1991, pp. 159-163.
[12] D. Higgins and M. Uren, "The Effect of GGBS on the Durability of
Concrete," Concrete, vol. 25, 1991, pp.17-19.
[13] M. Thomas, M. Shehata, S. Shashiprakash, D. Hopkins, and K. Cail,
"Use of Ternary Cementitious Systems Containing Silica Fume and Fly
Ash in Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 29, 1999, pp.
1207-1214.
[14] R. Hooton, P. Pun, T. Kojundic, and P. Fidjestol, "Influence of Silica
Fume on Chloride Resistance of Concrete," 1997, pp. 245-256.
[15] K. Kartini, H. Mahmud, and M. Hamidah, "Absorption and Permeability
Performance of Selangor Rice Husk Ash Blended Grade 30 Concrete,"
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 5, 2010, pp. 1-16.
[16] "http://www.silica-fume-concrete.com/newspage-1.html," 30 September,
2012.
[17] R. D. Hooton, "Permeability and Pore Structure of Cement Pastes
Containing Fly Ash, Slag, and Silica Fume," Blended Cements, ASTM
STP, vol. 897, 1986, pp. 128-143.
[18] http://www.flyash.com, cited on 4 November, 2013.
[19] A. Cheng, R. Huang, J.-K. Wu, and C.-H. Chen, "Influence of GGBS on
Durability and Corrosion Behavior of Reinforced Concrete," Materials
Chemistry and Physics, vol. 93, 2005, pp. 404-411.
[20] D. Jadhao Pradip and P. Shelorkar Ajay, "Determination of durability of
Metakaolin Blend High Grade Concrete by using Water Permeability
Test."IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE),
vol. 5, 2013, pp. 35-39.
[21] A. Bonakdar, M. Bakhshi, and M. Ghalibafian, "Properties of High-
Performance Concrete Containing High Reactivity Metakaolin," ACI
Special Publication, vol. 228, 2005, pp. 287-296.
[22] A. El-Dakroury and M. Gasser, "Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Cement
Admixture for Immobilization of Liquid Radioactive Waste at Different
Temperatures," Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 381, 2008, pp. 271-
277.
[23] A. N. Givi, S. A. Rashid, F. N. A. Aziz, and M. A. M. Salleh,
"Assessment of the Effects of Rice Husk Ash Particle Size on Strength,
Water Permeability and Workability of Binary Blended Concrete,"
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, 2010, pp. 2145-2150.
[24] H.-W. Song, S.-W. Pack, S.-H. Nam, J.-C. Jang, and V. Saraswathy,
"Estimation of the Permeability of Silica Fume Cement Concrete,"
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, 2010, pp. 315-321.
[25] S. Anantharaman, "Sulfate and Alkali Silica Resistance of Class C & F
Fly Ash Replaced Blended Cements," Arizona State University, 2008.
[26] N. M. Al-Akhras, "Durability of Metakaolin Concrete to Sulfate
Attack," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, 2006, pp. 1727-1734.
[27] J. Justice, L. Kennison, B. Mohr, S. Beckwith, L. McCormick, B.
Wiggins, Z. Zhang, and K. Kurtis, "Comparison of Two Metakaolins
and a Silica Fume Used as Supplementary Cementitious Materials," SP-
228, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich, 2005, pp. 213-236.
[28] P. Mangat and J. Khatib, "Influence of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag
on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete," ACI Materials Journal, vol. 92,
1993, pp. 542-552.
[29] M. Berndt, "Properties of Sustainable Concrete Containing Fly Ash,
Slag and Recycled Concrete Aggregate," Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 23, 2009, pp. 2606-2613.
[30] P. Klieger and S. Gebler, "Fly Ash and Concrete Durability," ACI
Special Publication, vol. 100, 1987, pp. 1043-1069.
[31] S. Ahmad and A. Shah, "Effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
Slag, on the Alkali Aggregate Reaction for Various Types of
Aggregates," presented at the 32nd Conference on Our World in
Concrete & Structures, Singapore, 28 - 29 August 2007.
[32] R. Siddique and J. Klaus, "Influence of Metakaolin on the Properties of
Mortar and Concrete: A Review," Applied Clay Science, vol. 43, 2009,
pp. 392-400.
[33] M. Zhang, R. Lastra, and V. Malhotra, "Rice-Husk Ash Paste and
Concrete: Some Aspects of Hydration and the Microstructure of the
Interfacial Zone between the Aggregate and Paste," Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 26, 1996, pp. 963-977.
[34] J. Khunthongkeaw, S. Tangtermsirikul, and T. Leelawat, "A Study on
Carbonation Depth Prediction for Fly Ash Concrete," Construction and
Building Materials, vol. 20, 2006, pp. 744-753.
[35] M. C`ardi, S. Collepardi, J. O. Olagot, and F. Simonelli, "The Influence
of Slag and Fly Ash on the Carbonation of Concrete," in Proc. of 8th
CANMET/ACI Int. Conf. on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural
Pozzolans in Concrete, held May, 2004, pp. 23-29.
[36] H.-S. Kim, S.-H. Lee, and H.-Y. Moon, "Strength Properties and
Durability Aspects of High Strength Concrete Using Korean
Metakaolin," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, 2007, pp.
1229-1237.
[37] Q. Yu, K. Sawayama, S. Sugita, M. Shoya, and Y. Isojima, "The
Reaction between Rice Husk Ash and Ca(OH)2 Solution and the Nature
of Its Product," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 29, 1999, pp. 37-
43.
[38] V. Horsakulthai and K. Paopongpaiboon, "Strength, Chloride
Permeability and Corrosion of Coarse Fly Ash Concrete with Bagasse-
Rice Husk-Wood Ash Additive," American Journal of Applied Sciences,
vol. 10, 2013, pp. 239-246.
[39] C. Poon, S. Kou, and L. Lam, "Compressive Strength, Chloride
Diffusivity and Pore Structure of High Performance Metakaolin and
Silica Fume Concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 20,
2006, pp. 858-865.
[40] M. A. Caldarone, K. A. Gruber, and R. G. Burg, "High Reactivity
Metakaolin (HRM): A New Generation Mineral Admixture for high
Performance Concrete," Concrete International, vol. 16, 1994, pp. 37-
40.
[41] M. Zhang and V. Malhotra, "Characteristics of a Thermally Activated
Alumino-Silicate Pozzolanic Material and Its Use in Concrete," Cement
and Concrete Research, vol. 25, 1995, pp. 1713-1725.
[42] C. D. Atis, "High Volume Fly Ash Abrasion Resistant Concrete,"
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 14, 2002, pp. 274-277.
[43] Y. Xu, Y. Wong, C. Poon, and M. Anson, "Impact of High Temperature
on PFA Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 31, 2001, pp.
1065-1073.
[44] C.-S. Poon, S. Azhar, M. Anson, and Y.-L. Wong, "Performance of
Metakaolin Concrete at Elevated Temperatures," Cement and Concrete
Composites, vol. 25, 2003, pp. 83-89.
[45] S. Martin, "Metakaolin and Its Contribution to the Acid Resistance of
Concrete'," in International Symposium on Concrete for a Sustainable
Agriculture. Stavanger, Norway, 1997, pp. 21-29.
[46] M. Smith and G. Osborne, "Slag/Fly Ash Cements," World Cement
Technology, vol. 8, 1977.
[47] T.-L. Weng, W.-T. Lin, and A. Cheng, "Effect of Metakaolin on
Strength and Efflorescence Quantity of Cement-Based Composites," The
Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, 2013.
[48] P. Chindaprasirt, P. Kanchanda, A. Sathonsaowaphak, and H. Cao,
"Sulfate Resistance of Blended Cements Containing Fly Ash and Rice
Husk Ash," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, 2007, pp.
1356-1361.
[1] https://www.metakaolin.info," 30 September, 2012.
[2] M. Thomas, R. D. Hooton, C. Rogers, and B. Fournier, "50 Years Old
and Still Going Strong," Concrete International, vol. 34, 2012, pp. 35-
40.
[3] M. Maage and E. J. Sellevold, "Effect of Microsilica on the Durability of
Concrete Structures," Concrete international, vol. 9, 1987, pp. 39-43.
[4] R. Khatri, V. Sirivivatnanon, and W. Gross, "Effect of Different
Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Mechanical Properties of
High Performance Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 25,
1995, pp. 209-220.
[5] J. Khatib and J. Hibbert, "Selected Engineering Properties of Concrete
Incorporating Slag and Metakaolin," Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 19, 2005, pp. 460-472.
[6] C. Soranakom and B. Mobasher, "Flexural Modeling of Strain Softening
and Strain Hardening Fiber Reinforced Concrete," 2007, pp. 155-164.
[7] M. Thomas, "Field Studies of Fly Ash Concrete Structures Containing
Reactive Aggregates," Magazine of concrete research, vol. 48, 1996, pp.
265-279.
[8] J. B. Newman and B. S. Choo, Advanced Concrete Technology:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
[9] M. Alvarez, "Marine Durability Characteristics of Rice Husk Ash-
Modified Reinforced Concrete," presented at the Fourth LACCEI
International Latin American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering
and Technology (LACCET’2006) “Breaking Frontiers and Barriers in
Engineering: Education, Research and Practice”, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico, 21-23 June 2006.
[10] R. H. Keck and E. H. Riggs, "Specifying Fly Ash for Durable Concrete,"
Concrete International-Design and Construction, vol. 19, 1997, pp. 35-
38.
[11] M. Alasali and V. Malhotra, "Role of Concrete Incorporating High
Volumes of Fly Ash in Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Aggregate
reaction," ACI Materials Journal, vol. 88, 1991, pp. 159-163.
[12] D. Higgins and M. Uren, "The Effect of GGBS on the Durability of
Concrete," Concrete, vol. 25, 1991, pp.17-19.
[13] M. Thomas, M. Shehata, S. Shashiprakash, D. Hopkins, and K. Cail,
"Use of Ternary Cementitious Systems Containing Silica Fume and Fly
Ash in Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 29, 1999, pp.
1207-1214.
[14] R. Hooton, P. Pun, T. Kojundic, and P. Fidjestol, "Influence of Silica
Fume on Chloride Resistance of Concrete," 1997, pp. 245-256.
[15] K. Kartini, H. Mahmud, and M. Hamidah, "Absorption and Permeability
Performance of Selangor Rice Husk Ash Blended Grade 30 Concrete,"
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 5, 2010, pp. 1-16.
[16] "http://www.silica-fume-concrete.com/newspage-1.html," 30 September,
2012.
[17] R. D. Hooton, "Permeability and Pore Structure of Cement Pastes
Containing Fly Ash, Slag, and Silica Fume," Blended Cements, ASTM
STP, vol. 897, 1986, pp. 128-143.
[18] http://www.flyash.com, cited on 4 November, 2013.
[19] A. Cheng, R. Huang, J.-K. Wu, and C.-H. Chen, "Influence of GGBS on
Durability and Corrosion Behavior of Reinforced Concrete," Materials
Chemistry and Physics, vol. 93, 2005, pp. 404-411.
[20] D. Jadhao Pradip and P. Shelorkar Ajay, "Determination of durability of
Metakaolin Blend High Grade Concrete by using Water Permeability
Test."IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE),
vol. 5, 2013, pp. 35-39.
[21] A. Bonakdar, M. Bakhshi, and M. Ghalibafian, "Properties of High-
Performance Concrete Containing High Reactivity Metakaolin," ACI
Special Publication, vol. 228, 2005, pp. 287-296.
[22] A. El-Dakroury and M. Gasser, "Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Cement
Admixture for Immobilization of Liquid Radioactive Waste at Different
Temperatures," Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 381, 2008, pp. 271-
277.
[23] A. N. Givi, S. A. Rashid, F. N. A. Aziz, and M. A. M. Salleh,
"Assessment of the Effects of Rice Husk Ash Particle Size on Strength,
Water Permeability and Workability of Binary Blended Concrete,"
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, 2010, pp. 2145-2150.
[24] H.-W. Song, S.-W. Pack, S.-H. Nam, J.-C. Jang, and V. Saraswathy,
"Estimation of the Permeability of Silica Fume Cement Concrete,"
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, 2010, pp. 315-321.
[25] S. Anantharaman, "Sulfate and Alkali Silica Resistance of Class C & F
Fly Ash Replaced Blended Cements," Arizona State University, 2008.
[26] N. M. Al-Akhras, "Durability of Metakaolin Concrete to Sulfate
Attack," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, 2006, pp. 1727-1734.
[27] J. Justice, L. Kennison, B. Mohr, S. Beckwith, L. McCormick, B.
Wiggins, Z. Zhang, and K. Kurtis, "Comparison of Two Metakaolins
and a Silica Fume Used as Supplementary Cementitious Materials," SP-
228, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich, 2005, pp. 213-236.
[28] P. Mangat and J. Khatib, "Influence of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag
on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete," ACI Materials Journal, vol. 92,
1993, pp. 542-552.
[29] M. Berndt, "Properties of Sustainable Concrete Containing Fly Ash,
Slag and Recycled Concrete Aggregate," Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 23, 2009, pp. 2606-2613.
[30] P. Klieger and S. Gebler, "Fly Ash and Concrete Durability," ACI
Special Publication, vol. 100, 1987, pp. 1043-1069.
[31] S. Ahmad and A. Shah, "Effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
Slag, on the Alkali Aggregate Reaction for Various Types of
Aggregates," presented at the 32nd Conference on Our World in
Concrete & Structures, Singapore, 28 - 29 August 2007.
[32] R. Siddique and J. Klaus, "Influence of Metakaolin on the Properties of
Mortar and Concrete: A Review," Applied Clay Science, vol. 43, 2009,
pp. 392-400.
[33] M. Zhang, R. Lastra, and V. Malhotra, "Rice-Husk Ash Paste and
Concrete: Some Aspects of Hydration and the Microstructure of the
Interfacial Zone between the Aggregate and Paste," Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 26, 1996, pp. 963-977.
[34] J. Khunthongkeaw, S. Tangtermsirikul, and T. Leelawat, "A Study on
Carbonation Depth Prediction for Fly Ash Concrete," Construction and
Building Materials, vol. 20, 2006, pp. 744-753.
[35] M. C`ardi, S. Collepardi, J. O. Olagot, and F. Simonelli, "The Influence
of Slag and Fly Ash on the Carbonation of Concrete," in Proc. of 8th
CANMET/ACI Int. Conf. on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural
Pozzolans in Concrete, held May, 2004, pp. 23-29.
[36] H.-S. Kim, S.-H. Lee, and H.-Y. Moon, "Strength Properties and
Durability Aspects of High Strength Concrete Using Korean
Metakaolin," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, 2007, pp.
1229-1237.
[37] Q. Yu, K. Sawayama, S. Sugita, M. Shoya, and Y. Isojima, "The
Reaction between Rice Husk Ash and Ca(OH)2 Solution and the Nature
of Its Product," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 29, 1999, pp. 37-
43.
[38] V. Horsakulthai and K. Paopongpaiboon, "Strength, Chloride
Permeability and Corrosion of Coarse Fly Ash Concrete with Bagasse-
Rice Husk-Wood Ash Additive," American Journal of Applied Sciences,
vol. 10, 2013, pp. 239-246.
[39] C. Poon, S. Kou, and L. Lam, "Compressive Strength, Chloride
Diffusivity and Pore Structure of High Performance Metakaolin and
Silica Fume Concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 20,
2006, pp. 858-865.
[40] M. A. Caldarone, K. A. Gruber, and R. G. Burg, "High Reactivity
Metakaolin (HRM): A New Generation Mineral Admixture for high
Performance Concrete," Concrete International, vol. 16, 1994, pp. 37-
40.
[41] M. Zhang and V. Malhotra, "Characteristics of a Thermally Activated
Alumino-Silicate Pozzolanic Material and Its Use in Concrete," Cement
and Concrete Research, vol. 25, 1995, pp. 1713-1725.
[42] C. D. Atis, "High Volume Fly Ash Abrasion Resistant Concrete,"
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 14, 2002, pp. 274-277.
[43] Y. Xu, Y. Wong, C. Poon, and M. Anson, "Impact of High Temperature
on PFA Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 31, 2001, pp.
1065-1073.
[44] C.-S. Poon, S. Azhar, M. Anson, and Y.-L. Wong, "Performance of
Metakaolin Concrete at Elevated Temperatures," Cement and Concrete
Composites, vol. 25, 2003, pp. 83-89.
[45] S. Martin, "Metakaolin and Its Contribution to the Acid Resistance of
Concrete'," in International Symposium on Concrete for a Sustainable
Agriculture. Stavanger, Norway, 1997, pp. 21-29.
[46] M. Smith and G. Osborne, "Slag/Fly Ash Cements," World Cement
Technology, vol. 8, 1977.
[47] T.-L. Weng, W.-T. Lin, and A. Cheng, "Effect of Metakaolin on
Strength and Efflorescence Quantity of Cement-Based Composites," The
Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, 2013.
[48] P. Chindaprasirt, P. Kanchanda, A. Sathonsaowaphak, and H. Cao,
"Sulfate Resistance of Blended Cements Containing Fly Ash and Rice
Husk Ash," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, 2007, pp.
1356-1361.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:65864", author = "T. Ayub and N. Shafiq and S. U. Khan and M. F. Nuruddin", title = "Durability of Concrete with Different Mineral Admixtures: A Review", abstract = "Several review papers exist in literature related to the concrete containing mineral admixtures; however this paper reviews the durability characteristics of the concrete containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK) and rice husk ash (RHA). Durability related properties reviewed include permeability, resistance to sulfate attack, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), carbonation, chloride ion penetration, freezing and thawing, abrasion, fire, acid and efflorescence. From review of existing literature, it is found that permeability of concrete depends upon the content of alumina in mineral admixtures, i.e. higher the alumina content, lesser the permeability which results higher resistance to sulfate and chloride ion penetration. Highly reactive mineral admixtures prevent more ASR and reduce efflorescence. The carbonation increases with the mineral admixtures because higher water binder ratio and lesser content of portlandite in concrete due to pozzolanic reaction. Mineral admixtures require air entrainment except MK and RHA for better resistance to freezing and thawing.
", keywords = "Alkali silica reaction, carbonation, durability, mineral admixture, permeability.", volume = "7", number = "8", pages = "601-9", }
